What are the main manifestations that emotions, emotions and processes are different from cognition?

Emotion and emotion are an important aspect of people's psychological life, which is accompanied by cognitive process. It comes from the process of cognition and activity and affects the process of cognition and activity. But it is different from the cognitive process. It is another form of human reflection on objective things, that is, human reflection on the relationship between objective things and human needs.

As we all know, everyone has his own subjective world. When external things act on people, people will have a certain attitude towards things. Depending on whether it meets the subjective needs, it may adopt a positive attitude or a negative attitude. When he takes a positive attitude, he will have inner experiences such as love, satisfaction, happiness and respect; When he takes a negative attitude, he will have inner experiences such as hatred, dissatisfaction, unhappiness, pain, sadness, anger, fear, shame and regret. Whether our attitude towards objective things is positive or negative, our department can directly experience it. Therefore, emotions and emotions are also people's experience of whether objective things meet people's needs.

In daily life, emotions and emotions are often confused or regarded as synonyms. However, in psychology, primitive emotions are regarded as psychological activities related to whether physiological needs are met or not, and emotions are regarded as psychological activities related to whether social needs are met or not.

The so-called need refers to the reflection of human physiological and social requirements in the human brain. People's needs are varied. Generally speaking, it can be divided into physiological needs (needs for food, water, air, warmth, exercise and rest) and social needs (needs for labor, communication, art and cultural knowledge). Of course, it can be divided into material needs and spiritual needs.

Emotion is related to physiological needs. When the physiological needs are met, there is a positive emotional experience (joy); When you are hungry, thirsty and painful, you have obvious negative emotional experiences (anger, sadness and fear).

The most basic or primitive emotions of human beings are happiness, anger, fear and sadness. For example, the sight of darkness and wild animals is enough to cause fear. When a person sees danger and runs away, if someone blocks his way, he will get angry and use force; If there is no way out, it is sorrow; If you can escape from danger, you will be happy. This is all unheard of.

The so-called happiness usually refers to the emotional experience when the desired goal is achieved and the subsequent tension is relieved. Anger is often caused by a situation that goes against one's wishes, or one's wishes cannot be realized and are repeatedly blocked. Especially when the setbacks encountered are unreasonable or malicious, it is most likely to produce anger. Fear is an emotion trying to get rid of and escape from a certain situation; Fear is often due to the lack of ability to deal with or get rid of terrible situations or things. Grief is an experience related to the loss of what you love and the disappearance of what you hope. The release of tension caused by sadness will produce crying. Whether it is joy, anger, fear or sadness, there are differences in intensity. For example, the difference between pleasure and ecstasy, anger and rage, all belong to the difference of intensity.

Emotion is often associated with low-level psychological processes (feeling, perception). Therefore, it is the initial factor of the development of individual consciousness. For example, a dirty environment makes people unhappy, and a clean and beautiful environment makes people feel good; I was very unhappy when I was beaten and scolded, and very happy when I was caressed and patted on the shoulder. Generally speaking, he said, the feeling of sound is closer and more direct than the feeling of light and emotional response, and it can arouse emotional echo more. Because of this, music art is more powerful and effective than visual art in cultivating people's temperament.

Emotion is shared by both animals and people. But even the simplest human emotions are fundamentally different from animals. Because people's physiological needs are restricted by social production and social living conditions. Marx once wrote: "... some external things are to meet the needs and services of people who have already lived in certain social connections." People don't eat and drink greedily. They always consider the appropriate way and existing possibility of enjoying food at a certain time and place required by society. Diet also requires nutrition, color, fragrance and taste, and civilized behavior. Therefore, there are essential differences between human emotions and animal emotions. Because human beings live in society, their emotional activities have the nature of society.

Emotion is unique to people. It is closely related to social needs and human consciousness. It came into being during the development of human society, so it has social history. In class society, some emotions related to class consciousness often have class nature. For example, at present, people are proud that they can contribute to the realization of the four modernizations and sacrifice everything to defend and build the motherland. Under socialist conditions, the working people become the masters of society, and they have a sense of honor for their work, which the working people in the old society did not have.

People's social needs are the result of various objective influences and are constantly changing and developing. For example, children need toys and picture books; Children need to play and study together; Young people need to get married and pay attention to their ideals; Adults value their careers. Different needs, different emotions.

Due to the complexity of objective things and people's needs, the same thing may be in different relationships with people's needs in different aspects. Therefore, people's emotions are extremely complicated, and sometimes even cause diametrically opposite emotional experiences; Or at the same time, people may be in different emotional experiences. For example, the reunion of a long-lost father and son is both happy and sad; Hearing the news that my loved ones died heroically, I felt a high sense of honor for the martyrs who died for my country, and I felt sorrow for the loss of my loved ones. "Mixed feelings of sadness and joy" and "mixed feelings" show that people have "dissatisfaction in satisfaction and happiness in unhappiness"

Contradictory feelings.

The trigger point of emotion and emotion is the objective thing itself, not the subjective need. Any emotion and emotion is caused by an object and has its objective reasons. People never love and hate for no reason. For example, pleasure may be caused by caressing or kissing, by feelings from body moving organs (such as rhythmic dancing, gymnastics and singing), or by the structure, color and image, sound, taste and smell of external things. It may be because someone else suddenly soiled your clothes or made some mistakes. Without objective reality, emotions and emotions cannot be generated. It's just that emotions and emotions reflect the meaning of the object to the subject, the relationship between the subject and the object, not the objective thing itself.

At different times, due to the different meanings of various objects and phenomena, one kind or another of emotional experience will be produced. For example, under normal circumstances, drinking a glass of water to quench your thirst can bring happiness; If he is forced to drink water instead of feeling thirsty, he can only feel angry and unhappy. But under special circumstances, even if he is thirsty again, he should give this saliva to comrades who need it more than he does and feel happy inside.

Second, the difference and connection between emotion and emotion

Emotion and emotion are both different and related. Emotion is generally unstable, depending on the nature of the situation. When a situation disappears, emotions immediately weaken or disappear, so it is a constantly changing state and a comparative phenomenon. Compared with emotion, emotion is relatively stable and essential, and it is a relatively stable attitude of people towards real things.

Emotion and emotion are closely related: on the one hand, emotion depends on emotion. The various changes of emotions are generally restricted by the formed emotions and their characteristics; On the other hand, emotions also depend on emotions, and people's emotions always get their own expression in various changing emotions. Without a specific emotional process, human emotions and their characteristics cannot exist realistically. Therefore, in a sense, emotion is the external expression of emotion, and emotion is the essential content of emotion. The same emotion can be expressed in different ways under different conditions. For example, people with patriotic feelings are so excited and happy to see the rapid development of the motherland; When the motherland is ravaged and violated by the enemy, it will be extremely angry and excited; When the motherland is in danger, it will show great anxiety.

Because emotion is often related to the content of social events, emotion is often used as an expression of emotion. Therefore, the development and change of emotions are also realized through emotional changes, that is, any stable emotions are formed on the basis of a large number of emotional experiences (positive and negative in various typical situations). To change a person's mood, it must be achieved gradually by the voice of emotion, and it cannot be aroused quickly and casually.

Third, the physiological basis of emotion and emotion

Like all other psychological processes, emotions and emotions are also the functions of the brain and the result of objective stimulation on the cerebral cortex.

A series of studies show that the physiological basis of emotions and emotions is complex. Generally speaking, it is the result of the coordinated activities of cortical and subcortical nerve processes under the leading role of cerebral cortex. Moreover, it is generally believed that subcortical parts participate in emotional response, while cortical parts participate in emotional experience and control the activities of subcortical centers.

Many research results of modern physiology have proved that the characteristics of emotional response depend largely on the functions of hypothalamus, limbic system and reticular structure of brain stem.

Hypothalamus is the subcortical center of autonomic nervous system and plays an important role in emotional response. Studies have proved that the hypothalamus is closely related to anger response. Olds and other experiments in the United States also show that if a mouse is placed in a box with a movable lever to stimulate the brain, it will press the lever thousands of times every hour, and they will press 15 ~ 20 hours until they are exhausted and press it again after sleeping. This spot can be found in almost all parts of the brain, but especially in the hypothalamus. Therefore, in recent years, many psychologists believe that there is a "happy" center in the hypothalamus. Stimulating other parts, the animal will press the control lever to cut off the electrical stimulation, and these parts are marked as "punishment" or "pain" centers. When such a stimulus acts on the patient, the patient seems to like this stimulus that causes a pleasant feeling; When stimulated, they appear very happy, smiling and willing to press the lever of stimulation. ①

The limbic system is a multifunctional comprehensive regulation area, which regulates subcortical respiration, cardiovascular blood pressure, digestive tract, pupil, excretion and other low-level centers, and regulates the whole visceral activity. Therefore, it regulates emotions related to the physiological needs of organisms. It is found that the amygdala in the limbic system is closely related to emotional response, and the removal of bilateral amygdala will mostly lead to the reduction of violent emotional response.

Lindsley put forward the activation theory, emphasizing the role of network structure. He believes that sensory impulses from peripheral sensory and visceral tissues enter the reticular structure through the lateral branches of afferent nerve fibers, integrate and spread in the hypothalamus, excite the awakening center of diencephalon and activate the cerebral cortex. Activation includes emotional activation, which makes emotional conflict sharp. So the function of reticular structure is arousing, which is a necessary condition to produce emotions.

Studies have also proved that the functions of all parts under the cortex are inseparable from the regulation of the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex can inhibit the excitement of the subcortical center, so it directly controls people's emotions and emotions. In other words, the cerebral cortex regulates the process of emotions and emotions and controls the activities of the subcortical center.

Fourth, the theory of emotion.

There are dozens of theories about emotions from ancient times to the present, and the following three are mainly introduced here.

1. James Langer's Emotional Theory

/kloc-American psychologist william james and Danish physiologist C. Langer put forward similar emotional theories in 1884 and 1885 respectively, which were later called James Langer's emotional theory. This theory is based on the direct relationship between emotional state and physiological changes, which exaggerates the role of emotional peripheral changes and ignores the role of emotional center. James said: "I think: when we are excited about our object, we immediately cause physical changes;" When these changes happen, our feelings about these changes are emotions. "From this point of view, he said," Because we cry, because we fight to worry, so we are angry, because we tremble, so we are afraid; "It's not that we cry when we are worried, fight when we are angry, and tremble when we are afraid." In this way, according to his point of view, crying, beating and shaking are all causes of emotions. Langer believes that "... any action that can cause a wide range of changes in the function of the vascular nervous system has emotional expression." He thinks that emotion is an instinctive reaction. If "his pulse is steady, his eyes are firm, his expression is normal, his movements are fast and steady, his tone is strong and his thoughts are clear, then what is left of his fear?" ③

James and Langer argue that emotions seem to be just the sum of physical feelings caused by changes in those internal organs. The difference is that Langer believes that all emotions are caused by visceral changes, while James believes that emotions are mostly or mainly caused by visceral changes. In a word, they attribute the cause of their emotions to changes in the periphery. Therefore, this theory is usually called "Emotional Periphery Theory".

2. Pavlov's emotional theory

According to Pavlov, emotion is "the maintenance and destruction of dynamic stereotypes" on the cerebral cortex. He believes that if some original dynamic patterns are maintained, expanded and developed by external stimuli, people will have positive emotions; If the external conditions can't keep the original dynamic pattern, it will produce negative emotional experience. He gave many examples. For example, a person with hobbies was very happy to get a long-awaited treasure (such as a precious stamp of a stamp collector); The reunion of relatives and the joy generated by the speculation of people with the same views are all manifestations of maintaining the original dynamic model of the cerebral cortex. On the contrary, "when the habitual lifestyle changes, such as unemployment, the death of a loved one, and disillusionment, most of the depression experienced is based on the fact that the old dynamic pattern has been changed and destroyed, and it is difficult to establish a new dynamic pattern." Of course, people's various dynamic patterns are often mutually restrictive. Although some minor dynamic stereotypes have been destroyed, more important dynamic stereotypes adapted to people's ideology have been maintained and developed, which will also cause happy emotions.

The maintenance and destruction of dynamic stereotypes will cause excitement on the cortex and cause or change the activity of the subcortical center through diffusion or induction. When the subcortical center receives the excitement from the cortex, it will cause a series of changes in the activities of internal organs and glands (such as faster heartbeat, faster breathing, dilated pupils, increased endocrine, etc.). ), and through the somatic nerve causes the corresponding activity of skeletal muscle. These changes all send out afferent nerve impulses, which are fed back from the subcortical center to the cerebral cortex and combined with the ongoing dynamic stereotypes, and then we will experience various emotions.

3. Modern emotional theory that emphasizes cognitive function.

Modern psychological theory analyzes emotions from the perspective of information processing, emphasizing that the occurrence of emotions depends on the past and present cognitive experience of the whole organism, as well as the nature of people's evaluation, wishes and expectations of environmental events. For example:

In 1950s, American psychologist M.B.Arnold put forward the theory of excitement, which is a kind of emotional evaluation related to individual's evaluation of objective things. She stressed that the influence from the external environment must be evaluated and estimated by people to produce emotions, and this evaluation and estimation is produced in the cerebral cortex. For example, in the forest, a bear is scary, but in the zoo, a bear in a cage is not scared. This is a personal understanding and evaluation of the situation at work.

Schacht, an American psychologist, put forward the theory of three factors of emotion, which "boils down to the integration of three factors: stimulating factors, physiological factors and cognitive factors.". He believes that the estimation of the present situation and the recall of past experience in cognitive factors play an important role in the formation of emotions. For example, someone has encountered some kind of danger in his past experience, but he can survive it safely. When he experiences this dangerous situation again, he will recall the past experience and feel at ease, without fear and panic. In other words, when the actual events are consistent with the internal model established in the past, things will go smoothly and people will not have obvious emotions. However, when the actual events do not meet expectations and wishes, or expectations cannot be dealt with, it will disrupt the established internal model and produce tension. Emotion and emotion are produced through the "refraction" of cognitive activities (see Figure 9- 1).

1964 The experiments of Bihsmann, lazarus, Modkov and Davidson in the United States also illustrate the influence of cognition on emotions. They used galvanic skin response to test four different groups of people who watched nervous movies. For the first group, use sound to enhance the cruel picture on the screen; For the second group, the pain in this picture situation is denied by sound; Only the transcendental rational description of the third group; The fourth group is watching silent films. The result is shown in Figure 9-2. Obviously, nervous sounds will increase the emotional response to movies (the skin electrical response is more obvious). Negative voice and rational description will reduce the nervous response to the movie (lower skin electrical response), which is lower than that of the group watching the movie silently. (1) According to Rushruth, every emotional response is a function of cognition or evaluation.

Five, the emotional state of the body

Emotion and emotion are caused by certain objective things and have certain objective manifestations. For example, cry when you are sad, dance and laugh when you are happy, gnash your teeth when you hate, be at a loss when you are afraid, and bow your head when you are pious. These are all manifestations of the body.

Due to emotional stimulation, it can cause a series of changes in respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system, external glands (sweat and tears) and endocrine gland activities (adrenaline, insulin, norepinephrine and thyroxine), as well as changes in metabolism (blood sugar increase or decrease) and muscle tissue (dancing and other activities). Therefore, when people have emotions, there are various manifestations inside and outside the body.

According to research, people can breathe 40 to 50 times a minute when they are angry (about 20 times a minute when they are calm). When you are suddenly frightened, your breathing will be temporarily interrupted. When you are ecstatic or sad, you will have a respiratory spasm (Figure 9-3). When people are laughing, exhale.

1. Happy one after another every minute 17 times:

2. Negative sadness-9 times per minute;

3. think positively-20 times per minute;

4. Fear-64 times per minute;

5. Anger-40 times per minute.

Inhale quickly and slowly, and the breathing frequency is low (about 0.30); When people are surprised, they inhale about two to three times as much as they exhale; When people are afraid, the ratio of exhalation to inhalation rises from the normal state (about 0.70) to 3.00 or 4.00. When people are frightened and frightened, their heartbeat will increase by about 20 times per minute, and their blood pressure will also rise (twice as high as that of men in women).

When people are surprised, afraid, confused or nervous, the skin electrical response is the most obvious. The change of skin resistance is caused by the contraction of skin blood vessels and the change of sweat glands in emotional state. Generally speaking, when people are waiting for some activities with great responsibilities, their skin resistance will decrease; After the activity, it dropped even lower. If the skin resistance increases, it means fatigue, or it is because of nervousness before activities.

When the subject is watching a movie, when two wrestlers roll from the cliff to the torrent (28) on the screen, his skin resistance is reduced to a minimum (as shown in Figure 9-4).

In addition, when people are nervous and anxious, the amplitude of the alpha wave of brain waves decreases and fluctuates greatly, showing a low-amplitude fast wave-beta wave (Figure 9-5). If you have pathological emotional disorder, there will be a high-amplitude slow wave-θ wave. Therefore, in order to measure people's emotional response, people often use physiological multi-channel instruments to record people's breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, skin electrical response and brain waves.

The study of facial expressions is the most important, followed by the study of figure and verbal expressions. Facial expressions and movements, including the changes of eyes, eyebrows, mouth and facial muscles, can best express a person's emotions. For example, joy has a special relationship with zygomatic muscles, pain has a special relationship with frowning muscles, and sadness has a special relationship with deltoid muscles. Darwin once wrote the book Expressions of Humans and Animals through a lot of observation and investigation, pointing out that the expressions and gestures of modern humans are the remains of the expressions and actions of human ancestors. That is, in terms of its history, it was originally produced to adapt to the situation of great significance to the life of organisms. For example, gnashing one's teeth angrily and opening one's nostrils are all adaptive actions of human ancestors in the coming struggle. Therefore, those basic or primitive emotions are human nature. Ekman, Freeson and ellsworth in the United States measured six kinds of facial expressions in 1972 (Figure 9-6), and they did find differences.

A represents the EEG record of α wave disappearance in anxiety state.

B represents the EEG record of regular alpha wave in normal state.

The ethnic groups' judgments on these six facial expressions are highly consistent (see Table 9- 1).

Body expression refers to the expressions and movements of various parts of the body. For example, dancing when you are happy, beating your chest when you regret, being at a loss when you are afraid, laughing when you are ecstatic, and standing with your head down when you are pious or painful. Speech expression refers to the expression of mood, rhythm and speed of language when emotions occur. Some studies (ekman et al.,1976; Klaus et al., 1976) shows that when a person lies, the average pitch (or pitch) is higher than when telling the truth. However, these differences are inaudible to most people. But if we use electronic instruments to analyze sounds, we can accurately distinguish lies from truth. This kind of expression has social function in the process of historical development, that is, it has become a common means of communication in society. Therefore, the expression of emotion-emotion is largely restricted by society and culture. There is no simple one-to-one correspondence between peripheral physiological changes and specific emotional activities. For example, the same eye contact between two people can show love, enthusiasm and great concern; Can also be used to scare people. These two seemingly contradictory meanings-friendship and threat-mainly depend on social and cultural relations. For another example, men and women are sad, but because boys have received a special education and training since childhood, "Boys, don't cry", so men don't cry easily. For another example, in ancient China, the greeting ceremony was to bow, but now it is to shake hands, and foreigners mostly hug and kiss. Europeans shrug their shoulders to express regret or surprise, Japanese smile to express regret, and China pats their shoulders to show concern. In short, people can consciously use facial expressions to express their thoughts and feelings. Of course, in some cases, we can also control the appearance of emotions and not show them.