Provide a teaching about the use of digital cameras.

A colleague plans to buy a digital camera and takes a fancy to Sony's DSC-P92. The reason is that such a 5-megapixel product costs more than 3,000 yuan and is cost-effective.

Many ordinary consumers, like this colleague, first look at the number of pixels of CCD, and then often look at the price when choosing a digital camera. Both of them have taken a fancy, and the determination to buy is basically under. But this CCD, which is valued by many consumers, has many secrets that ordinary consumers don't understand.

How many CCD pixels are needed?

CCD is the abbreviation of English Charge Coupled Device, which translates into Chinese as "Charge Coupled Device". Functionally, it is responsible for converting optical signals from the lens into electrical signals, similar to the film of ordinary optical cameras.

The photoelectric conversion of CCD is realized by many photosensitive points (MOS capacitors) covered on the CCD. A picture describes its color, brightness and gray level through these photosensitive points.

Another description of CCD photosensitive point is "pixel" Theoretically, the more pixels there are, the finer the subject image can be divided and the more detailed the image description will be. In other words, the most direct way to improve the image resolution is to increase the number of pixels, that is, the number of CCD photosensitive points.

It is precisely for this reason that the number of CCD pixels constitutes an extremely important determinant of the imaging quality of digital cameras-even, it is regarded as the only important parameter by most people, especially ordinary consumers, and "pixel-only theory" has become the mainstream consumption concept. The first example, that colleague, that is, 5 million pixels, can tolerate even the zoom ability and nickel-metal hydride battery.

So, how should we treat the number of pixels in practical application?

Some people say that in order to achieve the image quality of ordinary 35mm optical cameras, the number of pixels of digital cameras should be at least10 million. Another meaning of this sentence seems to be that even a high-end home digital camera with 6 million pixels can't compare with ordinary optical cameras.

But this is not entirely the case. The above comparison is unfair, because everything depends on our application. In some special industries, such as publishing, video, advertising, etc. They often need to make the pictures very large. For this application, compared with the traditional optical camera, even the most advanced 10-megapixel digital camera is not enough. However, in the home field, it is rarely necessary to enlarge photos to more than 7 inches-even a 7-inch photo with 2 million pixels can fully meet the needs.

The following is a set of relationships between resolution, pixels and actual imaging size: 600× 800 = 480,000 pixels =3-inch photos.

700× 1000= about 800,000 pixels =5 inch photo (3.5×5 inch, millimeter size 89×127);

800× 1200= about1million pixels =6 inch photo (4×6 inch, millimeter size102×152);

1000× 1400= about10.5 megapixel =7 inch photo (5×7 inch, millimeter size,127×178);

1200× 1600= about 2 million pixels =8 inch photo (6×8 inch, millimeter size152× 203);

1600×2000= about 365438+ megapixels = 10 inch photo (8× 10 inch, millimeter size 203× 258);

1600×2400= about 4 million pixels = standard photo (8× 12 inch, millimeter size 203× 304);

1600×2800= about 4 million pixels = wide photo (8× 14 inch, millimeter size 203×356).

(Note: The above resolution is required for photos of corresponding size, which may be slightly different from the adjustable resolution level of digital cameras. Generally speaking, the resolution product of a picture is the number of pixels required. In the case of the same prime number, the maximum size that can be imaged is almost the same. For example, for a product with 3 million pixels, in a digital camera, the adjustable resolution level can be 2048× 1536 or 1600×2000. )

As can be seen from the above comparative data, for ordinary families, if there is no special amplification demand, then 3 million pixels should be a product grade with good cost performance, and even 2 million pixels can be justified. If we unilaterally pursue high pixel value at a lower price, we are likely to lose other functions of the camera, such as zoom ability, macro shooting ability, lens quality, chip processing speed and so on. It is also extremely important to the quality of digital imaging. This is why some 3 million or even 4 million pixel digital cameras are not as good as some 2 million pixel products. At present, a market trend is that many manufacturers are taking advantage of users' blind worship of pixels and playing the game of pixel upgrade. Of course, the price of upgrading is a rapid increase in costs. That is to say, compared with P92, the functions of P52 and P72 of Sony P series have almost no other qualitative changes except that the number of pixels has increased from 3 million to 5 million. However, the change of this pixel has changed the price from 2500 yuan to 3500 yuan-almost up 1000 yuan!

In order to cater to users' preferences for pixels, some manufacturers have made a big fuss about interpolating pixels, such as Fuji's SuperCCD technology. Interpolating the true face of pixels is to get new pixels through software operation, thus improving the resolution of the picture. Because the new pixel is not produced by the physical photosensitive point of CCD, that is to say, it is not a true depiction of the picture. Although the picture can be doubled, the picture quality will inevitably decline. So when you buy it, you must know what the values of optical pixels and interpolation pixels are.

Ignore CCD size

If you compare Sony's MVC-CD300 with P92, you will find that the former is 3 million pixels and the latter is 400 pixels, but the price of the former is nearly 2000 yuan higher than the latter! Besides the different lenses, the size of CCD area is also an extremely important factor affecting the imaging quality of digital cameras. MVC-CD300 has 300 pixels, and the CCD area is11.8; P92 is 4 million pixels, and the CCD area is only 1/2.7 inches-the area with many pixels is small, and the area with few pixels is large.

When choosing a digital camera, consumers who only pay attention to the number of CCD pixels may ignore more important parameters-perhaps, some people understand the size of CCD as the size of LCD screen. And some products seem unwilling to tell consumers this parameter, simply do not indicate the size of their CCD.

What does the increase of CCD area mean?

Under the same pixel condition, the different CCD area directly determines the size of the photosensitive point (MOS). The photosensitive point is responsible for photoelectric conversion. The larger its volume, the higher the charge limit it can hold, the stronger its sensitivity to light and the richer its description level. On the other hand, if the photosensitive spot size is too small, it is easy to appear the phenomenon of charge overflow, which makes the picture appear noise.

Moreover, the size of CCD directly determines the focal length. Because the CCD area of a digital camera is much smaller than the 35mm film of a traditional optical camera, its lens focal length can be made very short. If the CCD area is increased, the focal length of the lens will inevitably become longer, which will naturally increase the production cost. Similarly, if the CCD is smaller, the camera can achieve similar telephoto effect with shorter focal length, and of course the depth of field of the photos it takes will be greatly reduced-this is also an important reason why the depth of field of home digital cameras can not be compared with professional cameras.

Based on this, some digital camera players are not optimistic about upgrading the number of pixels without changing the CCD size. They think that if the CCD area is the same, it is better to buy products with low pixel value. If we contact the data in the above table again, this statement makes sense when CCD pixels are in a waste state.

For professional digital cameras, CCD area is often relatively large. For example, Nikon D 1x has only 5.47 million pixels, but the price is as high as 30,000 yuan. An important reason is that its CCD area is as high as 23.7 mm x15.6 mm. In contrast, the aforementioned Sony P92 has only1/kloc, although its pixels are 4 million, which is only10 million less than D1x.

The general CCD size of a 3 million-class household digital camera is 1/2.7 inches-even if a 4 million-pixel product (such as Sony's P92) reaches 11.8 inches, considering the increase of110,000 pixels, its MOS volume has not increased. However, if the CCD area of a 3-megapixel product is only 1/3.2 inches, the imaging quality will definitely be compromised; However, although the nominal pixel value is very high, such as some domestic products with 3 million pixels, they refuse to indicate their own CCD size. In both cases, consumers must ask clearly before buying.

65. The principle of lithium battery and the problems that should be paid attention to in use and maintenance.

This article was originally written specifically for the problems in the use of lithium batteries in notebook computers, but it is also applicable to lithium batteries used in various settings. It may be helpful to learn from it.

How to maintain the lithium battery of our favorite machine is correct? This problem has been puzzling many loyal users of mobile phones. After consulting some information, I recently had the opportunity to consult a doctor majoring in electrochemistry and the deputy director of a well-known battery research institute in China. Now I'm going to write out some relevant knowledge and experience I've gained recently for readers.

The cathode material of lithium-ion battery is usually composed of active compounds of lithium, while the cathode is carbon with special molecular structure. The main component of common cathode material is LiCoO2. When charging, the potential applied to the two poles of the battery forces the cathode compound to release lithium ions, which are embedded in carbon in a layered structure. When discharged, lithium ions are separated from the carbon with layered structure and recombined with the compound of the positive electrode. The movement of lithium ions produces current.

Although the chemical reaction principle is simple, there are many practical problems that need to be considered in actual industrial production: the material of the positive electrode needs additives to maintain the activity of multiple charge and discharge, and the material of the negative electrode needs to be designed at the molecular structure level to accommodate more lithium ions; The electrolyte filled between the positive and negative electrodes should not only be stable, but also have good conductivity to reduce the internal resistance of the battery.

Although lithium-ion batteries rarely have the memory effect of nickel-cadmium batteries, the principle of memory effect is crystallization, and this reaction hardly occurs in lithium batteries. However, the capacity of lithium-ion battery will still decrease after multiple charge and discharge, and the reasons are complex and diverse. It is mainly the change of anode and cathode materials themselves. From the molecular level, the hole structure containing lithium ions on the positive and negative electrodes will gradually collapse and block; From a chemical point of view, it is the active passivation of positive and negative materials, and side reactions occur to generate stable other compounds. Physically, the anode material will gradually peel off, eventually reducing the number of lithium ions that can move freely during charging and discharging.

Overcharging and overdischarge will cause permanent damage to the anode and cathode of lithium ion batteries. From the molecular level, it can be intuitively understood that overdischarge will lead to the release of excessive lithium ions from negative carbon, which will lead to the collapse of its lamellar structure. Overcharging will force too many lithium ions into the negative carbon structure, some of which will never be released. This is why lithium-ion batteries are usually equipped with charge and discharge control circuits.

Inappropriate temperature will trigger other chemical reactions in lithium-ion batteries and generate compounds we don't want to see, so many lithium-ion batteries are equipped with protective temperature control films or electrolyte additives between the positive and negative electrodes. When the battery heats up to a certain extent, the membrane pores of the composite membrane are closed or the electrolyte is denatured, and the internal resistance of the battery increases until it is disconnected, so that the battery does not heat up any more to ensure the normal charging temperature of the battery.

Can deep charge and discharge improve the actual capacity of lithium-ion batteries? Experts told me clearly that it was meaningless. They even said that using the so-called "activation" that was fully charged and released three times before, neither of them could understand it. However, why do many people change the capacity marked in the battery information after deep charging? As will be mentioned later.

Lithium-ion batteries generally have a management chip and a charging control chip. There are a series of registers in the management chip, such as storage capacity, temperature, ID, charging state and discharging times. These values will gradually change in use. Personally, I think the main function of "charging and discharging once a month" in the manual should be to correct the improper values in these registers, so that the charging control and nominal capacity of the battery can meet the actual situation of the battery.

The charging control chip mainly controls the charging process of the battery. The charging process of lithium-ion battery is divided into two stages: constant current fast charging stage (when the battery indicator light is yellow) and constant voltage current decreasing stage (when the battery indicator light is green flashing). In the constant current fast charging stage, the battery voltage gradually rises to the standard voltage of the battery, and then turns to the constant voltage stage under the control chip. The voltage no longer rises to ensure that it will not be overcharged, and the current gradually weakens to zero with the increase of battery power, and finally the charging is completed.

The power counting chip can sample and calculate the battery power, that is, wh, by recording the discharge curve (voltage, current and time). The value we read in the battery information. However, the discharge curve of lithium-ion battery will change after repeated use. If the chip has no chance to read the complete discharge curve again, its calculated power will be inaccurate. So we need deep charge and discharge to calibrate the battery chip.

Finally, my view on battery maintenance is:

1. There is no need to deliberately ensure that the power is discharged before each charge;

2. The deep charge and discharge under the control of the protection circuit can be carried out once in a while to correct the battery power statistics, but this will not improve the actual capacity of your battery.

3. Batteries that have not been used for a long time should be placed in a cool place to weaken the internal passivation reaction.

4. The protection circuit can't monitor the self-discharge of the battery. Batteries that have not been used for a long time should be charged with a certain amount of electricity to prevent the battery from being damaged by excessive self-discharge during storage.

In fact, the use of batteries is not too particular, in other words, it is not very useful to keep them. How many times a battery can be used, perhaps the difference comes more from the individual differences in the manufacture of the battery itself than from the use method.

69. Photos will be automatically retouched with PhotoClear.

Software Name: Automatic photo modification and photo removal

Authorization method: * * Enjoy the software.

Software type: image processing software evaluation:

Operating environment: Windows9x/NT

Download address 1:/ Download ... install.exe _ trial.

Software introduction:

Many users of digital cameras feel that digital photos are not sharp enough and the contrast is flat, especially when shooting landscapes. For PhotoShop experts, a little treatment can obviously improve, but the average user is afraid of Photoshop, it doesn't matter, try this PhotoClear!

This is a practical tool tailored for digital camera users, who have almost no image processing skills and often draw maps online. It can automatically adjust the brightness distribution, color and clarity of digital photos, as well as the size, signature and frame of photos ..... and all these operations are completed once defined. It feels similar to Tphoto written by Clayman, but it is more concise to use.

The trial found it convenient to use and the effect was very good. Suggest downloading! This is a trial version with a 30-day use period.

70. Teach you 22 practical special effects tricks.

With the acceleration of the popularization of digital cameras, many ordinary consumers have already owned digital cameras and experienced the happiness of digital photography. When we take pictures with digital cameras, we often encounter problems of one kind or another, which leads to the failure of the shooting work. The following are the causes of these problems and their solutions:

First of all, the captured image is not clear.

1. Although the highest resolution is used and the light is good, the photos taken are very blurred. This situation is usually caused by camera shake when the shutter button is pressed. Because of the low sensitivity of digital camera, it takes a long time to take pictures with digital camera. To take the clearest picture, you must hold the camera steady, even the slightest shaking will cause the image to blur.

Solution: Hold the camera steady, use a tripod when taking pictures, or put the camera on a table, counter or other fixed objects. Then there is the word "practice", usually practicing the basic skills of holding the machine.

2. The autofocus mark of the viewfinder is not placed on the subject. Place the autofocus frame on the subject, or use the focus lock function.

3. The lens is dirty. A dirty lens will make it difficult for the camera to find the field of vision and blur the image. Clean the lens with special lens cleaning paper.

4. Improper mode selection. When the standard mode is selected, the photographed object is shorter than the minimum effective distance (0.6m) of the lens. Or when the close-up mode is selected, the subject is far away from the minimum effective distance.

When the subject is in the range of 0.3-0.6M, take photos in close-up mode. Outside this range, take pictures in standard mode.

5. In selfie mode, stand in front of the camera and press the shutter release button. You should look at the viewfinder and press the shutter button. Don't stand in front of the camera and press the shutter button.

6. Use the fast focus function in the incorrect focus range. Use the correct fast focus key for visual distance.

Second, the image is too dark.

1. The flash is blocked by a finger. Hold the camera correctly and don't let your fingers block the flash.

2. Press the shutter release button before charging the flash. Wait until the orange light stops flashing.

3. Don't use flash. Press the flash assist lever to set the flash.

4. The subject is placed outside the effective range of the flash, and the subject is placed within the effective range of the flash.

5. The main body is too small and backlit. Set the flash in auxiliary flash mode or use fixed-point metering mode.

Third, the image is too bright.

1. The flash is set in the auxiliary flash mode. Set the flash mode to a mode other than the auxiliary flash.

This photo is very bright. Adjust exposure.

Fourth, the color of the image taken indoors is unnatural.

The reason is that lighting equipment affects the image. At this time, the flash mode is set to the auxiliary flash mode.

Fifth, the image contour is blurred.

The reason is that the finger or belt partially blocks the lens. Hold the camera correctly, and don't let your fingers or tape block the lens.

Six, the flash is not bright

1. Flash is not set. Press the flash eject lever to set the flash.

2. The flash is charging. Wait until the orange light stops flashing.

3. The photo is very bright. Use the auxiliary flash mode.

4. When the flash has been set, the flash works abnormally when the indicator light on the control panel lights up. Please repair it.

Seven, the camera does not move

1. The power is not turned on. Press the power button to turn on the power.

2. The battery polarity is wrong. Install the battery correctly.

3. The battery is dead. Update the battery.

4. The battery is temporarily out of order. Please keep the battery warm when using; In the process of taking pictures, the battery is temporarily not used.

5. The card cover has been opened. Close the card cover.

Eight, the camera automatically turned off

1. If the digital camera suddenly shuts down automatically, your first thought should be that the battery is low-digital cameras are big consumers of electricity and often shut down because of low battery power. Replace the battery.

2. If the digital camera still can't be turned on after replacing the battery, you find that the camera is hot, because you have been using the camera continuously for too long, which leads to the camera overheating and automatic shutdown. Stop using it and wait for it to cool.

Nine, press the shutter button can't take pictures.

1. The photo just taken is being written into the SmartMedia card. At this time, release the shutter key until the green indicator light stops flashing and the LCD screen disappears.

2. The smart media card is full. Replace SmartMedia card, delete unnecessary photos or transfer all photo data to personal computer, and then delete.

3. The battery runs out when taking photos or writing to the SmartMedia card. Update the battery and take a new photo.

4. The subject is not in the effective working range of the camera or it is difficult to lock it by automatic acquisition. Refer to the effective working range of standard mode and close-up mode or refer to the autofocus section.

X. the camera can't recognize the memory card.

1. uses a memory card that is incompatible with a digital camera. Different digital cameras use different memory cards. In most digital cameras, multiple memory cards cannot be used. The solution is to replace your digital camera with all the memory cards.

2. If the memory card chip is damaged, find a manufacturer to replace the memory card.

3. The image file in the memory card is damaged. The reason for this phenomenon is that the memory card is taken out when shooting, or the digital camera is suddenly turned off because of serious power shortage. If the problem persists after reinserting or reconnecting the memory card, please format the memory card.

Eleven, just take photos can't be presented on the LCD screen.

1. Power off or recording mode on. Put the record/play switch in the play position and turn on the power.

2.SmartMedia card has no photos. Check the control panel.

Twelve, the LCD screen is blurred.

1. The brightness setting is incorrect. In playback mode, select the intensity from the menu and adjust it.

2. The sunlight shines on the display screen. Cover the sun with your hands, etc.

Thirteen, the camera connected to the computer sends data to the computer when there is an error message.

1. The computer is not inserted correctly, and the cable is inserted correctly.

2. The power is not turned on. Press the power button to turn on the power.

3. The battery is dead. Update the battery or use an AC power adapter.

4. Improper serial port selection. Confirm whether the serial port selection is correct with operating system software.

5. No serial port is available. Open a serial port according to the instruction of personal computer (limited to AppleTalk/LocalTalk function of Macintosh switch).

6. Improper selection of image transmission speed. Select the correct transmission speed on the computer.

7. TWAIN/ plugin is not installed. Install TWAIN/ plug-in on the computer.

When you can't press any key, please press the reset button on the card cover, and then press the power button.

Fourteen, LCD can't display the current state normally after power-on.

Under normal circumstances, the liquid crystal display should be able to display the current state normally after being powered on, and the display can respond accordingly with the change of function setting and shooting. If the LCD can't display the current status normally after power-on, most cases are caused by poor battery contact or insufficient power. You can reinstall the battery or replace it with a new one. When replacing a new battery, be careful that all batteries must be replaced, and the old and new batteries cannot be mixed.

Fifteen, the LCD display image has obvious defects or black screen.

After power-on, the LCD can display the current status and function settings normally, but it can't display the image normally, with obvious defects or black screen. This situation is mostly caused by the defect or damage of CCD image sensor. At this time, the CCD image sensor should be replaced. This situation often happens in second-hand digital cameras. When buying a second-hand digital camera, you must carefully identify the CCD image sensor. If the camera has no LCD screen, it is impossible to directly judge the quality of CCD imaging device. Sometimes, because the CCD is damaged when shooting, everything is normal, and the photos don't get dark until the computer downloads them, so the quality of the output photos can only be tested by real shooting.

Sixteen, the computer can't download photos normally.

This situation is mostly a problem with the computer cable. According to the different camera interfaces, there are many ways to connect computers, including three commonly used standard serial port connections and other connection methods such as USB. When connecting, it must be in place and cannot be loosened, as shown in Figure 7-6. If possible, it is best to have a backup connection, so that once there is a problem, you can change the connection in time.

Seventeen, the photo color is wrong.

We often find that the color of the scenery in digital photos has changed from what we see with the naked eye, sometimes red, sometimes yellow. What's going on here? This is mainly because the white balance is not adjusted well. The function of white balance adjustment is similar to the function of adding color temperature conversion filter in traditional camera color photography, with the aim of achieving accurate color restoration, except that the color temperature of digital camera does not need to add filter on the lens, but adopts the method of circuit adjustment to change the mixing ratio of the three primary colors of red, green and blue through electronic circuits, thus correcting more color components in light. Most digital cameras have a self-test mode of white balance adjustment, which is generally represented by the symbols of a small rectangular square above and two small triangles below. The white balance adjustment in this mode allows you to aim the camera at the white object in the shooting scene and then press the shutter halfway. At this time, the camera will automatically record the white state in this light. According to this value, the color can be restored correctly in the next shooting. It is recommended that you use this camera with white balance adjustment mode, which is relatively accurate in general. But shooting under some complicated conditions is hard to say. In fact, the environmental conditions we are exposed to are generally more complicated. Therefore, when shooting, we must get into the habit of observing the surrounding environment first, adjusting the white balance and then taking pictures.

18. There are many points in the photo taken.

This is what we call noise in photos. This situation often occurs in the shooting of night scenes, which is caused by high sensitivity. The higher the sensitivity value, the rougher the image quality, the lower the sensitivity value and the finer the picture. But high sensitivity means high sensitivity to light, so we often choose high sensitivity when shooting in low light. Then, if the noise reduction system of the camera itself is not good, it will cause noise on the canvas. To avoid this situation, we need to artificially reduce the sensitivity, and then use a relatively long exposure time to compensate for the entry of light, so that the photos will have a sense of layering and the quality will be guaranteed. Of course, the premise is that you need to bring a tripod.

Nineteen, the photo is dark and granular images appear.

Although the highest resolution is used, the photos are very dark and grainy images appear, which is usually caused by insufficient light. When taking photos with a digital camera, the light has the greatest influence on the photos. The sensitivity of most digital cameras is equivalent to SIO 100 film. Therefore, insufficient light will lead to the darkening of photos and the appearance of granular images. If the camera has a flash, it can be used not only for indoor photography, but also for outdoor photography of objects in the shadows.

Twenty, the main picture in the photo is small.

It is a common phenomenon in amateur photography that the main picture is small and the background picture is large. As a novice photographer, the subject is often ignored. Photos taken with a digital camera can be edited, so the quality of the original image is very important. Try to make the picture full of the main body, and don't waste precious pixels on the background picture that needs secondary editing or trimming.

Twenty-one, the photos printed with special photographic paper are not clear.

The quality of digital photos is directly related to the number of pixels per inch (dpi), that is, the image resolution. The more pixels, the higher the resolution and the better the image quality. In order to obtain good printing quality, the required image resolution is about 300ppi. When taking photos with a digital camera, if you want to print photos, you must use the maximum number of pixels allowed by the camera. Of course, the more pixels, the larger the file, and the less photos are stored in the camera memory.

Twenty-two, the printed image is fuzzy, gray and oversaturated.

The photo was taken normally, but the printed image was blurred, gray and oversaturated. This situation is mostly because the paper used does not meet the requirements. The type of paper used when printing an image has a great influence on the image quality. The same image printed on special photographic paper looks beautiful and moving; Print clearly and brightly on copy paper; When printed on cheap multipurpose paper, it will appear blurred, gray and supersaturated.

7 1.DC and DV are also products within the scope of three guarantees.

DC and DV are also commodities within the scope of three guarantees.

Protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers, and clarify the responsibilities and obligations of sellers, repairers and producers for the repair, replacement and return of some commodities (hereinafter referred to as "three guarantees"). According to the Product Quality Law, the Consumer Rights Protection Law and related regulations, the State Economic and Trade Commission, the State Bureau of Technical Supervision, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and the Ministry of Finance issued the Provisions on the Responsibility for the Repair, Replacement and Return of Some Commodities in August, 1995.

It should be noted that the responsibility of repair, replacement and return is three forms of undertaking the responsibility of three guarantees, but the way for consumers to claim compensation is not limited to these three forms. If the products purchased by consumers cause losses to them, consumers can also claim compensation for losses, such as lost time, transportation costs of large commodities, etc. According to the new Three Guarantees, repairers should provide reasonable transportation expenses for large products that should be repaired. )

1. The seller shall bear the responsibility of three guarantees.

When consumers buy products that do not meet the quality requirements stipulated by law or the contract, they have the right to ask the seller to bear the responsibility of three guarantees. "Who sells, who is responsible".

In some cases, consumers can also find repairers and product producers to bear the responsibility of three guarantees, for example, repairers fail to repair products within the statutory time limit; Producers themselves promise to implement three guarantees for their products; The consumer asks to repair the product, the seller has entrusted the repairman to repair it, and so on. According to the new "Three Guarantees" regulation, the seller has no right to exempt himself from the "Three Guarantees" liability through contractual agreements with producers, suppliers and repairers. If the seller can't say that the product maintenance is the responsibility of the repairer listed in the warranty, he will be exempted from the three guarantees responsibility.

Second, the three-guarantee product range

1 the first batch of three-package products *** 18 categories: bicycles, color TVs, black-and-white TVs, home video recorders, video cameras, tape recorders, electronic keyboards, home refrigerators, washing machines, electric fans, microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners, home air conditioners, range hoods, gas water heaters, sewing machines, clocks and motorcycles.

The new "Three Guarantees" regulation clearly states that the catalogue of three guarantees products shall be formulated and adjusted by relevant departments in the State Council. According to the improvement of consumption level, the state will publish the scope of application of three-guarantee products in batches in the form of a catalogue of goods that partially implement three-guarantee.

Imported products are also applicable to the new three guarantees regulations.

four