The origin of the film

"The prehistory of film is almost as long as its history". As a product of modern science and technology, the birth of film has indeed experienced a long experimental process by many scientists, inventors and even imitators in European countries. Their scientific exploration and experiment on sports optical illusion can be traced back to the beginning of19th century. However, the understanding and application of "light and shadow theory" can be traced back to China more than 2,000 years ago. According to written records, in the fifth century BC, Mozi put forward the theory that "light dies when it reaches the scene (shadow)", which is the earliest and most scientific contribution of mankind to the "optical theory". The "Lantern Shadow Play", which originated in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and spread widely after Tang and Song Dynasties, is the earliest and simplest application and practice of "Light Theory". /kloc-In the 3rd century, "Lantern Shadow Play" was introduced to the Middle East, Europe, Southeast Asia and other places, which gave birth to vivid and touching video games such as "Slide Show" and "Walking Lights". Movies originated from these visual entertainment games. As for the scientific, technical and physical principles on which the invention of movies is based, there are mainly the following three aspects.

Encyclopedia Britannica? 6? 1 movie history section, first sentence at the beginning.

First, visual retention.

"In ancient times, people found that a burning charcoal turned into a fire belt when it was waved." However, this visual phenomenon was associated with the invention of movies in the19th century. 1829, Joseph Prato, a famous Belgian physicist, stared at the strong sunlight for a long time in order to further investigate the tolerance limit of human eyes to light and the time for objects to stay, resulting in blindness. But he found that the shadow of the sun was deeply imprinted in his eyes. He finally discovered the principle of "visual retention". That is, when the object in front of people is removed, the image reflected by the object on the retina will not disappear immediately, but will remain for a short time. Experiments show that the retention time of images is generally 0. 1-0.4 seconds. and

At present, physics textbooks and physics laboratories in Europe have also adopted the Faraday wheel principle and the visualization research of the rotation of the picture "magic disk". They showed human beings that the physiological function of human vision can combine a series of independent pictures into a continuous mobile video. 19 In 1930s, visual toys such as stunt wheels, walking wheels, rotating wheels, movable mirrors and stroboscope appeared one after another. Its basic principle is similar, that is, draw a series of images on a rotatable and movable video disc. When the video disc rotates, those unremarkable images move and come alive. Since then, the Austrian combined the slide show with the movable video disc, so that the still picture was projected on the screen, and the movable slide show was made, forming the early animation. However, in the 1960s, film theorists and educators raised new questions about "visual stagnation". They found that all the action phenomena on the screen were actually jumping and incoherent, but the audience realized that it was a unified and complete action sequence. This proves that what really works is not "visual retention" but "psychological recognition".

Second, photography.

Photography also originated in Europe in the19th century. 1839, Daguerre, a Frenchman, fixed the image permanently by chemical method according to the pinhole imaging principle in painting after the Renaissance, and "Daguerre Photography" came into being. /span>。 In front of consciousness, we can no longer be satisfied with a static, exquisite and single photo, but fantasize that one day they can be interrelated and faithfully copy the image action and the material realization of natural space. 1872, photographer Edward Curtrich was the first to apply "photography" to continuous shooting. In five years, he used many cameras to shoot a running horse continuously, which was successful in 1878. The talented photographer arranged 24 cameras in a row. When the horse ran by, the shutter of the camera opened, and the instantaneous posture of horseshoe and flying was photographed in turn. To this end, Edward? 6? 1 curtain ridge obtained the patent of "method and device for shooting moving objects". 1882, French men developed a "photographic gun" that can shoot continuously by using the intermittent principle of revolvers. Later, he invented the film continuous camera. Finally, a camera began to use a group of cameras instead of curtains to shoot moving objects. In Europe, scientists and inventors from many countries also developed different types of cameras during this period. Among them, Thomas Edison of the United States and his mechanic Dick invented the traction method of punching holes on both sides of the film in order to make the film move at the same interval in the camera, which solved the technical problem of mechanical transmission. The "photography" of "mobile photography" is completed.