What is the difference and connection between film and television lighting and photographic lighting?

There are two meanings:

1. Personnel in charge of lighting when shooting film and television teaching materials; .

2. Lighting equipment in a studio or studio.

Second, lighting.

That is to say, when photographing or taking pictures, the artificial lighting method is adopted, and various lighting devices are used to arrange lights at different distances on the subject, so as to obtain the photographic (image) effect with artistic appeal. In film and television, lighting is often carried out according to the requirements of film and television situation, scene scheduling and photography (image) art, in order to highlight the characters, set off the environment and atmosphere, and make the picture full of modeling expression. When shooting (images) on location, natural light is often adjusted by reflective or shading equipment, supplemented by appropriate artificial lighting.

Third, run out

One of the main means of photographic modeling, photographic light can be divided into the following categories:

Positive light is smooth. Refers to the light that illuminates the subject in the same direction as the camera. Its tone is very light and subtle.

Side light, that is, side light The light shines from the side of the main body at a 90-degree angle to the left and right. The light coming from the side of the subject at an angle of 45 degrees is called front side light; The light emitted from the side at a back angle of 45 degrees is called back side light. The contrast of side light is strong, which is beneficial to express the three-dimensional sense and texture of the object.

Backlight, also known as backlight and sidelight. The light from the back of the object can make the outline of the object clear.

Top light, the light irradiated from above the main body, produces a strong projection.

The light under your feet is also called reflection. The light that shines upward close to the subject will cause the ominous feeling of the character.

The above five kinds of light can be used alone or in combination, but one kind of light must be the main one.

Fourth, light species

Types of light sources used in film and television lighting. According to the light source, it can be divided into natural light and artificial light; According to the nature of light, it can be divided into scattered light (soft light) and direct light (strong light); According to the light level, it can be divided into smooth light, side light, side backlight, backlight, foot light, top light and so on. According to the modeling function, it can be divided into main light, auxiliary light (auxiliary light), transition light, decorative light, background light, eye light, ambient light and effect light.

1. natural light

Sunlight and sky lighting. Natural light is often used in film and TV photography. Natural light is characterized by wide illumination range, high general illumination and uniform illumination, which is not controlled by the photographer's intention. Natural light is influenced by changes in time, season, climate and geographical conditions. In photography practice, we should not only master the changes of natural light intensity, angle and light properties, but also master the law of color temperature changes.

2. Artificial light

Lights. Incandescent lamp, iodine tungsten lamp, tungsten halogen lamp, carbon arc lamp, dysprosium lamp, xenon lamp, etc. Often used in film and television photography. Artificial light can meet the needs of various lighting. It is not only the main light source for indoor photography (image), but also the auxiliary light or main light for outdoor photography (image). Artificial light is inferior to natural light in light intensity and range and color rendering, but it has more advantages in use. Using artificial light, you can easily shape the scenery; You can create various artistic effects with lights according to your own creative ideas; As a supplement to natural light, it can be used to illuminate the shadow part, forming a rich tone hierarchy. In addition, artificial light can be applied anywhere, not limited by time and space. The intensity of light can be increased or decreased as needed, and the color temperature and color rendering index can be adjusted at any time. Artificial light is one of the important modeling conditions in film and television photography.

3. Direct light

Also known as "glare". Light with clear projection is generated on the object, such as sunlight and spotlight illumination, which is characterized in that:

There is an obvious projection direction;

A bright part and a shadow part and their projections on an object can be formed;

Can show the three-dimensional shape, contour shape and surface structure of the object being photographed;

It is easy to produce local light spots;

Can show timeliness.

Direct light has a good shape and strong light perception, and can form a variety of tone forms, which determines the light and shade configuration and is generally used as the main light.

4. Scattered light

Also known as "soft light". It does not produce obvious projected light on the object, and is characterized in that:

There is no obvious projection direction;

The light is even, and the three-dimensional shape of the object can be described in light tones, with delicate layers and soft effects.

Astigmatism is often used for auxiliary light, background light and natural light. When shooting indoors, gauze, steel wire reading, white paper, reflective umbrella and reflective screen are often used, or the light is diffused into soft light by mechanical control.

Mixed light

Natural light, artificial light or illumination light with light sources with different color temperatures at the same time. In photography practice, mixed lighting generally needs to adjust the uniform color temperature to meet the requirements of film color balance, so as to balance the brightness and adjust the contrast between light and dark. Under special conditions, mixed light can also be used to create specific lighting effects, such as blue sunshine and warm lights in some night scenes.

Line lamp

One of the light distribution methods of film and television photography (image) is backlight. This can separate the actors from the background, thus overcoming the two-dimensional spatial nature of the picture and making it three-dimensional. This method is mostly used for black and white films. In color movies, if the actor's clothing is the same as the background color, it can also be used, but this situation is almost impossible.

7. Main light

The main direct light in the picture. It is the main factor of picture composition. It is used to describe the subject's main form and sense of space, to create the effect of light, and to determine the contrast between light and shade of the picture.

Whether it is people or the environment, there must be a main light to illuminate. Because the angle, method, intensity and flashing form of the main light are different, the picture shows the atmosphere at different times and in different environments.

Generally, the way of main light illumination is in a slightly higher position on the front of the subject, which can better show the three-dimensional sense and texture of the subject.

8. Deputy main light

The actor is standing in front of the window, and the main light (representing sunlight) comes in from the window, so the front of the actor should be irradiated with strong light to make his face have a certain brightness. This strong light on the front is called "assistant main light".

9. Auxiliary lights

Also known as "auxiliary light", it refers to the auxiliary light that shines on the shadow part that is not directly irradiated by the main light. It plays a balanced role in the dark relationship of the picture. Auxiliary light usually uses softer light.

The brightness ratio of auxiliary light and main light affects the contrast of the picture, and there is no fixed ratio of light ratio, which depends on the specific situation. The light ratio varies with time, environment and people. Generally speaking, the light ratio should be between 1: 2 and 1: 4.

The conditions in the studio are good. Photographers can balance the light according to their own creative intentions and maintain a certain brightness and a certain light ratio.

10. Decorative lights

Also known as "decorative lamp", that is, a lamp used to decorate a certain detail of the main body. Decorative lights can beautify the image and make the overall image more pleasing to the eye and expressive. The use of decorative lights is relatively free. It can illuminate the parts of the subject that need to be decorated from all angles and complete subtle artistic tasks.

Decorative lights use smaller lighting equipment to control brightness and lighting range. When using decorative lights, it is often necessary to be careful not to expose artificial traces and not to destroy the overall effect.

1 1. The light of the eyes

That is, the eyeball's reflection on the light source is also an indispensable means for film and television lighting art to portray the mental outlook of characters. Generally, the eye lighting effect can be obtained through the auxiliary lighting on the front of the character. If the plot puts forward specific emotions, or the appearance of the characters has certain limitations, you can put a small lamp next to the camera, or use it through a special small lamp installed on the camera that can produce human eye lines. .

12. effect light

Light source with special effect or lighting under specific environment, time and climate conditions. There are two main types of effect lights:.

One is natural effect light. Such as flashing sparks, lightning in a thunderstorm night, the beam of forest morning light, the projection of indoor doors and windows, or the light and shadow, light spots and colored lights in various special environments.

The second is the dramatic effect light. Its first function is to reproduce the specific natural life atmosphere; Second, when closely combined with the plot content, it can set off the plot or the mood of the characters.

Fifth, chase the light.

Lighting and lighting of moving objects.

Simulating the light chasing on the stage, using a high-intensity light source to refract a strong beam through a condenser, it is often used to shoot dance, figure skating, classical drama, acrobatics, etc., and can obtain a good modeling effect. Light chasing can follow, stop and disappear, and the range can be large or small. The miniaturization of electronic light source, the appearance of high-sensitivity film and large-aperture camera lens, and the effect of chasing light that could not be achieved in movies in the past can all be realized now. .

Effect light who moves with the characters in feature films or TV movies.

A common lighting source accompanying the motion of cameras in news documentaries.

Six, shading

Use tools and equipment to block unnecessary light. In location shooting, curtains or various yarns are often used to cover the scenery and people before re-lighting, so that the shape of the subject meets the needs of the plot. Sometimes it is to avoid direct sunlight from the sun; Some are in pursuit of softer scattered light effect.

In real shooting, some unnecessary direct sunlight is often blocked or blocked by various curtains to meet the shooting requirements. In indoor shooting, shading has become a basic skill of lighting personnel, and sometimes a little shading modification on the subject can make the artistic conception in the picture more perfect.

Seven, outdoor lighting and indoor lighting

1. External lighting

When shooting film and television teaching materials outdoors, natural light and artificial light are used to deal with people and scenes. External lighting has the following characteristics:

(1) The sunlight and sky astigmatism have wide illumination range and high illumination;

(2) The sun shines on the ground with equal light flow, and the illumination is uniform, the illumination in the same area is basically the same, and the lighting effects of the scene is almost the same;

(3) Under the irradiation of sunlight, the shadows are well-defined, clear and powerful, and the projection is very three-dimensional. The projection effect does not change with the change of scene distance, but only with the change of sun height.

Sunlight lighting effects is controlled by the laws of nature, and the changes of atmospheric meteorology and the rotation of the earth regulate the sunshine lighting effects. .

Key points of external lighting:

(1) The light of the panoramic lens is mainly the background;

(2) The light in the middle lens mainly represents the characters;

(3) Close-up and close-up shooting. There are two ways to use light: one is to choose the angle of sunlight, and the characters can be properly misplaced; The other is to use the top light time to block the natural light, and then illuminate it with a reflector or lamp. Pay attention to the eyes and expressions of the characters at this time, which is an aspect that cannot be ignored.

(4) The treatment of external lighting must pay attention to the unity of hue.

2. Indoor lighting

In a studio or studio, people and scenes are treated with artificial light.

It is characterized by using artificial light source to simulate and reproduce the natural light effect in life. The use of indoor lighting can create a typical environment, render the atmosphere and depict people. Indoor lighting is not affected by weather changes, and different types of lights can illuminate people and scenes from different angles and distances.

Because multiple light sources are used for indoor lighting, it is easy to cause a variety of projection afterlights, so it is necessary to block excess light, so as to achieve more light without interference, more light without random projection, and the picture effect is clean and unified.

Eight, real lighting and local lighting

The light treatment is carried out in a real indoor environment. Distributing light on the basis of the original natural light effect or creating new light effect are two kinds of lighting in real life. The former is mainly natural light, supplemented by artificial light; The latter is mainly artificial lighting, supplemented by natural lighting.

The advantage of live lighting is that it can get a vivid picture effect, shorten the production cycle of film and television teaching materials and save money. It is inconvenient that the installation of lighting lamps is limited by the site, and the change of natural light easily affects the lighting effect. When arranging on-site lighting, we should pay attention to the brightness balance between natural light and artificial light, the color temperature balance and the influence of sunny and cloudy weather on indoor light.

2. Local lighting

Illuminate the main part with artificial light. There are the following situations:

Emphasize and highlight a certain part of a person or scene;

Decorate a part of a scene or character.

Local lighting should pay attention to the relationship with the overall light, handle it naturally and reasonably, and leave no artificial traces.

Design, direction, distribution and effect of light

1. Lighting design

Lighting scheme to express characters, scene modeling and atmosphere. Lighting design should be based on the original lighting effect in life, starting from the plot content of the manuscript, and combining the specific situation of the characters and scenes, imagine the shape and atmosphere of the lighting. Its contents include: the direction of main light and the application of colored light; The ratio of the brightness or illuminance of the main light and the auxiliary light of the character; The nature of light (soft light or strong light); Performance time (day scene or night scene); Settings of scene brightness and light distribution, control points of maximum brightness, minimum brightness and reference brightness. Lighting design is an integral part of photography (image) creation concept, and it is also an important factor affecting photography (image) modeling, picture tone and color tone.

2. Direction of light

The light irradiation angle formed between the light source position and the shooting direction. The change of light source position and shooting direction can be considered as the change of light direction. The change of light direction in three-dimensional space is very rich. The direction of light is the main condition of scenery modeling, and also a factor of lens connection in film and television photography.

3. Light distribution

The light distribution of the scene is mainly determined by the direction of light. Different light directions can form different light distributions, and the same light direction can also form different light distributions when illuminating different scenes. There are obstacles between the light source and the scene, and local lighting will affect the light distribution. Different light distribution can produce different sense of form and light atmosphere.

4. Light effect

Generally, it refers to various effects produced by natural light and artificial light in objective environment and pictures. With the variety, nature, angle, composition, intensity and environmental conditions of light, the scenery shows different changes in light and shade distribution, light and shade contrast, light and shade levels, light and shade forms and colors, which is called light effect. All the light effects in the natural environment can be reproduced in photographic (image) pictures. Photographers (photographers) must master the characteristics of light effect and its modeling possibility under various lighting conditions, and use it appropriately under certain creative intentions to create an artistic image with high modeling expressive force and artistic appeal.

X. basic lighting methods

A general method to create specific lighting effects according to shooting ideas and complete the composition and modeling tasks of photographic (image) pictures. Include illuminating the object, determining the light level, measuring the light intensity, adjusting the light ratio, correcting the interference, etc. The basic steps are:

Determine the light level of the main light, and initially model the main body;

The auxiliary light is used to make up for the deficiency of the main light and improve the shape of the part that cannot be irradiated by the main light;

In order to distinguish the subject from the background and enhance the sense of space of the subject, contour lighting can be used;

In order to explain the environmental background, highlight and contrast the main body, the background is treated with background light;

The main parts, such as clothing parts and hairstyles, are not ideal or harmonious with the whole. Decorative lights can be used as decorative lighting to enhance the overall shape and formal beauty.

XI。 Character illumination

1. Form of figure lighting

Front lighting. That is, when the front of the subject is illuminated, a flat picture can be obtained, and the characters lack a sense of ups and downs and three-dimensional sense;

Standard lighting. The main light is illuminated by the side of the character. It makes the face have obvious light and dark levels, and can show the three-dimensional sense and sense of form of the characters, which is a common lighting method to express the characters.

Side lighting. Side light can clearly show the outline shape of a character, highlight facial wrinkles, and is often used to show the specific emotions of a character.

Silhouette effect. The light shines from behind or in the opposite direction. The faces of the characters are all in shadows, while the faces are surrounded by bright outlines. If the back contour is high, the backlight will give a silhouette effect and the backlight will give a semi-silhouette effect.

Ceiling lights and footlights. The light from the top of a person's head or foot to his face can achieve the effect of top light and foot light. Generally, it is the light that vilifies people, which is used to arouse certain emotions. It is rare in film and television textbooks.

2. Lighting of people in different scenes

Panoramic figure lighting. It mainly shows the environmental characteristics of people's activities and events. When dealing with panoramic light, we should pay attention to the light effect of the whole environment, the contrast between people and background, and the change of light when people are active.

Mid-shot character lighting. Mainly the gestures and actions of the characters. Mid-shot lighting must show the three-dimensional sense and sense of form of the characters, with emphasis on the gestures and actions of the characters, so the light should shift from the description of the environment to the characters.

Close-up character lighting. Close-up photos of people generally show the inner activities of people's mental state through their facial expressions, so close-up lighting must focus on depicting some details of the face.