Computer terminology! Be in urgent need of ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The computer motherboard can be called the nervous system of the computer. Motherboard is a high-tech, high-tech integrated product, and it is inevitable that everyone will be confused when they are busy. Therefore, it is of great benefit to know some basic knowledge of motherboard first. Below, I will briefly explain some common terms of the motherboard to you.

Everyone likes to compare CPU to the brain or heart of a computer, so the computer motherboard can be called the nervous system of a computer. Motherboard is a high-tech, high-tech integrated product, and it is inevitable that everyone will be confused when they are busy. Therefore, it is of great benefit to know some basic knowledge of motherboard first. Below, I will briefly explain some common terms of the motherboard to you.

Motherboard: English "mainboard" is the largest circuit board in a computer and the core component of a computer system, which is covered with various slots (sound card/graphics card/modem/etc.). ), interface (mouse/keyboard, etc. ) and electronic components, perform their respective duties, and closely connect various peripheral devices. Its performance will have a decisive impact on the overall index of the computer.

CPU (Central Processing Unit): Also called microprocessor. It is called the heart of the computer. It is actually an electronic component, which consists of millions of transistors and is divided into three parts: control unit, logic unit and storage unit. Its working principle is that the control unit transmits and distributes the input instructions, then sends them to the logic unit for processing to form data, then stores them in the memory, and finally waits for them to be handed over to the application program.

BIOS (basic input-&; -Output-System basic input/output system): Literally translated, the Chinese name is "basic input/output system". Its full name should be ROM-BIOS, which means read-only memory basic input and output system. In fact, it is a set of programs solidified on a ROM chip on the computer motherboard, which stores the most important basic input and output programs of the computer, system setting information, self-check program and boot program when the system starts.

CMOS:CMOS is a read-write RAM chip on the computer motherboard, which is used to protect the hardware configuration of the current system and the user's setting of certain parameters. Now the manufacturer has put the CMOS program into the BIOS chip, and after booting, press a specific key to enter the CMOS setup program to set up the system. So it's also called BIOS setup.

Chipset: It is the core of the motherboard circuit. In a sense, it determines the level and grade of the motherboard. It is the collective name of "South Bridge" and "North Bridge", that is, a chipset that integrates complex circuits and components into several chips to the greatest extent.

Northbridge: the chip closest to the CPU on the motherboard, which is responsible for contacting the CPU and controlling the transmission of Northbridge memory, AGP and PCI data.

South bridge: a chip on the motherboard, which is mainly responsible for I/O interface and control of IDE devices.

MCH (memory controller hub): the memory controller center, which is responsible for connecting CPU, AGP bus and memory.

ICH(I/O controller hub): I/O controller center, which is responsible for connecting PCI bus, IDE devices, I/O devices, etc.

FWH (Firmware Controller): Firmware controller whose main function is to store BIOS.

I/O chip: There are I/O control circuits on the mainboards above level 486. It is responsible for providing serial and parallel interfaces and floppy disk drive control interfaces.

PCB: the main board circuit board, which is made of several layers of resin materials and has copper foil wiring inside. The general PCB circuit board is divided into four layers, the upper and lower layers are signal layers, and the middle two layers are grounding layer and power layer. Put the ground plane and the power plane in the middle, so that the signal line can be easily corrected. The circuit board of a good motherboard can reach six layers, because the signal lines must be far enough apart to prevent electromagnetic interference. A six-layer board can have three or four signal layers, one ground layer and one or two power layers to provide sufficient power.

AT board type: that is, the "vertical" board design, that is, the short side is located at the back panel of the chassis. It was originally applied to IBM PC/AT. AT motherboard size is13x12 inch.

Baby-AT board type: With the substantial improvement of the integration of electronic components and control chipsets, a relatively small-sized Baby AT main board structure was introduced. The size of baby AT is 13.5×8.5 inches.

ATX(AT eXternal) board is a new type of main board structure proposed by Intel. Its layout is a "horizontal" board design, just like turning the Baby-AT board upside down, which increases the space of the motherboard outlet and enables the motherboard to integrate more expansion functions.

Micro ATX board type: main board structure was put forward by Intel in 1997, mainly to reduce the size of the motherboard by reducing the number of PCI and ISA slots.

AT power supply: consists of two groups of interfaces P8 and P9. Each interface has six pins and supports voltages of +5.0V,+12V, -5V and-12V, but does not support voltages of+3.3v. ..

ATX power supply: ATX power supply is the supporting power supply of ATX motherboard, adding some new functions; First, it can provide a set of micro-current (5V/ 100MA) power supply when it is turned off. The second is to increase the 3.3V low-voltage output.

Slot 1: A CPU slot specially designed by Intel for Pentium II. It is a long and narrow slot with 242 pins, which provides greater internal transmission bandwidth and CPU performance.

Socker 370:INETL is a CPU socket designed for Celeron series, which reduces the cost. Support VRM8. 1 specification, and the core voltage is about 2.0V.

Socker 370II: iNet is designed for Pentium III copper mine and Celeron II, supports VRM8.4 specification, and its core voltage is about1.6V..

Slot A:AMD made it for K7 series CPU, and its shape is similar to slot 1.

Socket A:AMD dedicated CPU socket, 462 pins.

Socker 423: Intel's socket dedicated to the first generation Pentium IV processor.

Socket 478: special CPU socket for Pentium IV of Willamette kernel.

SIMM (Single Line In-line Memory Module): A 72-line memory slot.

DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module): Memory slot. 168 line structure.

Synchronous pulse memory: synchronous pulse memory. It is a 168 line with a voltage of 3.3V, a bandwidth of 64bit and a speed of 6ns. It is a dual bank structure, that is, there are two memory arrays, one of which is ready to read when the CPU reads data, and the two automatically switch each other, which doubles the access efficiency. And the RAM and CPU are controlled at the same clock frequency, so that the external frequencies of the RAM and CPU are synchronized, and the waiting time is cancelled, so the transmission rate is faster than that of the EDO DRAM 13%. SDRAM adopts bank storage structure and burst mode, which can transmit a whole piece of data instead of a piece of data.

DDR RAM (double data rate): Double data speed. Its speed is twice that of SDRAM, and its core is based on SDRAM, but its speed and capacity have been improved. Compared with SDRAM, it uses more and more advanced synchronous circuits. In addition, DLL (delay locked loop) is used to provide DataStrobe signal. When the data is valid, the storage controller can use this data filtering signal to accurately locate the data and output it every 16 times. DDR can double the speed of SDRAM without increasing the clock frequency. It allows reading data on the rising and falling edges of clock pulses, so its speed is twice that of standard SDRAM.

RDRAM(RAMBUS DRAM): It is a kind of memory developed by RAMBUS Company of the United States on the basis of RAMBUSCHANNEL technology. The word length of data storage is 16 bits, and the transmission rate is 600MHz. Pipeline storage structure supports AC * access and executes four instructions at the same time.

Direct RDRAM: it is an extension of RDRAM. It uses the same RSL, but the interface width reaches 16 bits and the frequency reaches 800MHz, which is more efficient. The single transmission rate can reach 1.6GB/s, and the twice transmission rate can reach 3.2 GB/s.

ECC (error checking and correcting): It means to check out errors and correct them.

PC 133: Because Intel P III supports the external frequency of 133MHz and requires corresponding memory bandwidth, PC 133 appears, with its clock frequency reaching 133MHz and data transmission rate of1.066 GB/s/s.

CACHE: cache, which is divided into primary cache and secondary cache. It provides a buffer for memory and CPU to exchange data. So most motherboards have cache chips or slots, because the data exchange between them and CPU is much faster than that between memory and CPU.

IDE (Integrated Equipment Electronics): An interface type of disk drive, also known as ATA interface. It is a controller interface jointly developed by Compag and Conner and produced by Western Digital Corporation. Now it has been widely used as an interface standard. Up to two IDE interface devices can be connected, and the maximum hard disk capacity is allowed to be 528 megabytes. The control line and data line share a 40-core flat cable to connect with the hard disk interface card. The data transmission rate is 3.3Mbps-8.33Mbps.

EIDE (Enhanced IDE): It is a necessary standard interface for motherboards above Pentium. Two EIDE interfaces can usually be provided on the motherboard. EDIE is integrated on the motherboard above Pentium.

RAID: commonly known as disk array, it has two main purposes, one is data mirroring, or data security, and the other is to speed up access. It is often heard that RAID 1 refers to the backup function, RAID 0 refers to the acceleration function, and RAID 0+ 1 refers to both. In layman's terms, it is the backup and acceleration function.

ULTRA DMA/66: It is a hard disk interface specification, and its burst data transmission rate is 66MB/S, which can reduce the workload of CPU and improve the overall system efficiency.

ATA 100 interface: It is an interface standard with an interface transmission rate of 100MB/ s and an 80-pin interface cable, including 40 ground wires, which can avoid electromagnetic interference when sending and receiving data. ATA 100 is completely traditional IDE in backward compatibility, including PIO, ATA/33, ATA/66, etc.

PCI bus (Peripheral Component Interconnection): It belongs to local bus and is a bus structure introduced by PCI group. The data transmission rate is 133MB/S, the load capacity is strong, it can support 10 peripherals, and it is compatible with ISA and EISA buses.

AGP slot (accelerated graphics port): This is a bus structure designed to increase video bandwidth. It directly connects the graphics card with the chipset of the motherboard for point-to-point transmission. But it is not an ordinary bus, because it can only connect with AGP graphics cards, so it is not universal and extensible. Its working frequency is 66MHz, which is twice that of PCI bus, and it can provide 528MB/S data transmission rate for video equipment. So it is actually a superset of PCI.

AGP1x/2x/4x: AGP1x bus transmission rate is 266MB/s, working frequency is 66MHz, AGP 2X bus transmission rate is 532MB/s, working frequency is 133MHz, voltage is 3.3V, and AGP 4X bus transmission rate is1..

AMR (Audio/Modem Riser Voice/Modem Card): It is an open industrial standard, and its defined expansion card can support both voice and modem functions. Through this design, the cost can be effectively reduced, and at the same time, some functional limitations of voice and modem subsystems can be solved.

CNR (communication network riser): It is an upgraded product of AMR. From the appearance, it is slightly longer than AMR, and the two pins are different and incompatible. CNR can be connected to a dedicated CNR-Modem or use a dedicated home telephone network (home PNA), which has the plug-and-play function of PC 2000 and supports the function of10/1000 MB LAN more than AMR.

ACR (Advanced Communication Riser): It is an upgraded product of CNR. Can provide local area network, broadband network, wireless network and multi-channel sound processing functions, compatible with AMR.

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) means small computer system interface, which is an interface standard issued by American National Standards Institute (ANSI). SCSI was originally defined as a universal parallel SCSI bus. SCSI bus itself does not communicate directly with devices such as hard disks, but establishes contact with devices through controllers. An independent SCSI bus can support at most 16 devices and is controlled by SCSI D.

USB (Universal Serial Bus): It is not a new bus standard, but an input/output interface standard for connecting computer systems and peripheral devices (such as keyboards, mice, printers, etc.). ). It is a new serial interface jointly developed by IBM, INTEL, NEC and other famous manufacturers. It is connected by a daisy chain. It consists of two data lines, a 5V power line and a grounding line. The data transmission rate is12mb/s.

FDD: It is slightly shorter than IDE slot, and is specially used for inserting floppy drives.

Parallel port: it is the so-called printing port. In fact, it can not only connect printers and mice, but also connect modems, scanners and other devices.

COM port: Motherboards usually have two COM serial ports. Usually used to connect a mouse and communication equipment (such as connecting an external modem for data communication).

PS/2 port: It is a mouse/keyboard interface. Generally speaking, PS/2 port is connected with a round mouse.

IRQ (interrupt request): Interrupt request. Peripheral is used to send interrupt request signal to computer.

ACPI power interface: This is a new function unique to motherboards above Pentium. The function is to save energy as much as possible when managing various components inside the computer.

AC\'97 specification: As the sound card becomes more and more expensive and the processing power of CPU becomes more and more powerful, Intel issued the AC97 standard in 1996, which removed the most expensive DSP (Digital Signal Processor) in the sound card. By specially writing the driver, the CPU is responsible for signal processing, which requires a part of CPU resources when working.

Temperature detection: If the CPU temperature is too high, the system will be unstable or even crash, so it is very important to detect the CPU. When the CPU temperature exceeds the safe range, a warning detection will be issued. There are two kinds of temperature probes: one is integrated in the processor and supported by *BIOS; The other is external, which can be seen on the motherboard, and is generally a thermistor. They all change their own resistance values through the change of temperature, so that the temperature detection circuit can detect the change of resistance, thus changing the temperature indication.

PC: Personal computer, personal computer, also known as microcomputer or microcomputer.

NC: network computer.

Multimedia personal computer.

MMX is the abbreviation of multimedia extension, which is an important feature of the sixth generation CPU chip. MMX technology adds 57 instructions specially designed for video signal, audio signal and graphic manipulation to CPU, so MMX CPU greatly improves the multimedia processing functions of computer (such as stereo, video, three-dimensional animation, etc. ).

Intel Pentium 166 MHz mmxtm: Intel Pentium is a Pentium CPU produced by Intel Corporation. ? It means "registered" (registered trademark). 166MHz refers to the CPU clock frequency, and MHz is the abbreviation of megahertz. TM in MMXTM is the abbreviation of "Trade Mark", which means "registered trademark".

OOP: object-oriented programming, object-oriented programming. The so-called "object" is a collection of one or a group of data and the methods and processes for processing these data. Object-oriented programming is completely different from traditional process-oriented programming, which greatly reduces the difficulty of software development and makes programming as simple as building blocks. This is an irresistible trend of computer programming today.

28VGA: 28 refers to the yellow dot spacing (dot spacing) on a color display. The smaller the dot spacing, the finer and better the image. This is because each pixel on the color screen is composed of a set of red, green and blue light. Because the three beams of light can't converge to one point technically, there will be a yellow dot spacing. VGA is the abbreviation of video graphics array.

FAT: allocation table, file allocation table. Its function is to record how files are scattered and stored in different sectors on the hard disk.

EPA: the abbreviation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992, the US Environmental Protection Agency announced the "Energy Star" program, which received a positive response from the international community. As long as you start the computer, you can see the "Energy Star" sign on the screen in a few seconds. The goal of ENERGY STAR is to automatically enter a low-power state when all components of the computer system are inactive and when the initiative of the components is restored (i.e. when the keyboard, mouse, etc.). Used), the computer system will automatically return to the fully awake state. For products that meet the Energy Star standard, EPA will issue the Energy Star logo "EPA anti-pollution products", which means "anti-pollution and energy-saving products approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency".

IC card: smart card, smart card.

ATX: A new structural specification for computer chassis, motherboard and power supply.

IDE: Integrated circuit device or smart disk device.

Dynamic link library, dynamic link library.

Kb: kilobytes, and KB stands for kilobytes. K=Kilo, combined form, indicating "thousands; Kilometer; Kilogram; Kilometers. " B=Byte, which means "byte", is the smallest storage unit in a computer (one byte can store one English letter and every two bytes can store one Chinese character).

MB: megabyte, MB stands for megabyte. M=Mega, a combination form, meaning "trillion"; Millions. "

Gb: gigabyte, and GB stands for gigabyte. G=Giga, a word-forming component, meaning auspicious; Billion ".

Cai: computer-aided teaching or computer-aided teaching, computer-aided teaching. It will be the most important and popular teaching method in 2 1 century.

CAD: computer-aided design, computer-aided design.

Iso: international organization for standards. ISO introduced ISO 9000 series international standards on quality management and quality assurance in 1987, and issued revised standards in 1994. Among them, the main standards that constitute ISO 9000 series standards are: 1. O 9000- 1: 1994 Quality Management and Quality Assurance Standards-Part I: Guidelines for Selection and Use. 2. т 9001:1994 "Quality System-Quality Assurance Model for Design, Development, Production, Installation and Service". 3. O 9002: 1994 "quality system-quality assurance mode for final inspection and test".

3DS or 3D Studio: A 3D studio, a 3D studio. It is a set of multifunctional 3D animation software which integrates solid modeling, static coloring and animation creation, and has greatly popularized 3D modeling technology. It can exchange graphic information with AutoCAD, use scanner to input graphics, and output animation to TV or video tape through VGA and TV conversion interface.

VR: Virtual reality, also known as 3D, evolved from the air force flight simulator. Basically, it uses the principle of alternating left and right visual spaces to display images to produce stereoscopic effects. In fact, it has gone beyond the scope of image processing, and it is a computer-generated environment integrating light, sound and image. People can interact with objects in the virtual environment as in real life, and the application prospect of virtual reality is extremely broad.

OCR: the abbreviation of optical character recognition, which means that text materials are input as computer image files through a scanner, recognized as Chinese or English internal codes by software, and then processed. Because of the randomness of handwriting, OCR is mainly limited to the recognition of printed characters at present. At present, TH-OCR NT for Windows produced by Tsinghua Wentong Company represents the highest accuracy of Chinese OCR recognition.

SCSI: Small computer system interface, which seems to solve many connection problems between external devices and computers.

OEM: original equipment manufacturer, original equipment manufacturer.

Microsoft OEM: Microsoft OEM products. Refers to the software operating system pre-installed on the microcomputer, including Windows98, Windows NT, WorkStation and Windows3. X and MS-DOS.

Management information system. Widely used in all walks of life, the most famous management information systems in China are "Wangte MIS", "Yaqi MIS" and "Aauto Quicker MIS".

PNP: Plug and play, plug and play, which is an important technical feature of Window98. The so-called plug and play refers to the technology that the operating system automatically sets the system structure when installing peripheral devices such as PC cards that meet PNP standards to the computer. In other words, when installing new hardware, users do not need to set any jumper switches, nor do they need to configure interrupt request (IRQ), memory address or direct memory access (DMA) channel with software. Windows98 will notify applications of new changes in hardware devices and automatically coordinate conflicts among IRQ, memory address and DMA channel.

OLE: object linking and embedding, object linking and embedding, referred to as OLE technology. OLE is not only the integration of desktop applications, but also defines and implements a mechanism that allows applications to "connect" with each other as software "objects" (functions of data collection and data manipulation). This connection mechanism and protocol is called component object model, or COM for short. OLE can be used to create compound document. Compound document contains applications created from different sources and has different types of data, so it can combine words, sounds, images and tables.

Midi: musical instrument digital interface. It is one of the basic terms of multimedia. MIDI files are played and recorded by electronic instruments such as electronic organ, guitar and saxophone. It can be played on most multimedia computer sound cards. Even if you don't create your own MIDI file, you can use the existing MIDI file as the background music of multimedia presentation. MIDI files only store the description of sound, and rely on the synthesizer of sound card (FM or waveform table) to generate the real sound that people want to hear.

MPEG: Short for Moving Picture Expert Group, which means "Moving Picture Expert Group". It is a compression coding standard for moving images and their accompanying sounds in multimedia computers, usually called MPEG standard. It includes three parts: MPEG audio, MPEG video and MPEG system.