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What is the general process of making animation?

Animation is a very tedious work, and the division of labor is extremely detailed. Usually divided into pre-production, mid-production and post-production. Pre-production includes planning, work setting and fund raising. Mid-term production includes split mirror, original painting, intermediate painting, animation, coloring, background painting, photography, dubbing and recording. Post-production includes editing, special effects, subtitles, synthesis, screening and so on.

Pre-production:

1. Scripts: The scripts of cartoons are very different from those of TV and movies. In the comic script, try to avoid complicated dialogue, and mainly tell stories with picture movements. The best animation is to win through funny actions. The fewer lines, the more you can stimulate the imagination of the audience.

2. Storyboard: The director draws a cartoon-like sketch according to the script and shows the actions described in the script. While drawing the shot, the storyboard should have corresponding actions, lines, time, photography instructions, picture connection and other instructions. Generally, a 30-minute animation script needs to draw about 800 picture storyboards.

3. Production schedule: The production schedule of the whole film compiled by the director is used to guide the unified coordination of all parties in the animation creation team. ?

Mid-term production:

Design stage:

1. Design: The design work includes character design, scene design, prop design, lens screen design, etc. The design should be carried out according to strict standards, which is convenient for the staff in the next production process.

2. Sound: The action of the cartoon must match the music, so the recording and animation are made at the same time. After the recording is completed, the sound accurately corresponds to the position of each picture for the reference of animators.

Two-dimensional animation:

1. Producer: The producer's job is mainly to plan the production progress, arrange the daily production schedule, find production companies and investment companies, and must work with the executive producer * * * to ensure that all components of the plan can be assembled correctly on time.

2. Supervision: Supervision is a Japanese name and English is Director, that is, director. The director of Japanese animation production is the key to determine the atmosphere style of the whole work, and is in charge of the rhythm, atmosphere and turning point of the story. Even the same role setting, the same painting style and the same production team will have completely different styles because of different directors.

3. Script: English script, the story is written in pure text, including scenes, places, background sound effects, character dialogues, character movements, etc.

4. Painting supervision: modify the finished products of the original painting and animation, and check whether the finished products conform to the character setting and whether the movements are smooth. You can repaint if necessary, so you must be a senior original painter and animator.

5. Color assignment: The assignment of color is called color setting, also called color setting. English is called color setting, color modeling, color designer, color coordinator, color key, etc. In addition to specifying the intrinsic color, it is more important to specify the shadow color and gradient color required for coloring.

6. Original painting: The original painting is also called Key-Animator. The creation of the original painting is to draw some key pictures of the action by the animator. Drawing the starting picture and ending picture of the characters in the picture on paper in the form of line drawings is a number of key dynamic moments that can reflect the characteristics of a complete action process. It can effectively control the range of motion and accurately and concretely describe the motion characteristics.

7. Intermediate painting: In-Between frame refers to a picture that depicts the changing process between the original paintings according to the necessary motion rules. The function is to fill in the process movements between the original paintings, so that they are close to natural movements.

8. Sound supervision: responsible for the arrangement of insertion soundtrack, preparation of sound effects, dubbing recording, supervision of mixing projects, etc.

9. Role setting: called role setting, responsible for designing the role modeling and clothing style of the debut role. Its job is not only to let the subsequent painters know the appearance of the characters, but also to indicate the facial features, eyes and expressions of the characters, and at the same time to design several characters from different angles.

10. Prop setting: responsible for the design of tools, machinery, vehicles, weapons, etc. In addition to drawing the mechanical shape, you must also mark the detailed structure and motion mode.

1 1. Image splitting: it is the first step to convert words into pictures. Drawing a list needs to be transformed into a picture in your mind and then drawn on paper according to the instructions of the script. The purpose of drawing the split-lens table is to decompose the complete animation into a table with the lens as the unit, and the time, the number of lenses, the lens movement, dialogue, special effects and so on should be marked next to the split-lens.

12. Layout: For example, in a dramatic work, multi-level backgrounds are designed to make each background move at different speeds, which can show a realistic sense of distance. The painter of layout must be aware of the existence of the camera in his mind.

Mainly to make up for the director's drawing of the mirror table, carefully present a messy and simple picture, as the basis for the original painting, animation, background and other production. In Mamoru Oshii's works, such as the Movable Police Theater Edition and Ghost in the Shell, a lot of layouts are used. The feature is that 2D paintings can also show 3D visual effects "?

three-dimensional animation

1. Scene: Improve the 3D scene model. Many models (such as buildings, plants, etc. ) needs to be established in this step.

2. Layout: Layout the three-dimensional scene according to the story version. It more accurately reflects the location relationship between the scene layout and the characters. The director can see the accurate information such as the position, length, switching and basic posture of the role to achieve the goal.

3. Key frames: This step requires the animator to make it according to the shots of the scenery and layout design, that is, to set the key posture of the action, which has been able to reflect the body movements, expressions and other information of the character in detail.

4. Action making: After the previous step, the animator can further make animation details according to the key actions. Add extrusion and stretching, following, overlapping, secondary action, etc. (for example, the mouth shape when speaking). At this point, the action of the animator has been completed. This is also the core of the film.

5. Simulation: Making things related to dynamics, such as hair and cloth.

6. Material mapping: make the model characters and background have color and texture, and the model looks more detailed, real and natural.

7. Special effects: This step of special effects is to make fire, smoke, water flow and other effects.

8. Lighting: By placing a virtual light source to simulate the light in nature, the scene will be close to the natural scenery after lighting.

9. Rendering: It is the last step of 3D animation, rendering and outputting the complex data in the computer. The effects of the previous steps need to be rendered before they can be expressed in the form of images. ?

Stop-motion animation

1. Hardware: including set platform, professional lighting system, smart cameras, fixed professional shooting track, general professional photography platform, etc.

2. Software: Stop Motion Studio stop-motion animation production software provides all functions such as shooting stop-motion animation, unique contraposition animation, onion skin, real-time keying, etc., which can monitor the shooting effect in real time and effectively avoid rework in the middle and late production during the early shooting process.

3. Toolbox: Provide all tools and accessories needed for stop-motion animation, such as precise metal character skeleton, eyeball, clay modeling tools, acrylic foam landscaping tools, etc.

4.DV: The resolution of a single frame picture is not as high as that of DC, but it looks more intuitive and easier to operate. Moreover, because firewire is directly connected to the computer and the picture is captured at any time through software, it can fully meet the requirements of TV broadcast quality.

5.DC: the imaging quality is quite good, which can completely exceed the quality of TV broadcast. But it is relatively troublesome to operate, because you have to shoot the material and then import it into the computer to see the shooting results clearly.

6. Other tools: clay, rubber, silica gel, soft clay, gypsum, resin clay, etc. It can be used as the main material for making characters. Tools such as aluminum wire, propylene, model paint and sculpture knife are also commonly used materials in the process of making characters.

post production

Editing: Cartoons need editing just like movies, but editing is relatively simple. We should combine the shots one by one in order, delete the useless parts appropriately, and edit the combination method at the joint of each shot.

Synthesis: Align the picture with the sound and output the movie.

Printing and distribution.

Extended data:

make tools

Animation table: also known as "transparent table" and "copy table". It is different from the general writing desk in that it uses frosted glass as the desktop, and lamps are installed below it, so that the desktop can transmit light, and multiple superimposed drawings can be clearly seen for drawing and copying animated line drawings. The desktop always tends to avoid direct light to the eyes, which is convenient for work.

Copying desk: also known as "writing desk", it is a tool for copying manuscripts. There is a platform composed of fluorescent lamp, white acrylic board, glass and box.

Positioning ruler: a tool used by animators to fix animation paper when drawing design drafts and original animation drawings. In traditional animation photography, the positioning ruler is also used to ensure the accurate positioning of the background draft and celluloid. The positioning ruler can fix dozens of drawings with standard holes at a time, and can also be used to browse drawings.

Animation paper: According to different uses, animation paper can be generally divided into three types: original drawing, modified paper and intermediate drawing. General animation paper can choose 70~ 100g/m2 white paper. When making movie and television animation, the paper size is mainly divided into two types, and its size is 24cm*27cm(9F) or 27cm*33cm( 12F), which is set according to the different needs of picture framing and screen size.

Animation paper should have good transparency, paper should be uniform, white and smooth, and paper edges should be hard, thin and tough. The original drawings do not require high paper quality. Most of the setting paper is light yellow tissue paper.

Punching machine: the function of punching machine corresponds to the positioning ruler. The main function is to punch holes with the same size and the same distance as the three fixing columns of the positioning ruler for the papers that need to be fixed on the positioning ruler, such as original drawings, modified papers and animation papers, so that these papers can be accurately sleeved on the positioning ruler.

Animation pen: Animation pen generally refers to all kinds of pens used in the pre-production and post-production of cartoons. Mainly pencils, mechanical pencil, colored lead, signature pens, Gou Xianbi, brushes, watercolor pens, etc.

Celluloid sheet: also known as "transparent sheet", it is a transparent film made of polyester material, with smooth surface and full transparency like tissue paper. This material can not only make different action figure paintings be shot on different films in multiple layers, but also overlap with the background, and the pictures do not affect each other, which can enhance the layering and three-dimensional sense of the picture.

Photography platform: a platform for shooting animation, which can be set with multiple shooting layers and columns for placing cameras.

Frame-by-frame camera: It is a frame-by-frame camera that can shoot animated drawings one by one. It is vertically placed on the column of the photography platform specially used for shooting cartoons, and can move up and down through the crank as needed.

Photographic table: Photographic table is a table used to record the time, speed, dialogue and background photography requirements of animated characters, and it is the main basis for drawing and shooting each animated shot. The form is marked with the title of the film, the number of shots, specifications, seconds, content, mouth shape, photography requirements and other items. It is a bridge between director, original painting, animation, line drawing, coloring, proofreading and shooting.

Making software

MAYA:Autodesk Maya is the world's top three-dimensional animation software produced by Autodesk Company in the United States, and its application objects are professional film and television advertisements, character animation, movie stunts and so on. Maya has perfect functions, flexible work, easy to learn and use, high production efficiency and strong realistic rendering. It is a high-end production software of movie level.

3D Studio Max: referred to as 3ds Max or Max for short, it was developed by Discreet company (later merged by Autodesk company) and has the same properties as MAYA software. From the perspective of application, it is widely used in advertising, film and television, industrial design, architectural design, three-dimensional animation, multimedia production, games, auxiliary teaching, engineering visualization and other fields.

Flash: It is a webpage animation design software launched by American MACROMEDIA Company in June 1999. It is an interactive animation design tool, which can integrate music, sound effects, animation and innovative interfaces to produce high-quality dynamic effects of web pages. Various scripting languages can meet the diversity of web design.

Photoshop:Adobe Photoshop, referred to as "PS", is an image processing software developed and distributed by Adobe Systems. Photoshop mainly deals with digital images composed of pixels. With its numerous editing and drawing tools, you can edit pictures more effectively. Ps is powerful, involving all fields of image production.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Animation