Olympic common sense

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brief introduction

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International social movement led by the International Olympic Committee. With Olympism as the guiding ideology and sports Olympics as the main activity content, it aims to promote the all-round development of people, communicate mutual understanding among people of all countries, popularize Olympism all over the world and safeguard world peace. It is a comprehensive and sustained worldwide activity integrating sports, education and culture. The Olympic Games is also a form of cultural communication, which can be fully demonstrated at the Olympic Games.

The birth of the modern Olympic Movement The Olympic Movement rose in the era of capitalist industrialization in Europe. Relying on a solid social, economic, political and cultural foundation, it conforms to the needs of social development and the development trend of sports. It is a great social practice that human society began after entering industrial civilization, and its emergence has the following background.

Coubertin made the Olympic Movement a reality.

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Coubertin, a French educator, is recognized as the founder of modern Olympics. He made outstanding contributions to the birth and development of the Olympic Movement. From 65438 to 0888, Coubertin became the Secretary-General of the Preparatory Committee for School Education and Sports in France. From 65438 to 0889, Coubertin represented France in the international sports training conference held in Boston, USA, and learned more about the trends of world sports. He believes that the development of modern sports is going international, and international sports should be promoted with the help of the experience and traditional influence of ancient Greek sports, so the idea of reviving the Olympic Games came into being. In order to realize this idea, Coubertin did a lot of work.

189 1 year, Coubertin founded Sports Review, which played a positive role in promoting the founding of the Olympic Games. From 65438 to 0892, Coubertin visited Europe to promote the Olympic ideal. In the same year165438+125 October, he made a famous speech at the meeting to celebrate the 5th anniversary of the French Federation of Sports Associations, and officially put forward the initiative to establish the modern Olympic Games for the first time. Coubertin said in his speech that the modern Olympic Games should aim at unity, peace and friendship like the ancient Olympic Games, but it should be more developed and innovative than the ancient Olympic Games. It should be open to all countries, all regions and all ethnic groups and held in turn around the world. Coubertin's initiative made the modern Olympic Games break through the boundaries between nations and countries from the very beginning, and it has a distinct international character. From 65438 to 0893, Coubertin held an international sports coordination meeting in Paris to unite people in the international sports field to discuss the establishment of the Olympic Games. The following year, he also wrote an open letter about his initiative, which was sent to sports clubs in many countries and received support from many sports clubs.

With the promotion of various international factors and Coubertin's unremitting efforts, all the preparations for the founding of the Olympic Games are finally ready. 1894 In June, at Coubertin's suggestion, representatives of 49 sports organizations from the United States, Britain, Russia, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Greece and other countries 12 participated in the international sports conference held at the Sorbonne Theological Seminary in Paris. During the meeting, 265,438+0 countries sent letters to express their support and congratulations to the meeting. The meeting adopted a resolution to establish the International Olympic Committee, and elected 15 members of the IOC 1 session from 79 official representatives. The General Assembly also decided that IOC members from the host country of the Olympic Games should serve as IOC presidents. As the first Olympic Games will be held in Athens, Greece on 1896, Greek member Vi Kailas was elected as the first president of the International Olympic Committee, and Coubertin was appointed as the secretary-general. The General Assembly stipulated that the Olympic Games should be held every four years, and adopted a resolution to follow "amateur sports". The Congress also stipulated that the Olympic Games should include track and field, water sports, swimming, rowing, sailing, fencing, wrestling, boxing, equestrian, shooting, gymnastics and ball games.

1 From April 6th to April 5th, 896,1The modern Olympic Games was finally held in Athens as scheduled. Although the organization is not perfect, it is an important symbol of the official birth of the Olympic Movement and has the significance of connecting the past with the future.

The Olympic Movement has finally stepped onto the historical stage and opened a new chapter in the history of human civilization.

Olympic History: Difficult Exploration (1894- 19 14)

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After holding large-scale comprehensive international games around the world in a certain period of time, making sports serve the people of all countries and world peace, the difficulties encountered by this practice at the end of 19 are unimaginable today. In fact, the industrial revolution, which swept the world with destructive power, brought great progress to society, but also intensified ethnic contradictions to an unprecedented extent. In terms of ideology, it is still difficult for people to understand the Olympic thought and lack the necessary ideological preparation to accept the international culture of the Olympic Games.

In terms of sports, the developing modern competitive sports and gymnastics are in sharp opposition, the sports world is divided, the opinions of the portal are deeply rooted, and factional disputes frequently appear. There is neither precedent nor experience in holding large-scale comprehensive sports games in the world. Underdeveloped transportation and communication conditions are far from meeting the needs of the Olympic Games. As far as the Olympic movement itself is concerned, the newly born International Olympic Committee itself is still immature. Except gymnastics, skating and rowing, there are no international organizations for other sports, and the National Olympic Committee does not exist yet.

In this case, there were many defects in the early Olympic Games. First of all, the Olympic events are unstable, and each event is different. Organizers can temporarily add or subtract events (for example, rowing and sailing events in the first Olympic Games were cancelled due to bad weather, and a 100 meter freestyle event was temporarily added), and the events are repeated (gymnastics individual all-around in the second Olympic Games consists of parallel bars, horizontal bar, rings, pommel horse, vault, floor exercise, long jump, high jump and long jump). Secondly, there is a lack of uniform standards for sports venues. Not only the runway lengths are different, they are 333.33m (1896 Olympic Games), 500m (1900 Olympic Games), 536.45m (1904 Olympic Games and 1908 Olympic Games) and 383m (683m) respectively. The original swimming competition was held in natural waters. Third, the competition lacks necessary norms, such as the distance of marathon varies from session to session, weightlifting and wrestling have no weight classification and time limit, and the measurement system is chaotic, sometimes in English and sometimes in metric; Organizers can temporarily change the competition schedule without authorization; Most of the referees are from the host country, so it is difficult to enforce the law fairly; The qualifications of athletes in various events are inconsistent, the Olympic village has not yet been established, and the accommodation for athletes is scattered and chaotic. There is no fixed time limit for the Olympic Games, ranging from 10 days to five or six months. Fourth, there is a shortage of funds. Due to lack of funds, the first Olympic Games almost fell by the wayside. Then for three consecutive Olympic Games, due to financial problems, it had to be combined with the Commercial Expo to become a foil for the Commercial Expo.

1908 The London Olympic Games is an important milestone in the history of Olympic development. There was once a well-known Olympic motto that emphasized participation: "What matters is not winning, but participating." Britain was the most organized country in the world at that time. The British Olympic Committee, which is hosting this Olympic Games, is composed of British members of the International Olympic Committee and representatives of individual sports associations in Britain. This personnel structure provides an example for the composition of other national Olympic committees. The technical work of each competition in this Olympic Games, from formulating the competition system, arranging the schedule, selecting referees and organizing competitions, is the responsibility of individual sports associations, and the degree of standardization has been greatly improved. This laid the foundation for the later IFs to manage Olympic technical work. At this point, the "three-legged" organizational structure of the Olympic Games was initially formed, and their respective responsibilities were relatively clear, thus determining the basic framework of the Olympic Games organizational system.

After this stage, the 5th Olympic Games was held in Stockholm in 19 12. The number of participating member countries 1 has doubled, and the number of athletes has increased by 75 times. The modern Olympic movement has consolidated its position.

During this period, the Olympic organization developed rapidly. The number of members of the National Olympic Committee has increased from 29 before World War I to 60, and the number of international individual sports federations has reached 24. 1926, the IOC set up a technical committee composed of representatives of IFs. After that, the IOC gradually got rid of technical affairs and began to pay more attention to higher-level work such as leadership, coordination and decision-making. The Olympic Movement finally formed an organizational system with three pillars cooperating with each other.

1920, the Olympic motto "swifter, higher and stronger" appeared, which was an important progress of Olympic thought in this period. It complements "paying attention to participation" and encourages people to participate in the Olympic movement with a positive and enterprising spirit.

Important progress has also been made in the integration of the Olympic Games with science and technology. At that time, the most advanced technology was widely used in engineering construction, electronic equipment and communication fields, such as 1932 using dual-lens cameras for terminal photography, the unofficial use of electric timing and terminal photography for the first time in the Olympic Games, the installation of large-screen scoreboards in stadiums, and the emergence of automatic printer networks. Since 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, the organizing committee has made a complete record of the Olympic Games in the form of movies. The first closed-circuit television broadcast of the Olympic Games also began at this time.

The main problem in this period was the conflict caused by amateur athletes, and many athletes were punished for it. For example, nurmi, a famous Finnish long-distance runner, participated in the Olympic Games three times and won nine medals. He was called "Superman" by reporters, but he was regarded as a "professional athlete" and missed the Olympic Games because of receiving subsidies. In addition, with the expansion of the influence of the Olympic Games, the intention of some political forces to try to use it as a political tool is increasingly exposed, which is particularly prominent in the winter and summer Olympic Games held by Nazi Germany under Hitler's rule in 1936.

Olympic History: Development and Crisis (1945- 1980)

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World War II is an unprecedented war in human history, involving more than 2 billion people from more than 60 countries and regions. 1940 and 1944 were cancelled. After World War II, there have been complicated and changeable international situations, such as the confrontation between two camps, the formation of the cold war pattern, and the surging national liberation movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The new pattern of the world has not only promoted the development of the Olympic Movement, but also set many obstacles for it.

After the war, a series of new changes have taken place in the Olympic movement. The scale of the Olympic Games has expanded, and the events have also increased dramatically. In the postwar 1948 Olympic Games, 4,062 athletes from 59 national Olympic Committees participated in 136 events. In 1972,12/0/National Olympic Committees sent 712/. The number of athletes participating in the Winter Olympics has also increased from 369 in 28 member countries of 1948 to 1006 in 35 member countries of 1972. With the expansion of the Olympic Games, the level of competitive sports has improved rapidly, and a number of superstars such as gymnast comaneci, track and field athletes Moses, Bi Meng and other incredible 8.90m long jump records have appeared. 1960, Ethiopian athlete Abibe won the marathon barefoot, marking the beginning of developing countries to show their strength in the Olympic movement. The venue of the Olympic Games is no longer limited to Europe and America.

16 and 18 Olympic Games were held in Melbourne, Australia, Oceania and Tokyo, Japan, Asia respectively.

The most striking event in this period was that People's Republic of China (PRC) resumed its legal seat in the Olympic Movement in 1979, which not only provided a broad international stage for sports in China, but also promoted the development of sports and society in China, and also played an extremely important role in promoting the Olympic Movement.

The rapid development of the Olympic movement has also caused a series of new problems, mainly: 1. The influence of the change of political structure on the Olympic Games. Since 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games, the influence of politics on the Olympic Games has entered a new stage. The conflict between socialist and capitalist political systems, the struggle between racism and anti-racism, and the opposition of various ideologies have all had a profound impact on the Olympic Games. At the same time, terrorists began to take the Olympic Games as their own goal for political purposes, such as 1972 Munich Olympic Games. The boycott of the Olympic Games for political reasons is still going on, and the scale is getting bigger and bigger. 2. The process of commercialization of competitive sports and professionalization of athletes began to accelerate. Since the mid-1960s, the trend of the Olympic Games as a cultural commodity has been revealed, the "amateur" ban of the International Olympic Committee has been repeatedly touched, and the combination of the Olympic Games and the economy is strong and hard to prevent. In the Olympic Games, cheating is increasing. First of all, the abuse of illegal drugs is becoming more and more serious. 1960 Rome Olympic Games, there was the first accident in Olympic history in which an athlete died because of taking stimulants, and the doping problem began to attract people's attention. Secondly, there are male athletes in women's events, and the gender of athletes has also become the object of attention. There was an economic crisis in the Olympic Games. With the expansion of the scale of the Olympic Games, the investment of manpower, financial resources and material resources required for hosting the Olympic Games has increased sharply, but the old financing method is far from meeting the needs of hosting the Olympic Games. Coupled with the impact of hosting the Olympic Games on the living environment of local residents, some residents are opposed to hosting the Olympic Games in their own cities. For example, Denver in the United States has won the right to host the 1972 Winter Olympic Games, and the International Olympic Committee has to choose another city. 1976 Montreal is heavily in debt for hosting the Olympic Games. By the end of 1970s, Los Angeles was the only city willing to host the Olympic Games. At that time, the International Olympic Committee lacked understanding of the profound social changes after World War II and the new trend of socialization, large-scale and integration of the Olympic Games since the 1960s. It adheres to the closed pattern formed over the years, refuses to deal with other international organizations and government agencies to maintain its "independence" and refuses to engage in business outside the Olympic Games to maintain the "purity" of the Olympic Games, thus making the Olympic Movement seriously divorced from society. The conservatism and rigidity of the International Olympic Committee have intensified its contradiction with the IFs and the National Olympic Committee. In order to gather their respective strengths, the International Federation of Individual Sports Federations established the International Federation of Sports Federations in 1967, and national Olympic committees also established the National Olympic Committee Association in 1979.

There is a dangerous crack in the cooperation among the three pillars of the Olympic Games. The Olympic Congress, where they discuss major issues and communicate with each other, has been dormant since 1930. In addition, although a large number of newly independent third world countries joined the Olympic Movement after World War II, during brundage's 20 years as president of the International Olympic Committee, only six IOC members were added, and the voices of developing countries were ignored. As a result, since the end of 1960s, the IOC has been in difficulties in internal and external affairs, and its total assets have reached 1972, which is only $2 million. Various contradictions accumulated in the Olympic movement for a long time have developed to the point where they must be solved. The old model has been powerless, while the new model and new operating mechanism have not yet been established. 1972, Irish killanin replaced brundage as the sixth president of the International Olympic Committee, which started the reform.

Killanin's eight years in power is the transition stage of the Olympic movement from closed to open, and the International Olympic Committee began to re-examine the relationship between the Olympic movement and society. /kloc-the amateur principle formed in the 0/9th century, that the Olympic movement can be independent of political views, began to loosen people's ideological imprisonment. Although the reform process of the Olympic Movement in the past eight years has been slow, it has made necessary preparations for Samaranch's drastic reform in the next stage.

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