Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Photography and portraiture - Help me find my thesis: on aesthetic factors in news activities
Help me find my thesis: on aesthetic factors in news activities
On the evaluation standard of news photography
(A) the standard of photojournalism award
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The evaluation standard of news photography involves important issues such as value judgment and aesthetic concept of news photography, which has always been valued. After the reform and opening up, all walks of life began to bring order out of chaos, and the reform of news photography began with the establishment of new evaluation standards.
The situation of news photography in China after the Cultural Revolution is worrying. At that time, news photography, as a supporting role of written news, was greatly influenced by written news; At the same time, it is mixed with artistic photography, which is greatly influenced by photo photography. Because it is a picture form, it is also greatly influenced by painting theory; News photographers lack research and understanding of the nature of news photography. In this way, the uniqueness or subjectivity of news photography has been weakened and destroyed, and there are many people who are suitable for written reports but not suitable for photographic reports, but they have to cooperate with written reports? Quot Graphic photos, a considerable number of "perfect" photos influenced by painting and "photo photography", most of which have lost their proper characteristics and values as news photos.
Under such realistic conditions, the theoretical circle of photojournalism began to explore the establishment of new photojournalism evaluation standards.
1980 the photography department of Xinhua news agency summarized the three-character standard of news photography from the aspects of its development and characteristics. On this basis, in May, the photojournalism academic group of Capital Journalism College discussed an evaluation standard 198 1: "News pictures; Unity of news and images; Live news shooting; Are there written explanations for news elements? Quot In fact, this standard is a correction to China's popular behaviors in 1950s and 1970s, such as being divorced from life, subjective imagination, director's manipulation and fraud.
198165438+February 12 the selection meeting of the capital photojournalism exhibition formally put forward the "five essentials" standards of photojournalism: novelty, fresh content, novel form and unity of the two; Seeking truth, seeking the truth of facts and images, and realizing the unity of the two; Live, live image, live atmosphere, and realize the unity of the two activities; Begging, pleading and seeking fun to realize the unity of two feelings; Seek meaning, deep meaning and deep artistic conception, and realize the unity of two meanings. These "five standards" have been unanimously recognized by the photojournalism community, and have been used to select the outstanding photojournalism works in China.
The standard of "five requirements" is of great significance. Once put forward, it quickly became the knowledge of news photography theory, and many scholars and frontline workers? Quot makes a comprehensive and detailed discussion on the connotation of "five demands", and makes a similar but not identical understanding in combination with practice.
For example, Xu Zai, then deputy editor-in-chief of the photography department of Xinhua News Agency, summarized "new" as a new theme, a new model, a new idea, a new feature, a new form and a suitable reporting opportunity in the paper submitted at the annual meeting of 1983 theory. Summarizing "truth" means that the content of the report is true, and the characters must be the live documentary of their own images and capture typical moments; Summarize "living" as the natural vividness and vividness of the image, and speak with the image; Summarize "emotion" as emotion, interest and plot; Summarize "meaning" as having correct ideological significance and profound artistic conception. At the same theoretical annual meeting, Song, who worked in Tianjin Branch of Xinhua News Agency at that time, focused on "seeking meaning", which is the soul of news photography and the idea to be embodied in his works. The "meaning" of news photography is only divided into the old and the new, and there is no distinction between "meaning" and "meaning". To seek "meaning" in news photography, we must strive for profound meaning, association and artistic conception.
1983, another breakthrough in the selection criteria of the annual photojournalism conference in China is that the selection of national photojournalism works is in line with international selection practices for the first time, and the award of the best photojournalism work of the year has been established, which sets a higher standard than the "five requirements", namely, "great news value, strong live atmosphere, good social effect and great shooting difficulty."
The standard language of "Five Begins" is concise, but its connotation is not clear enough. Although everyone has a similar understanding of this, they have different views on its exact meaning. With the progress of the times and the development of photojournalism, theoretical circles try to establish a more accurate and clear evaluation standard, which is involved in almost every theoretical annual meeting, and this phenomenon of constantly challenging predecessors just proves that their views are not satisfactory.
Jiangbei Zhan proposed at the 5th annual meeting of photojournalism theory on 1993 that the evaluation of photos generally includes three parts: first, the content of the work, which includes the evaluation of the photographer and the author's subjective understanding and emotion; The second is the form of the work, that is, the evaluation of the visual effect and expression form of the picture; The third is the evaluation of shooting difficulty. There are some differences between different nationalities, different social systems, different classes and different individuals. It is impossible to insist on consistency, and there is no need to insist on consistency. We can only seek common ground while reserving differences. The form and shooting difficulty are relatively objective and easy to reach an agreement. The difficulty of shooting is put forward considering that the intake of photographic information is direct, on-site and synchronous compared with words, which leads to certain difficulties and dangers. This part is an evaluation of the photographer's efforts to overcome difficulties and dangers.
At 1995, the sixth annual meeting of photojournalism theory, Xu Lin put forward several criteria for distinguishing good news photos: 1, which has high news value. 2. It is instantaneous, and the instantaneous images of photos can convey more news information and accurately reflect the nature of news events. 3. The atmosphere at the scene is strong. 4. The image is moving. Whether the instantaneous image, especially the image of the characters, can move people's hearts is the key to distinguish the good from the bad news photos. 5, the form is novel. The breakthrough point of grabbing news is different, and the way of framing and composition is not the same. 6, the image is clear, the main news images in the photo (people, scenery, etc.). ) should be clear and correct. 7. The written description is accurate and concise, and contains necessary news elements.
At the 7th annual theoretical conference from 65438 to 0999, He Li answered what kind of news photos are "good photos" in the use and professional principles of news photos. A good photo is first of all a "real" photo, which is an overall and full report of the reality and news events that have happened or been discovered in the current world, consistent with the authenticity of news reports; Good photos are dynamic and spatial. Sports make photos have a sense of scene and vividness, which can constitute a kind of "visual reality". The sense of space is largely due to the pursuit of a large amount of information. The text description of a good photo should reflect the following characteristics: "Text refers to the language finger behind the photo"; As far as communication efficiency is concerned, good photos must be timely.
It was also at the seventh theoretical annual meeting that Wu, a scholar, viewed the evaluation of news photography from a new perspective. He believes that the criticism of news photography includes two aspects: the criticism of the nature of the work itself and the evaluation of social effects. In the criticism of the work itself, news photography must have the characteristics of news, authenticity and immediacy. As far as social effects are concerned, news photography should not only have news value, but also have historical value (also known as literary value) and aesthetic value.
During the period of 1999, some scholars objected to the "binary theory" that news photography has news value and image value, and thought that it was inappropriate for news photography to look at both news value and image statement value. He believes that the concept of "value of the image" is an unscientific concept put forward by the practice of news photography during the inertia period of the Cultural Revolution. In the final analysis, news photography is news, and the evaluation standard should be based on news value. Under the great development of contemporary visual communication, "news" is not limited to "newly heard" but also includes "newly seen", and "new vision" should belong to "news" in contemporary communication context. The new visual image with communication value is not the external structure of news, but a part of the fact itself. "The value of image" is hard to justify. In the final analysis, it is still "news value."
The above is the general outline of the exploration of the evaluation standard of news photography in China's theoretical circles since the reform and opening up. The viewpoint of theoretical circle can't fully represent the viewpoint of practitioners. To study the evaluation standard of news photography, we have to take into account the practice of news photography.
(B) Evaluation criteria in practical work
On the evaluation standard of news photography, there has always been a disconnect between theory and practice.
1993 When talking about the readability of the weekend edition of Junbao, Mou Jian provided us with two examples to understand that China's photojournalism theory is divorced from practice. These examples are all about photos that are considered good in theory, but not acceptable in practice. One photo is a photo of a female soldier in Hainan Special Economic Zone coming back from the street by bus on holiday. The female soldiers in the special zone have different expressions, and the visual center falls on the face of a female soldier who takes the time to swallow candied haws. This photo taken from a typical moment of military life attracted many officers and men to laugh. The editors looked at her and couldn't help laughing and praising. Quot Good photos, "but then he added," It's ok to attend film festivals, but newspapers don't work well. "Another photo, Sailors Watching TV on a Cold Night, was taken on an evening in early spring and March, when the sailors were waiting to watch the video on the back deck. Because coats are stored uniformly this season, most people are covered with blankets to keep out the cold, like a group of refugees gathered under the turret. Of course, it is not in line with military discipline, but this is a scene that happened in the life of the naval forces. This photo is readable and can attract readers, but it is also out of touch with the newspaper. In the conclusion, he mentioned that the propaganda of military newspaper should always have a macro guiding ideology, which is the basic requirement to measure the taste of news photography works. Therefore, when emphasizing the readability of photos, it is not entirely to attract readers.
Zhang Fuhan, then editor-in-chief of China Business Daily, said frankly at the 8th annual theoretical conference on 1999: "If the editor-in-chief of a newspaper sets the standard of' excellent news pictures' as the standard of' Jose' and the level of' China News Award' or provincial news award, then no matter how many photographers there are in a newspaper, it is impossible for these photographers to provide' excellent' to the newspaper every day. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly distinguish between the award criteria and the criteria for excellent news pictures. In practice, Huashang Daily has gradually repositioned the standard of "giant photos": all news with high news value, reflecting major events, important news and various social problems and events that readers care about, can be highlighted in newspapers with headlines or giant photos as long as the quality of photos and images is not serious; News value first, other quality second, not perfect.
People not only question whether the selection criteria recognized by the theoretical circle, such as the "five requirements" criteria, can be implemented in the practice of photojournalism, but even question whether the selection of various photojournalism awards can be implemented.
At the fourth annual ideological conference from 65438 to 0990, Yue Pengfei pointed out that the selection of photojournalism awards was always influenced by the political atmosphere, so it could not be completely faithful to the established selection criteria. He wrote in his paper: "News serves politics and must reflect the will of the class, and news photography is no exception. It is politics in itself, so it should have a distinct political tendency. It is based on this principle that the China Photojournalism Society takes the guidelines of the central government as the basis for the selection when it presides over and participates in the selection of every photojournalism work. 1In May and June of 1989, unrest broke out in Beijing, which subsided due to decisive measures taken by the CPC Central Committee. 165438+ 10, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held the historic Fifth Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee, put forward the slogan that stability and unity are the first, and stipulated the policy of giving priority to positive publicity in news work. The ninth news photography selection work was held under this great political background, which strictly embodied this purpose. Eliminate all works that affect and are not conducive to stability and unity; Be cautious about those negative, revealing and critical works, and try not to go up or down. During the riots, several gangsters climbed the Tiananmen Gate and painted portraits of Chairman Mao. A reporter recorded this scene and sent this photo to participate in the selection. This is a national news event. It is understandable that the reporter recorded this news event in time, but this photo left a bad visual impression on the audience and seriously damaged the image and dignity of the great man. Finally, the judges objected to being selected for this photo? quot
(3) Conclusion
It is difficult to unify the evaluation criteria, but people still face the problem of evaluating news photography works. Without standards, there is no way to evaluate. This paper holds that the evaluation criteria of news photography should be divided into two levels: qualified news photography and excellent news photography.
There are a large number of photographs that are not news photography in the current newspapers and news photography awards. The root of this phenomenon is that many news photographers still don't know what news photography is, and think that documentary photography that can be published in newspapers and periodicals is news photography. This misunderstanding has both historical and practical reasons.
In the early days of the founding of New China, all kinds of modes were copied from the Soviet Union, and the mode of "theme first" was also moved into news photo reporting, that is, determining the propaganda theme, designing the layout, and then guiding photographers to take needed photos. This mode of work violates the laws of news photography. In this mode, the so-called "news photos", whether they are live photography documentaries of news images or not, become publicity photos taken by directors. Often it is explaining the propaganda policy, regardless of whether to convey news information; Often there are only a few words similar to the title of artistic photography, but they can't explain the news elements such as time, place and people's events. The above are historical reasons, but the realistic reason is that this backward and wrong reporting mode and concept are still used by some professional photographers and correspondents. QuotKeep ",they not only work like this, but also teach this concept to new practitioners. Therefore, it is necessary for all practitioners to know what real news photography is and what kind of photos are qualified news photography reports.
News photography, as a kind of visual news, is the on-the-spot photographic documentary of news images. By this definition, as a qualified news photography work, it must have the following elements: 1, transmitting news information; 2. It is a live photographic documentary of news images; 3, it is necessary to clear the text. Only a photo report with these three factors can be called a news photo work.
Old misunderstandings are deeply rooted. Only in practice (including daily reports and news photography awards), strictly adhere to the criteria for judging whether news photography works are qualified or not, and prevent the emergence of unqualified works, can we guide China news photography out of the misunderstanding and get on the right track as soon as possible.
Only qualified news photography works are eligible for evaluation. The following will further discuss the selection criteria of excellent news photography works.
News photography is the intersection of news and photography, as shown below: (omitted)
Illustration 1: News photography is the intersection of news and photography.
The above picture shows that the evaluation criteria of news photography should start from two aspects: first, what kind of news to spread, that is, the value of news; Second, what kind of photography, that is, the level of photography. In addition, the new school has made a big fuss about it. Gap? Does the emperor have a mute vinegar curtain? Sugar plus κ traction box contracture? Wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine 37 Tina? What is the rest of the sentence? Why don't you try the reef? Did you lie down? What is the conclusion of scopolamine? Fun? What's the matter with you?
The first of the above three criteria is actually the judgment of news value, which is based on the mainstream news value concept of the ideology where the subject is evaluated. For example, the news view of some developed countries is that "a dog bites is not news, but a man bites is news", which is obviously different from China's "news is a report of recent facts". The second criterion is actually the aesthetic pursuit of photographic works, which is based on the aesthetic taste of photography in the social form. The third criterion is to choose the core and destination of excellent news photography works, which is also the most important one.
Because people's views on news and the aesthetic taste of photography will vary with different time and space and social conditions, the above three standards will inevitably have different connotations accordingly.
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