Sun Zhi's Artistic Inheritance

The artistic style of Ming Dynasty was influenced by wu school, which not only inherited the excellent painting techniques of the previous generation, but also developed the painting art of wu school. The picture pays attention to large-scale allegorical portraits, and the technique of combining ink and painting with meticulous brushwork shows great elegance in its large-scale landscape figure paintings.

In the early Ming Dynasty, palace paintings and Zhejiang paintings were the main styles. In the middle period, Wu Pai rose to become the flag of painting circles, and in the later period, Dong Qichang was the leader of painting circles. Literati painting occupied the painting world in an all-round way, which was the main vein of the development of Chinese painting in this period. With the decline of feudal dynasty, court painting also declined, no longer occupying the dominant position of painting. Literati painting has developed into the mainstream of China painting. The traditional concept of social function of painting "educating and promoting human relations" has been gradually replaced by "adapting to the situation" and "entertaining oneself", thus making the landscape and flower-and-bird paintings with freehand brushwork in ink and wash have been specially developed. In contrast, meticulous painting and figure painting have not received due attention. Due to the complex social contradictions and the rapid development of urban economy, regional painting schools have emerged. The appearance of a large number of prostitutes and maids-in-waiting painters in the late Ming Dynasty showed the talent of women under feudal bondage, but it also reflected the further decay of society. With the development of maritime traffic, the exchange of Chinese and foreign paintings has been promoted. Japanese painting monk Sesshū Tōyō came to China to study, and Chinese painting monks also traveled to Japan. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, European missionaries came to China and brought western paintings.

First, the final glory of traditional palace painting

There was no official Hanlin Painting Academy in Ming Dynasty, but a large number of painters were organized to serve the imperial court. In the early days of Hongwu, the painter temporarily entered the palace and was given a title at will. For example, Shen Xiyuan claimed the title of Zhu Yuanzhang's portrait and awarded it to China. Chen Yuan also crowned the portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang and called the Wen Yuan Pavilion. The main task at that time was to paint portraits of emperors (including Shen Xiyuan, Chen Yuan, Sun Wenzong, Chen, etc. ) and murals of palaces and royal temples (such as Zhou Wei, Sheng Sheng, Zhuo Di and Shangguan Boda). ). Most painters come from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and their painting style follows the original style. Due to Zhu Yuanzhang's personal suspicion, Zhao Yuanzhang and Sheng were executed and hanged for painting "without saying what they meant", which made court painters in Ming Dynasty dare not create boldly and affected the development of court painting. During the period from Xuande to Hongzhi (1426- 1505), the first emperors of Xuanzong, Zhu and Xiaozong, were good at painting, and they also painted by themselves, which made court painting very popular, and a number of successful court painters appeared. At this time, most of the painters were placed in Renzhi Hall, Wuying Hall and Gaihua Hall, ready to serve the imperial edict at any time, and were awarded the titles of Zhen Fu, Baihu, Qianhu, Commander of the Body Guard and Commander-in-Chief. The Royal Guards were originally the emperor's guard of honor, but later they became a notorious secret service organization. For the convenience of collecting salaries (members of the Royal Guards can be placed at will) and being close to the emperor, painters have been awarded the titles of Royal Guards at all levels. After Jiajing, with the decline of the Ming empire, court painting also declined.

Most of the palace figure paintings in the Ming Dynasty inherited the painting style of the historical stories of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the content was mostly related to the political needs of the dynasties. In the existing palace figure paintings, the theme is mostly to praise the sages of the previous generation and describe the pleasure in the palace. Important painters are: Ni Duan, whose word is Zhengzhong, was called into the palace when he proclaimed virtue. His works include "Hiring Pang Tu", which describes the story of Liu Biao's invitation to Pang Degong during the Three Kingdoms period. Shang, the word auspicious, was awarded the viceroy by Xuande. His works include General Guan Yu, which describes the story of the capture of Pound by Guan Yu's Seventh Army during the Three Kingdoms period. Liu Jun, whose name is Ting Wei, is the commander-in-chief of Guan Jinyi. His works include "Visiting Putu on a Snowy Night", which depicts the story of Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin's private visit to Zhao Pu, and propagandizes half of the Analects of Confucius to rule the world. When Xuande proclaimed himself emperor, Xie Huan, the commander-in-chief of the Royal Guards, was honored by the court. His works include "Elegant Collection of Apricot Gardens", which depicts a gathering of officials such as Yang Yiqing of North Korea at that time. This is a group photo.

Palace landscape painting mainly inherits the styles of Southern Song Dynasty and Xia Gui, and adopts techniques such as Guo in Northern Song Dynasty. Important painters include: Li Zai, Zi Zheng, Xie Huan, Shi Rui and Ni Duan, who were favored by the emperor at the same time when they proclaimed virtue, and their works include "The Outline of the Pearl and the Peak". Wang E, the word court, was Ren Renzhi Hall during Hongzhi's reign. He was once praised as "a distant horse today" by his dutiful son Zhu Youtang. It can be seen that his painting style is very close to Ma Yuan's, but more stable, complete and delicate than Ma Yuan's, and his works include Jiang Ge Yuan Guan and so on. Zhu Duan, with the word Kezheng, painted The Hall of Zheng Deren's Wisdom. Later, he was awarded the command of Jinyi, and Guo studied painting style. His works include Yanhe Yuanguan and so on.

The palace flower-and-bird painting was developed on the basis of the Song Dynasty Painting Academy, which created various styles and was the highest achievement of the whole Ming Dynasty palace painting. Famous painters include: Bian Jingzhao, a Chinese character, who entered the palace for Wuying Hall in Yongle. He is good at meticulous flower-and-bird painting, "Yan Li is vivid and exquisite in workmanship", "The charming smile of flowers, the singing of birds, the implication of colors, not only sketching, but also the work" Bamboo Crane Map "depicts two white cranes strolling leisurely in a bamboo forest. It is not only accurate in modeling, subtle in form, but also magnificent, brightly colored, with strong contrast, bamboo cranes interspersed and distinct in layers. Compared with the flower-and-bird painting in the Southern Song Dynasty, it is more prominent in richness and beauty. Idiot Sun Long was appointed as an academician in Xuande, and often accompanied Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji in painting. He is good at painting flowers, birds and grass insects, replacing ink with color, casually touching and dyeing, not sketching, concise and indulgent, sketching, making the gods visible, which is called "boneless method", which is different from Xu Chongsi's "boneless method" in Song Dynasty and unique in flower and bird painting at that time. His works include Flowers, Birds, Grasshoppers, and Goose with Flowers and Stones. Lin Liang is from Nanhai, Guangdong. When I was a teenager, my family was poor. I used to be a restaurant worker and was famous for my paintings. When Emperor Yingzong was called into the palace, he was appointed as the Hall of Benevolence by the Ministry of Industry, and was directly commanded by Zhen Fu of Jinyi and hundreds of households. Lin Liang studied landscape painting and figure painting in his early years. Later, he specializes in flowers and birds, and his freehand brushwork flowers and birds are the most intact. " Just write a few strokes, and you can be refined. ""It is quite common in Qingyuan to take ink and wash as the posture of flying geese. On the brush, there is a line of cursive script, which can make Guanyin move. "Like to draw an eagle, vigorous and powerful, mostly for silk vertical axe. The Palace Museum collects his "Shrubbery Birds" as paper and ink, and slightly colors it. On the edge of the swamp covered with shrubs and weeds, birds gather together, or flap their wings to fly, or seek shelter, or chase blind date, or cheer and jump, and make their own gestures. Coupled with swaying branches, the grass flies by, forming a warm scene. It is written casually with a pen, with a brief summary, seemingly casual and cautious, and achieves the perfect unity of scene blending. Lin Liang is a master of developing China's freehand flower-and-bird painting. Lv Ji, whose real name is Ding Zhen, is from Ningbo, Zhejiang. Hongzhijian was recommended to enter the palace, to serve the Hall of Benevolence, and to command Jinyi. He abides by etiquette, is sincere and trustworthy, and is very popular with literati. At the same time, the works have many implications, which are highly valued by filial piety. They said, "Work is the art of protest, and Lv Ji is thoughtful. "His flower and bird beginner Bian Jingzhao inherited Huang Jian's techniques since the Five Dynasties, and he was good at fine, fine and colorful, while his brushwork and composition absorbed the bold and dangerous characteristics of Ma and Xia in the Southern Song Dynasty and formed his own style. His meticulous flower-and-bird paintings include "Turtle Living in the Mountain Birds" and so on. At the same time, he is also good at freehand brushwork, and is a good friend of Lin Liang. The work "Residual Lotus Eagle and Egret" depicts the lotus pond in autumn, where the goshawk strikes and the birds are scattered. The fighting of eagles, the panic of birds, the wind blowing reeds and the dancing of lotus flowers are vivid and interesting, all of which are exciting. The author grasps the natural characteristics of birds, makes them personalized and strengthens the touching power of the theme. Harmony in the palace flower-and-bird paintings in the Ming Dynasty, such as a double star, was later called "forest and land", so the painting proverb goes: "incomparable", which represents the highest achievement of the palace painting in the Ming Dynasty.

Second, Dai Jin, Wei Wu and their factions

When court painting flourished in Ming Dynasty, Zhejiang painters headed by Dai Jin were proud of it. Because of its similar painting style, it is also called "Zhejiang School of Academy" in the history of painting. Dai Jin (1388— 1462) was born in Jing 'an and Yuquanshan, and Qiantang (now Hangzhou). When I was a teenager, I worked as a forger, cast gold and silver vessels, and later learned to draw things, which made me famous in Jiangnan. Xuande was once recommended to the palace, but was rejected by the painter in the palace. Later, I returned to Jiangnan to make a living by selling paintings, and my reputation was even worse. Therefore, the legend about his admission becomes more and more strange. Dai Jin's paintings are skillful and exquisite, reaching a high artistic level. His landscape paintings are based on the painting styles of Ma and Xia, and also absorb the techniques of Dong and Ju. His calligraphy is vigorous and fast, with dripping ink, various forms and styles. Representative works include Fishing Map in Weibin, Gui Zhoutu in Storm, Food Map in Spring Mountain, etc. There are many Taoist and Buddhist themes in figure paintings, as well as stories of hermits of the previous generation. I often draw with iron wire and occasionally use asparagus. "Night Tour in Zhong Kui" uses the description of "the head of a silkworm and the tail of a mouse", which is more vigorous and distinctive. Other figure paintings include Six Generations of Patriarch from Dharma to Huineng, Elegant Map of Nanping, Three Visits to Cao Lu and so on. Flower-and-bird painting includes meticulous flower-and-bird painting, ink-and-wash freehand flower-and-bird painting, three herons and mosong flower-and-bird painting, and the combination of the two, with various techniques and styles. Because of its profound skill and outstanding talent, it was highly praised by the painting circles at that time. Even when literati painting was popular, people still admired Zhejiang painter in the academy when he was attacked. Dong Qichang, the leader of the most exclusive painting school, saw his works and had to praise him, saying, "Dai is a great man in the history of painting in China". Behind Dai Jin, there are a large number of followers who have the purpose of "Zhejiang School" for a while. Among them, Wei Wu, Zhang Lu and Song Jiang have the highest achievements.

Wei Wu (1459— 1509) was born in Jiangxia, Xiaoxian County (now Wuchang). I lost my childhood, my family was poor, and I liked painting. Later, I became famous. During Hongzhi's reign, he was called into the palace twice, waiting for the hall of benevolence and wisdom, and was awarded the title of "a hundred families with fine clothes", which won the favor of Zhu, the first scholar in painting, and made him famous. He is "honest in nature, full of courage and far from vulgarity." Good wine makes people angry, "nature is natural, not fettered", "going in and out of the imperial court and taking dignitaries as slaves", so they were attacked by ministers and left the imperial court for Nanjing twice. Since Zhu Houzhao acceded to the throne, he was called into the palace again, but he was not on the right path and died of drinking poison. His paintings are influenced by Dai Jin, far from the legacy of Ma and Xia, but more indulgent. His pen and ink are as bold and provocative as he is. Mountains and rivers like to be big, thick and imposing, such as "Fishing Boat Map in Xishan", which is 270.8 cm long and 173.5 cm wide. However, he can also do fine brushwork, and the characters are all sketched. Beautiful, elegant, lovely and charming. Such as "Iron Flute Map" and "Lutz Map". Painters who follow Wei Wu's painting style are called "Jiangxia School".

Zhejiang School headed by Dai Jin, Jiangxia School headed by Wei Wu, and court painters all flourished. Since the rise of wu school, their painting style has been criticized gradually, especially by Dong Qichang and others. The main reason is that their pen and ink are too indulgent, lack of meaning and are used to it. Most of these painters are professional painters from humble origins, and they are not in the "official stream", so they are despised by literati.

Third, the Wu family and Wu Pai.

With the development of economy, Suzhou (formerly known as Wumen) became an important handicraft and commercial city in the middle of Ming Dynasty, and its prosperity provided a material basis for the rise of Wu Pai. Since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the literati class in the south of the Yangtze River has been impacted by politics. In order to achieve a psychological balance, taking "lofty" and "not seeking official advancement" as comfort, they adopted a lifestyle of traveling in the forest, drinking and writing poems, and painting to amuse themselves. This prepared talents and conditions for the emergence of Wu Pai. Before Shen Zhou appeared, Yang Ji (word Meng Zi), Zhang Yu (word), Xu Ben (word you Wen), Chen Ruzhi (word), Chen (word) and Zhao Yuan (word shan) were all Suzhou literati, who were good at painting landscapes and dead wood and bamboo stones, and entrusted their feelings of leisure, calmness and elegance. Their successors are (Zi), Du Qiong (Zi Jia), Zhao Tonglu (Zi Zhe), Xie Jin (Zi Kong Zhao) and Ma Wan (Zi Wen Bi). Because these pioneers in Wu Pai continued and planted the flourishing literati painting in Yuan Dynasty in Suzhou and Shen Zhou, they became a generation of painting masters. There are also painters in Wumen area who were influenced by Li Tang, Ma Yuan and Xia Gui in the Southern Song Dynasty, such as Lv Wang and Chen Zhou. Lv Wang was once famous for drawing Huashan map, while Zhou Chen was a professional painter. Tang Yin and his two students, who are as famous as Shen and Wen, are known as the "Four Schools of Wumen" in the history of painting and are famous all over the world.

Shen Zhou (1427- 1509) was born in Baishiweng, Shi Tian. His parents, Henderson and Bob Zhen Ji, were both interested in poetry and painting, but they never became officials. Shen Zhou was also influenced by Chen Kuan, son of Chen, Zhao Tonglu and others. Shen Zhou was never an official, he was generous, he liked to travel in the forest, and he liked poetry and painting, so he was highly praised by literati. Painting is dominated by landscapes, flowers and birds. It inherited the traditions of Dong, Ju and Huang in Song and Yuan Dynasties, and made some innovations. In his early years, his brushwork was meticulous and won Wang Meng's testimonies, such as the height of Lushan Mountain. This painting was made for the birthday of his teacher, Chen Kuan. The mountains are magnificent and imaginative, so as to compare his teacher's noble character. After middle age, it expanded into a brush with a bald front and a thick back. Its brushwork is magnificent, round and concise, and it forms its own school. Sitting at Night depicts a hut in a mountain, sitting by a candle at night, expressing people's feeling of being noisy and restless in the world. His landscape paintings, whether based on the scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River or the artistic conception conceived by himself, all express an intellectual pursuit of a leisurely life, seeking beauty in silence and expressing feelings of abstinence and no desire. There are many works handed down from generation to generation by Shen Zhou, among which the most famous ones are Dongzhuang Map and Cangzhou Interesting Map.

The first name of Wen Zhiming (1470-1559) is Wall. His characteristic is to use words, then lines and even more words. He is a student in Shenyang. Good morning.

He joined the art in 2000, but he has never made progress. At the age of 54, he was recommended to the palace and awarded a letter to Hanlin. Less than four years later, he resigned and returned to his hometown to concentrate on poetry, painting and calligraphy. The higher the prestige in his later years, the more people ask him for paintings. As a man, he is cautious, diligent in art and tireless in poetry and painting, which shows his character. His painting styles are also diverse, including small green landscapes, ink, dead wood, bamboo, stone and bluegrass, mainly imitating Zhao Mengfu. The pen is safe and clear, and the artistic conception is bleak. The platform on the top of the mountain, dense lobular moss spots and other characteristics, and then learn from Yuan Sijia, into their own style. Sometimes, he also put pen to paper and splashed ink, washing mountains and rivers, but he also controlled it very well and didn't show his edge. Because such works are rare, just like Shen Zhou's early meticulous paintings, collectors have the saying that "rough writing is implicit", which is precious. The works that represent "rough prose" include Mangtu and Gumu Hanchun, which are the works of Hanyuan Suju, and the works that represent "fine prose" include Jiangnan Chuntu and Zhai Tu Zhen Reward. He can also be a character, mainly used for scenery. Independent figure paintings, such as Xiang Jun Xiang Fu Tu, are slim and delicate with simple and elegant shapes. Tang Yin (1470- 1523) was named a layman with the words "fear" and "tiger". He befriended Wen Zhiming, Zhu Yunming, Zhang Ling and Xu Zhenqing and was a gifted scholar in Wuzhong. When I was a teenager, I was studying at school. At the age of 29, I took the Yingtian Township Examination in Nanjing and got the first place in Xieyuan. "Nanjing Affinity" and "Jiangnan First Scholar" with seals are so charming when used in calligraphy and painting works. Unexpectedly, when I took the exam in Beijing the next year, I was implicated in the case of "topic bribery" in the examination room. I was not only severely punished, but also permanently disqualified from fame and fortune. This blow made him suffer from the coldness of human feelings and the indifference of the world. Since then, he has adopted a dissolute and cynical attitude towards life. His life was a tragic life of intellectuals in feudal society. Tang Yin's paintings, through his teacher Chen Zhou, mainly inherited the modeling brushwork of the Southern Song Dynasty, and at the same time traced back to Li Cheng and Guo, and reflected his self-cultivation in poetry and prose in his works, so he was called "Qing". In order to meet the needs of painters from all over the world, teachers are often asked to write for him. Although he is bold and unrestrained, he is diligent in creating. In his short life, he created many works. Landscape paintings include Song of Mountain Road, Girl Mountain Map, Picturesque and so on. His figure paintings mostly focus on the life of prostitutes in the lower classes, sympathizing with their unfortunate experiences and showing his mockery of feudal Taoism. The techniques are inherited from the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty. His works include Gu Tao's poems, Li Duanduan's poems and Wang Shu's palace prostitutes. "Autumn Fan Map" depicts a woman standing in the autumn wind, holding a fan in her arms, and inscribed a poem: "Qiu Lai's fan collection, why should a beauty be sentimental? Please look at the world in detail. Most people don't drive away the cold. " As a personal experience of his life experience. (Date of birth and death unknown), Zi Zhou, originally from Taicang, now lives in Suzhou. Born a painter. At the same time, he painted architectural color paintings, then gave up engineering school to study painting, studied under Zhou Chen, and was encouraged and guided by Wen Zhiming and his son. He is good at imitating ancient paintings, but he is confused. He was hired by collectors such as Xiang and Chen Guan to copy and supplement the works and creations of ancient famous artists. Because of his talent and diligence, he widely absorbed the techniques of predecessors from copying ancient paintings and integrated them into his own creation, so he was highly valued by scholars, who thought his works were "beautiful and elegant, exquisite works, and impressed by Yu Ye". What he is best at is meticulous figure painting and green landscape painting. Outstanding achievements are manifested in slender, exquisite, gorgeous, and can get simple but elegant interest. Therefore, the predecessors commented that his characters were "high in gold content, gorgeous, elegant and not ashamed of the ancients" and "vivid in spirit, although complex, failed to pass." Landscape is "the back of Zhao Boju". Representative works include Jade Cave Fairy Source Map, Taoyuan Wonderland Map, Jiange Map, Lanting Xiuze Map, Spring Banquet Peach and Plum Garden Map and Jingu Garden Map. He can also draw freehand brushwork figures and ink sketch figures, such as the fan diagram of Book Xi.

There are many students, sons, nephews and followers in China and Wen Zhiming. Most of them are good at poetry, which made Wu Pai a trend and influenced the process of painting history in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Among them are Wen Peng, Wen Jia, Wen Bo Ren, Lu Shidao, Wang Jiaxiang, Qian Gu, Chen Chun, Zhou, ★ and so on.