Information about Dai Zhen

Dai Zhen was born in Long Fu, Xiuning County, Huizhou, Anhui Province. Huizhou in Ming and Qing Dynasties was not only developed in commerce, but also prosperous in writing style. Dai Zhen was born in a merchant family in the first year of Yongzheng (1723). At the age of ten, I read Wan Yan Shu, and at the age of seventeen, I learned Shuo Wen Jie Zi, which achieved my goal. Dai Zhen also claimed that "you can't remember all the notes on the Thirteen Classics, but you can't recite them". It shows that he laid a solid foundation through self-study when he was a teenager.

When Dai Zhen was eighteen, he went to Nanfeng, Jiangxi with his father and taught children in Shaowu, Fujian. During this period, thomas lee Sung Hoon was highly valued by him. Later, Dai Zhen called Ah a "mentor" in his article. At the same time, I asked Jiang Yong, a famous scholar from Wuyuan. Jiang Yong is proficient in Confucian classics, phonology and astronomical arithmetic, which has a great influence on Dai Zhen's academic growth.

When Dai Zhen was twenty-two, he wrote two volumes of Preparation. At the age of twenty-four, he wrote notes in the exam notes; At the age of thirty to thirty-three, he completed essays such as The Writing of Pythagoras and Four Chapters of Xuan Ji in the Arctic of Zhou Xie, all of which belong to natural science works. Before the age of thirty-three, he also wrote three volumes and six books, ten volumes of Erkao, Qu Zhu and Shi Bu Zhuan.

After twenty years of Qianlong (1755), Dai Zhen was thirty-three, which was a turning point in his life. The Biography of Dai Zhen, a Draft of the History of Qing Dynasty, said that he "escaped from enmity and entered Beijing". Ji Gou said in the preface of Kao Gong Ji:

Mr. Gai was the one who sued his son and his son for encroaching on ancestral graves in 2000. Mr. Wen is guilty of handing over his wealth to the county today. I got away from it, went to the capital, took no luggage and clothes, and sent a trip to Shexian guild hall, but the porridge didn't follow, Song Zuoshi. ①

During his stay in Beijing, Dai Zhen interacted with Qian Daxin, Ji Yun, Wang Chang, Lu and others in imperial academy with his knowledge. Except for Lu, who was a scholar in the previous three years, all the others were scholars in the previous year. These people later became famous scholars and made their own academic achievements. When they saw Dai's works and heard Dai's remarks, they all clapped their hands and sighed.

Twenty-three years later, the preface to Dai's suicide note said:

My friend Mr. Yuan of Xin 'an was born after Gu (Gu), Yan Baishi (Yan Ruoqu) and Wan (Wan Sitong), and his knowledge is comparable to others. Intensive reading, in order to return home. If you have the truth in your heart, you can compromise the opinions of the group impartially.

Wang Chang later wrote an epitaph for Dai Zhen, and Qian Daxin later wrote The Biography of Mr. Dai Zhen, which recorded Dai's friendship and academic achievements in detail.

When Dai was in Beijing, Wuxi Qin was an assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites and was compiling the Five Rites General Examination. His works include all the income of Dai Zhen's two works, Pythagorean Remember, and his theory about astronomical calendar is often adopted.

In the twenty-first year of Qianlong, Dai Zhen remained in Beijing, and Wang Anguo, the official department minister, taught Wang Niansun, the son of the king. Wang Niansun and later Duan Yucai became the two most famous students of Dai Zhen. Wang's Reading Magazine, Guangzheng, Duan's Shuowen Jiezi and Liushu Zhuan are outstanding works in the academic history of Qing Dynasty.

Wang Anguo died in the twenty-second year of Qianlong, and Dai Zhen went south from Beijing, where he met Huidong in Yangzhou and Huaihe River. At this time, textual research scholars are divided into Wu Pai and Anhui schools. This is mainly because they are different academically in terms of their life fields. Huidong is a master of Wu Pai and Dai Zhen is a master of Huizhou School. Their acquaintance is also of great academic significance. Huidong died the following year, and Dai Zhen once put forward in Mr. Huiding Jing:

The so-called righteousness, if you can give up the classics according to your chest, you can get rid of everyone, and Xi is in the cloud of classics! ①

In his view, there should be some basis for putting forward academic theoretical viewpoints. This has nothing to do with what he called "the way of a saint lies in the Six Classics". Consistently, learning begins with word segmentation (analyzing the meaning of words), distinguishes words in the middle, and finally smells.

However, if we think that "nothing can be learned unless it comes from the classics of saints" (3), it shows one-sidedness. In fact, Dai Zhen's social and political thoughts use a lot of classic language, but express his own experience and understanding.

Dai Zhen was a scholar at the age of 29, and took the examination at the age of 40. After that, he will try it six times in Beijing. Taking the imperial examination as the right path was a common social psychology at that time, but it was undoubtedly a realistic contradiction for Dai Zhen, who was famous and prosperous, that he failed to enter imperial academy.

The main contents of the imperial examination system in Ming and Qing Dynasties are eight-part essays and poems on trial posts, and Dai Zhen's academic and ideological work far exceeds these superficial methods of selecting scholars. His own evaluation of the imperial examination is:

Its disadvantages, if how to skin fu, say the same. If you don't study for a year or two, you won't see the whole classic, and you don't have to accumulate what you have learned. Therefore, if you don't see the prosperity of teachers and friends as in the past, then you are eager to get profits and get them easily. ..... your scholarship, that's all. ①

He pointed out that people in imperial examinations are often those who have no practical knowledge.

In the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong, Dai Zhen failed in the third Jinshi, and went to Shanxi to make Zhu Gui, who was hired to compile Fenzhou County Records. Wang Fenyang, a native of China, was inscribed by Dai. With the title in the epitaph, he wrote the disadvantages of the imperial examination system and expressed his feelings at this time.

Unable to give up this way because he failed in many exams, Dai Zhen traveled from 4 1 year old to 55 years old.

Forty-one years old, Dai Zhen is in Beijing and giving lectures in Duan Yucai. Later, he wrote to claim to be a disciple. After failing in the senior high school entrance examination this year, I went to Ruizhou, Jiangxi Province (now Gao 'an and Yifeng County, Jiangxi Province), wrote the inscription of Fengyi Academy, and put forward the theory of practical application. He said:

If a scholar doesn't know the classics, his materials will be impure and his knowledge will not be the essence, which is not enough for management. Therefore, those who choose scholars with righteousness want to learn classics, and those who learn classics want to know their purity, and then they can learn from others and respect things. ②

At the age of 46, he was hired by Fang Guancheng, the governor of Zhili, to compile 111 volumes of Zhili River Canal Book, which was not completed. According to Duan Yucai, this book was written in the Qing Dynasty, one in Qufu Confucius House and the other in Zhili Governor Zhu Yuanzhang. According to "Daishu", Zhou Zhi's nephew was abridged and renamed "Ji Fu An Lan Zhi", which was submitted under a pseudonym and printed by Wuyingtang. Huizhou Cultural Center still holds some manuscripts of Zhili River Canal Book.

At the age of 47, Dai Zhen failed in the exam and went to Shanxi to study Fenzhou County Records. At the age of forty-nine, he studied the local chronicles of Fenyang County, Shanxi Province.

At the age of 50, he entered Beijing from Fenyang, but failed in the exam and went to give lectures at Jinhua Academy in eastern Zhejiang. Introduction, the first draft of Mencius' explanation of the meaning of words, is written in the year. The following year, he continued to give lectures in Jinhua.

In the autumn of this year, Yu Minzhong, the curator of Siku Quanshu Museum, recommended Dai Zhen to Emperor Qianlong with the words of Ji Yun and Qiu Rixiu, and specially called him to Beijing as the editor of Siku Quanshu Museum.

Dai Zhen, 53, failed in his sixth attempt. Because of his popularity, Emperor Qianlong ordered him to take the court examination with Gong, who was admitted, and gave him the background of Jinshi. He is Jishi Shu of imperial academy, and he is still engaged in the compilation of Sikuquanshu.

Dai Zhen has made many achievements in Siku Pavilion. Starting with Yongle Dadian, he compiled a three-volume version of Straight Errors in Song Dynasty, and revised Gui's Records of Yi Li into a thirty-volume version. Zhu once said, "Yongjia Zhang Zhongfu's" Yili "has been studied very carefully ... it is better than him." Edited by Dai Zhen, passed down from generation to generation. Chapter 9 Arithmetic, Arithmetic Classics of Island, Arithmetic Classics of Sun Tzu, Arithmetic Classics of Wu Cao, Arithmetic Classics of Xiahou Yang, etc. There is no biographical book in Arithmetic Book, but the rhyme of Yongle Dadian is scattered, which was compiled by Dai Zhen and included in Sikuquanshu. Each case was supplemented and written as a summary.

Dai Zhen made use of the collection conditions of Siku Quanshu Library to check the books on astronomy, arithmetic, geography, writing, phonology and so on, studied them carefully and went all out. At the age of 55, he died in the summer of 42 (1777) in Xifanying Garden, Chongwenmen, Beijing, which can be said to be his own death. Duan Yucai, his disciple, said, "Mr. Yu devoted all his efforts and died on business" (2). With outstanding talent and wisdom, he devoted his life to cultural undertakings.