Interpretation and Analysis of Chinese Rhetoric "Expressiveness and Parody"

diagrammatic presentation

The so-called icon means that in speech expression, some things are difficult to express clearly in words, so symbols, figures, glyphs, Latin letters and so on directly participate in speech expression. If $ means USD, ￥ means RMB, etc.

Graphical representation can be divided into four types: symbolic representation, graphical representation, glyph representation and Latin alphabet representation.

1. symbol symbol

Symbolic notation is to express meaning with ready-made and familiar symbols. For example:

"Passive+active+voluntary (afraid of wife) = model husband" is a joke that may appear in daily life. (He Zhang Bing's "Model Husband's Style is Not High")

Here, the author uses two symbols "+"and "=" to form a mathematical calculation form, which is used to comment on the atypical "model husband" praised in the movie "Model husband". It is too superficial to take such "wife-fearing" as the object of praise.

Another example is Huang Zongying's passage in Nitrogen Fixing Cyanobacteria:

Through the Walnut Valley. Stop the car, the driver takes a nap and prepares to cross the natural barrier. Indeed, the mountain is ten feet high and the ice is one point thick, and road signs follow:

Turn around.

Hold your breath and brush across the Motianling.

▲-Ski across Yang Ziyan.

This passage vividly depicts the rugged and sinister mountain road with road signs, leaving a deep impression on readers.

2. Graphic method

Graphical representation uses images or simple patterns to express meaning. For example, there is a passage in Lin Yuan by Qu Bo:

On the afternoon of the third day, three groups came back in succession. Xiaodong reported his route first, and Jianbo marked a blue line on the map according to his report. Then, after Liu Xuncang and Sun Da reported, he marked two eight-character lines from different angles, and the three eight-character lines add up to a C-shaped flower. At this time, the position of the team is already at the red dot of the figure 8 due north.

The "8" and "C" here are graphic signs, which Shao Jianbo uses to mark the surrounding environment and the position of the team.

3. Glyph symbol

Glyph symbols use the form of characters to express meaning. For example:

There is a wall between the main room and the boiler room, forming a "D" shape. (Lu Qun, "There is such a place")

(2) They climbed the stone steps, turned a corner, and arrived at Diaoyutai, which is made of stone. There is an "Asian" railing near the lake, and there is a long row of stone benches in front of it. (Ba Jin's Spring)

The word "Ding" in the example 1 clearly tells the reader the location of the main room and the boiler room, which provides a great hint for the development of the story and reduces a lot of words. The word "Asia" in Example 2 vividly outlines the shape of the railing of the fishing platform near the lake, which is concise and clear.

4. Latin alphabet symbols

When gesturing with Chinese characters, the Chinese characters used are very eye-catching fonts and few strokes. But there are also Latin letters to indicate it. For example:

1958 When Nixon visited Churchill, the 79-year-old former British Prime Minister was already struggling and had to rely on the help of two assistants. Nixon wrote, "He looks like a zombie". However, he insisted on seeing Nixon to the door. "When we arrived at the front door, we couldn't see clearly with the dazzling photographic light. Churchill put his chin forward, his eyes blazing, and raised his hands to make a famous "V" gesture, symbolizing victory.

Because Churchill's gestures can't be described in words, the Latin letter "V" is used here, which is concise and clear.

Symbols, figures, glyphs and Latin letters used in illustrations are not dispensable in speech expression, but an organic part of speech works. The characteristics and functions of graphic method are: ① eye-catching, with strong intuition and image. 2 save words. (3) can express complex things.

Illustration of different character paintings: character paintings are just a kind of pictures, and refer to the early hieroglyphs, which retain a relatively strong picture color; In addition to graphics, symbols, glyphs, Latin letters, etc. Illustrations are often accompanied by text descriptions and graphic methods to make the expression concise, intuitive and sensible.

synaesthesia

Synaesthesia, also called "telepathy", is to communicate through people's different senses, such as hearing, sight, smell, taste and touch, and transfer the words that originally expressed A's feelings to B's feelings, so as to make the image more vivid through "writing feelings with feelings". In synaesthesia, color seems to have temperature, sound seems to have image, and cold and warm seems to have weight. For example, "light" is also called "sound", as if vision and hearing are interlinked, such as "liveliness" and "calmness", and feeling and hearing are interlinked. In modern psychology or linguistics, these are all "synaesthesia".

Synaesthesia can be classified according to different standards.

1. Classify according to the interaction between sound and lines.

(1) Listening mode. Listening category refers to the sound that touches people and reminds them of its shape. For example:

In the dim light, I vaguely heard firecrackers in the distance, which seemed to synthesize the thick clouds of the sound of the day. (Lu Xun's blessing)

Sound is felt by the auditory organs, but the author describes this auditory feeling as a "thick cloud of sound", so that readers can not only hear it, but also see the firecrackers in the New Year. In this way, the atmosphere of Xianglinsao's tragic death in the sound of blessing became more and more desolate.

(2) Look at the sound image shape.

The architectural rhythm of this square field is actually harmonious. (The sixth volume of Venice, a high school Chinese textbook)

The temple in Poseidon, peaston, ancient Greece, impressed people most that 36 thick pillars neatly surrounded the corridor, such as the rhythm of bass playing, which was grand, deep and solemn. (Sun Rujian, Architecture is Solidified Music)

Xu Lage once compared architecture to frozen music. (Sun Rujian, Architecture is Solidified Music)

This symmetrical and harmonious building has formed a three-dimensional space with tight structure, lofty grandeur, exquisite beauty, just like a harmonious three-dimensional symphony. (Sun Rujian, Architecture is Solidified Music)

(3) listen to the sound.

Moonlight shines through the bushes, and the bushes at the height cast uneven and mottled shadows; The sparse shadows of curved willows seem to be painted on lotus leaves. The moonlight in the pond is uneven; But light and shadow have a harmonious melody, such as a famous song played in the Vatican. (Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond)

This is the communication between hearing and hearing. Because the rhythm of "Fan Yuling" (violin) is high and low, and the rhythm is slow and tight. If you play it well, the melody will be very nice; Light and shadow can also be divided into ups and downs and light and shade. If it is well tuned, the color will be very pleasing to the eye. But it is not easy to convey whether light and shadow are harmonious; Whether the sound of the piano is harmonious or not is perceptible. Therefore, the author uses similar sounds to produce the rhetorical effect of sensory transfer.

The big string hums like rain, and the small string whispers like a secret; Humming, whispering-and then mixing together, just like pouring large and small pearls into a plate of jade; Guan Yingying's ass was slippery when she spoke, and we heard a stream sobbing painfully on the beach. By checking its cold touch, this string seems to be broken, as if it can't pass; And notes, fade away. The depth of sadness and the hiding of sadness are more told in silence than in voice. A silver vase suddenly burst, pouring out a stream of water, jumping out of the conflict and blow between armored horses and weapons. Before she put down the pick, her stroke was over, and all four strings made a sound, just like tearing silk. (Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip)

Here, the sound of rain, whispers, pearls falling on the jade plate, warblers, silent throat springs, broken silver bottles, swords and guns hitting each other, and tears are the same as the sound of pipa, which is a kind of sound.

(4) Interaction among hearing, vision and hearing.

"It looks like mountain worship, like flowing waves, like vast soup, and like a gloomy one. (Ji Kang's Fu Qin)

The sound of the piano is sometimes as high as a mountain and sometimes as light as water. Mountains are like listening to sounds, and water is like listening to sounds.

Zhong Ziqi listened to Boya's guqin, while Fang Guqin turned his attention to Mount Tai. Zhong Ziqi said, "Be a good guqin, and be a majestic Mount Tai." . Choose between less and aiming at running water. Zhong Ziqi added: "The drum piano is well played, and the soup is like running water." ("Lu Chunqiu's Original Taste")

It is said here that the sound of the piano is like Mount Tai, which is a kind of listening; To say that the piano sounds like running water is to listen to the sound. When Zhong Ziqi said it looked like Mount Tai, he had the image of Mount Tai in his mind. When we say "soup is like running water", there is running water in both ears and eyes, so with sound, we have the feeling of arousing running water with sound.

Just like a pair of close children whispering, I had a dark conversation with two beautiful friends, the secretary. Like the wind, who is singing the flag? A soldier likes to fight the king with his sword. Eee logo turned into a floating cloud, you don't have to wander around the endless road. There were hundreds of birds, and suddenly I saw a lonely phoenix. The cliffs pressed people to climb, and the dark valley collapsed under the thunderous sound of collapse. (Han Yu, "Listening to Ying Shi Playing the Piano")

"Children's words are unbridled" is a kind of voice, and it also arouses children to talk about love. The Warriors Go to the Enemy Field appears in the form of sound. The dancing of floating clouds and catkins not only refers to the abnormal sound of the piano, but also has the form of sound. From bird singing to suddenly seeing a lonely phoenix, it is a combination of similarity and similarity.

Step 2 classify according to the same feelings

According to the principle of permutation and combination, the words "you", "Xiang", "I" and "Yao" will form the following meaningful combinations:

I want you; If you miss me; Want me to miss you; Miss you and miss me; I miss you; You want me; You and I both want it; I want you; You and I have to think; I want you to think; You want me to think; You want me to; I think you know.

According to the functions of eyes, ears, tongue, nose and body, people have vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch. According to the principle of permutation and combination, synaesthesia can also form the following combinations:

Vision and hearing are connected;

Vision and smell are connected;

Vision and touch are interlinked;

Hearing and smell are interlinked;

Hearing and touch are connected;

Smell and hearing are interlinked;

Touch and smell are connected.

Such as: the song of spring, swaying tone, indifferent expression, a cold moon, a sweet smile, where petals have shed like tears, lonely birds sang their grief, warm platform, warm spring, cold sleeves in the ballroom, gloomy wind and rain. Another example is:

In the layers of leaves, some white flowers are dotted sporadically ... the breeze passes by, bringing a faint fragrance, as if the tall building in the distance is a faint song. (Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond)

"Fragrance" can only be perceived by the sense of smell, and "singing" can only be felt by the sense of hearing. However, the author skillfully compares the "continuous fragrance" of lotus flowers with the "faint singing on the high floor" and receives a wonderful artistic effect with both sound and taste.

Liu E described Wang Xiaoyu's singing skills in Lao Can's Travels.

At first, the sound was not very loud, and I felt an indescribable wonderful scene; In the internal organs, like an iron, there are three or six thousand pores everywhere, like eating ginseng fruit, which is not carefree everywhere.

Wang Xiaoyu's singing is an image that can be felt through hearing, but it is expressed through touch, which makes hearing and touch intertwined and very vivid. Another example is:

After singing a dozen words, I gradually sang higher and higher. Suddenly, I pulled out a gyro and threw a wire into the sky. I couldn't help secretly exclaiming. I didn't know she could turn around in that extremely high place; Higher after several times, three or four times in a row, higher and higher. Shake from pride to peak west and climb Mount Tai; At first glance, Ole Peak cuts thousands of walls, thinking that heaven is connected with heaven; When I turned to Ole Peak, I saw that Fan Cliff was more on Ole Peak; When I turned to Fanya, I saw the Nantianmen on Fanya. The more dangerous, the more dangerous.

This passage uses kinesthetic and visual to describe hearing, which makes hearing, kinesthetic and visual integrated, makes readers' association and imagination active, becomes abstract and vivid, and increases readers' understanding of the text. "The wang xiaoyu sang three or four fold to a high level, suddenly fell down, try very hard to import its spirit. For example, a migratory locust hovers in the middle of the 36 peaks of Huangshan Mountain. In an instant, the number of circles is repeated, and the lower it is, the finer it is, the ups and downs, like the oriental fireworks, the billiard balls in the sky, with thousands of colorful flames, scattered vertically and horizontally. From this sound, there are infinite sounds. Here, hearing is expressed by vision, and Wang Xiaoyu's performance is described beyond measure.

copy

Using sound, color, shape and environment to describe the feelings of people, things and things is called imitation or modeling.

1. Auditory tracking

You also said that you like that faint and thin saxophone tune.

It's dawn. It's a bird outside the window, not a chirping sparrow.

My wife is patting and skipping in the room, humming a sleeping song in a daze.

2. Visual description

Another flash, just overhead, bright white raindrops fell tightly.

Among the layers of leaves, there are some white flowers scattered.

When they struggled to squeeze out of the store, their hair was messy and they looked tired.

3. Smell description

The smell of dew and turpentine, and the cool and fragrant air suddenly entered my heart, which refreshed my spirit.

The wind brings some new smells of digging, mixed with the smell of grass, and the fragrance of various flowers, all brewing in the slightly humid air.

Flowers are sweet; Close your eyes, the tree seems to be full of peaches, Xinger and pears!

4. Taste tracking

It turned out that the two men hid under the carambola tree, picked all the fruits below and tasted them one by one. They found that they were all bitter, not as sweet as the carambola juice in Taipei.

This kind of food looks delicious, but it smells rustic and disgusting.

Coffee tastes bitter, but after drinking it, there is still a hint of sweetness in your mouth.

5. Tactile tracking

What was pasted was her face, cold, greasy and fragrant.

The wind is quiet and the grass is soft.

The misty fog, with a chill, penetrated into the skin and could not resist.

6. Psychological description

When I read this letter that day, my mood surged, just like the waves from the strong wind. (Huang Lizhen's "The Trouble of a 29-year-old Happy Woman")

The stream jumps forward and flows into the river. Warm and soluble waves, shining silver waves and weak sunshine make the stream jump into the river with a smile and sing wedding songs. (Xu Zhimo's "Woba Children's Wedding Song")

Seeing the "jumping" of the stream, touching the "warmth" of the stream and hearing the "laughter" and "noise" of the stream are comprehensive descriptions of feelings and impressions.

remove doubts and misgivings

1. Icons and Synaesthesia

The so-called icon means that in speech expression, some things are difficult to express clearly in words, so symbols, figures, glyphs, Latin letters, etc. directly participate in speech expression and are external and visible; Synaesthesia is "writing feelings with feelings", which communicates people's different feelings such as hearing, sight, smell, taste and touch when describing objective things. Synaesthesia is internal and perceptible.

2. Imitation and synaesthesia

Imitation is the imitation or modeling of hearing, sight, smell, taste, touch and other different senses; Synaesthesia is the communication between different senses such as hearing, sight, smell, taste and touch, and it is "writing feelings with feelings".