A Summary of Research on Land Information System

(China Youshi University (East China) School of Earth Resources and Information, Dongying, 25706 1)

This paper introduces the research status of land information technology at home and abroad, clearly divides the development process of land information system at home and abroad into several stages, probes into the development trend and frontier problems of land information system in the future, summarizes it from the philosophical point of view, and puts forward some ideas for the construction of land information system in the future.

Key words: land information system; Development trend; Frontier of discipline

Land information system is a technical means and method for quantitative and scientific land planning management and rapid query, analysis and update of land information, which provides auxiliary support for decision-making [1]. With the acceleration of the informatization process of land and resources departments, land and resources departments at all levels are taking the construction of land information system as the focus of departmental informatization construction, and incorporating the construction of land information system into the construction of e-government of land and resources departments, with the aim of improving the efficiency of land management of land and resources departments and better realizing the supervision of land and resources and information services to the public.

1 research status of land information technology at home and abroad

The 20th century is a historical period for the emergence and development of high-tech and land information systems. The development of world land information system can be divided into the following stages: 1950s is the preparation period of land information system, 1960s is the generation period of land information system, 1970s is the formation period of land information system, 1980s is the demonstration period of land information system, and 1990s is the development period of land information system [2]. The development of land information system in China and other developing countries is relatively backward, and many administrative institutions and scientific research institutes are doing a lot of research and development of land information system.

The rapid development of information technology has greatly promoted the progress of human society and had a far-reaching impact on the development of library and information system. New technologies have greatly improved the collection, processing, storage and dissemination of land-related information. New surveying and mapping technologies, such as GPS and remote sensing technology, can quickly collect a large amount of land information. The development of computer and Internet technology has solved the technical problem of processing, storing and publishing a large amount of land information. Using the above new technology, all kinds of land information can be integrated into a LIS system, which is convenient for effective management of land information collection, processing, storage and release of the system, thus meeting the timely needs of multiple users for land information.

These technological advances include: ① digital photogrammetry technology, high-resolution remote sensing technology and GPS technology, which greatly improve the accuracy and speed of land-related data collection; Computer technology is still developing rapidly, which has a positive impact on the storage, analysis and processing of a large number of land data; ③ The development of geographic information system and spatial database management technology has greatly improved the way of land information extraction, analysis and management; With the development of WebGIS technology and the establishment of broadband network system, it is possible to exchange a large number of land data around the world, and at the same time, it has changed the way of land information release and service.

Under the influence of these technological advances, Finland, Netherlands, Greece and other developed countries have successively completed the digitization of land information on the basis of the existing LIS system, realized the computerized management of land information, and established land information publishing and information service platforms based on Internet technology for different social users. Land information system can better serve land use planning and sustainable economic development at all levels and promote the development of land market.

The National Land Survey of Finland (NLS) chose the small-world GIS software as the development tool of the system, and designed and developed a new system (JAKO). The system stores attribute data and map data (vector format) in the same seamless relational database, and has the function of updating data by multiple users at the same time. JAKO adopts "hypertext user interface" and its Internet service function is superior. Users outside NLS can query the land information according to the plot number through the Internet.

The Dutch Cadastral Bureau digitized the national cadastral map and large-scale topographic base map in 1997 and 1999 respectively, then stored the data in four large databases, inquired and updated the databases through intranet, and inquired the databases through terminal simulation technology. At present, the information inquiry service of terminal simulation technology is out of date, and the cadastral department is trying to develop a new system, which can provide better online service on the Internet.

The Greek government has established a client/server network system, and PC users can query map data without installing professional GIS software. The database adopts distributed management, including spatial data and non-spatial data.

Since the 1990s, China's land information system has developed rapidly, and the construction of municipal land information systems represented by Shenzhen and Changzhou has made gratifying achievements, realizing paperless management of land information data and generating good social benefits. The land management information system developed by Zhongdi Information Company of China Geo University mainly includes a series of information systems such as urban cadastral management system, land use database system, land use planning management system, land monitoring management system, construction land management system, rural cadastral management system, land use dynamic monitoring system, land transaction management system, land release system, urban land grading and evaluation system, and basic farmland protection system. In addition, some software developed by other companies have also achieved good research results [3] [4].

2 the future development trend of land information system

2. 1 The future land information system will become an important part of the national spatial data infrastructure construction.

The modernization of land information system needs high investment. It is estimated that the informatization construction of 65.438+0 million plots in Eastern European countries needs to invest 654.38+0 billion US dollars. Therefore, in the process of promoting information construction, it must be carefully planned and comprehensively considered with other related large-scale plans. Since 1994, the president of the United States issued an executive order to build the national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI), developed countries have made great moves in the technology and policies related to the construction of national basic geographic information data. As a national basic geoscience data information system, the development of LIS should be closely combined with the construction of NSDI. The construction of land information system in the United States, Canada, the Netherlands and Australia has become an important part of NSDI construction, and the technical development and related policies and regulations have been comprehensively considered [2].

The land information system, like the information infrastructure such as "digital city" and "digital earth", uses the GIS technology based on the Internet to form a digital system with multiple functions such as information inquiry, monitoring and decision support [5]. Land information system will be an important weapon for information construction and sustainable development of social economy, resources and environment.

2.2 The land information system will obtain updated data sources.

The maturity of any discipline will inevitably be integrated with some theoretical and technological achievements of other related disciplines, and the theory and technology of this discipline will be supplemented and improved by using the theoretical and technological achievements of related disciplines, thus improving the research conditions of this discipline. The subject of land information system is the continuation of computer science and technology, and it is also the product of the combination of computer technology and surveying and mapping science and technology. With the development of surveying and mapping science and technology, space technology and electronic technology provide possible technical conditions, resulting in remote sensing technology and global positioning technology, both of which provide data sources for land information systems, and these two technologies are different from each other.

The combination of door technology is the inevitable development of land information system. With the development of the subject of land information system, this combination will become closer and closer, and the development trend will become more and more obvious. This fusion is not only manifested in hardware, but also in handheld computer equipment which integrates remote sensing image acquisition, global precise positioning, wireless data communication and data processing. Moreover, it is reflected in the mutual penetration and organic integration of the operating mechanisms of various systems, which creates conditions for the ultra-miniaturization of equipment. The research of land information system should conform to the development trend of land information system, find the main research direction at the combination point of these related disciplines, accelerate and deepen this integration, and promote the development of land information system disciplines [6] [7] [8] [9].

Google Earth software is a global satellite map integration software launched by Google in June 2005. It is a visual pseudo-color global map, and its image data is the fusion of satellite images and aerial photography data. The effective resolution of global landform image is at least 100m, usually 30m (such as Chinese mainland). Google Earth Map has a high resolution and the data is updated very quickly. If the topographic map is used as a map, the intercepted Google Earth image will be superimposed on the topographic map, and the change of land type will be found through comparison, so as to complete the land change investigation and update the land information database. With the rapid development of Google Earth software and the continuous improvement of remote sensing image resolution, it is believed that the development of land information system will also be combined with it. The land information system uses Google Earth images as part of the data source, which not only greatly saves the cost of purchasing remote sensing images, but also can detect the changes of land types in time, and efficiently update the database in time.

2.3 Land information system presents the development trend of diversification of tools.

Database technology is the technical basis of any information system, and land information system is no exception. Land information system is a complex system that stores and processes all kinds of data based on time and space. This kind of information system requires high database management function, which not only has a huge amount of data, but also has a wide variety of data. Moreover, data association is very complicated, including both spatial topological relations and temporal topological relations [10] [1 1]. Object-oriented thinking and various computer software technologies to realize object-oriented thinking are important achievements of contemporary computer science and technology. The establishment of relational algebra has laid a solid theoretical foundation for the establishment of relational database. Using the object-oriented idea to manage relational database not only brings advanced and scientific data management theory to the database management technology of complex data types, but also poses new challenges. The challenge is how to realize that when some data changes, all the changed data will change accordingly. It is a development trend of land information system [12] [13] [14] to unify the spatio-temporal data and attribute data of geographic information system under the management of relational database.

After years of development, land information system is not a simple functional software, but a software development platform. With the development of modern information technology and network technology, the construction of land information system is based on the Internet online information publishing platform, which makes land information more transparent and enjoys better information. With the deepening of social informatization, the application of land information system is becoming more and more popular, and the trend of system development towards diversification and instrumentalization is becoming more and more obvious. In order to meet the diversified needs of society in function and performance, land information system software or software platform presents a diversified situation [15] [16] [17] [18]. System software has gradually become a tool and entered the market. Standardization of system software is the premise of software instrumentalization. In addition, the land information system is also developing in the direction of intelligence.

2.4 The construction of land information system should serve natural resources and social and economic development planning more.

The traditional land information system is mainly used in social and economic fields. In recent years, due to the concern about environmental problems and social sustainable development, new requirements have been put forward for LIS land information service. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee put forward the historical task of building a new socialist countryside, the main contents of which are "production development, affluent life, civilized rural customs, clean village appearance and democratic management" [19] [20]. In this 11th Five-Year Plan stage, in order to meet the requirements of social development, the construction of land information system must be able to better serve the natural resources and socio-economic development planning, and make land information management enter a more intelligent stage.

3 Land information system is facing several frontier problems of disciplines

3. 1 Data quality problems in the establishment of land information system

Data is the carrier of information and is very important to land information system. The quality of data is the key to the success of LIS, and the information system processes the data to get the information contained in the data. Database (including spatial data and non-spatial data) is the most basic and important part of land information system, and it is also a part with relatively large investment. The quality of data directly affects the function and application of the system. Geographic information data are often uncertain, which is caused by many reasons [2 1]. One of the reasons is the difference in measurement scale or measurement accuracy. The length of linear objects in two-dimensional space is different with different measurement scales, and the measurement results are different with different surface areas of planar objects in three-dimensional space. Such an irregular earth surface adds uncontrollable factors to the uncertainty of geoscience information data. The so-called "morbid" remote sensing data disturbed by multiple factors is also a reason for the uncertainty of actual geoscience information data, because remote sensing data is increasingly becoming an important source of geoscience information data. Geographic information data often have no truth value [22], and the idea of fractal dimension brings ideas to solve the uncertainty of such data, but there are still a lot of theoretical and practical problems to be solved.

3.2 Standardization of land information system development

Without standardization of data and system development, there will be no socialization of information. The standardization research of information data and information system has always been the frontier problem of information science and technology [23], and formulating data standards is the premise of realizing data sharing. European and American countries studied and formulated spatial data standards earlier. With the rapid development of China's land information industry, it is increasingly important to formulate a series of evaluation standards for land spatial data. Therefore, a series of relevant standards and regulations must be formulated, such as terminology standards in land information system, technical specifications for graphic and image data collection, data exchange format standards, data accuracy and quality standards, classification and codes of land data, etc.

3.3 Spatio-temporal data model and data compression, update and deletion.

Data structure setting is the soul of an information system software programming. The expression of spatial topological relationship and the participation of time dimension data lead to the problem of time topology. How to express time topological information increases the complexity of system data structure, and the unification of complex spatio-temporal data, complex attribute data and relational data structure increases the complexity of the problem. Due to the improvement of data acquisition methods, geoscience information data is growing at the speed of geometric progression, while the computer data storage space is growing at the speed of arithmetic progression, and it is bound that one day the data storage space can not accommodate huge geoscience information data [24]. It is necessary to study the data compression technology of geographic information space, including lossless compression and lossy compression of raster format data and compression of vector format data.

3.4 Information Mining of Land Information Data

Land spatial data contains a lot of information about resources, environment and social economy. How to "mine" these deep information from the vast amount of data is a problem that needs to be studied and solved by the discipline of land information system. Mining spatial information to create better social benefits requires that "diggers" not only have the ability to master the spatial analysis function of land information system, but also have deep professional knowledge of economic geography, resources and environment [25].

Studying the development trend and frontier of land information system, these problems can be summed up in three aspects, namely, geo-information philosophy, geo-information mechanism and geo-information engineering. The philosophical problems of earth information reveal the attributes of earth information itself and people's cognitive rules of geographical world. The problem of geographic information mechanism seeks the development direction of geographic information science and technology; The problem of geographic information engineering solves the integration and integration of land information technology as a whole.

In short, the construction of land information system should proceed from the reality of land management, plan from a distance, focus on the future of land management, foresee the development of national land management and the new technologies and trends of system construction, and make the construction cycle of land information system coincide with the future development of land management.

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