Can you design a composition structure for me?

Description of composition structure (1)

In the usual composition training, we often focus on the training of topic examination and language use, but pay less attention to the structural requirements of the article, so we can't express our ideas well when writing. Especially in the examination room, many students often write directly on the answer sheet after the exam because of limited time. As a result, some people find that what they write is crooked and deviates from the center they want to express; Some people didn't realize that they missed an important paragraph until they finished writing, which affected the clarity of the center of the article and so on. Actually, these mistakes can be avoided. As long as we can make an outline around the center we get from the material before writing, make clear the priorities and details of the content, how to deal with the main content, how to take care of the beginning and end, how to transition, how to segment and other issues, that is, the structure of the composition, then the quality of our article will be improved and the score will naturally be improved. Because most of the recent exams are argumentative essays, argumentative essays are the easiest style to grasp in popular supply compositions. So, today we will briefly talk about the structure of argumentative essays.

Introduce a new course

Structure is the combination structure of the content of the article and the expression of the idea of the article. The content of the article can only be expressed through organizational arrangement, and the theme of the article should also be highlighted through structure. The fourth requirement of the basic level in the outline is "fluent language and complete structure" This lesson is devoted to the structure of argumentative essays.

The composition of college entrance examination is a dance in a chain, and the free creation of candidates is limited in a certain chain. The structure of the article also has corresponding constraints, which are determined by the brevity of marking time and the fuzziness of the examinee's handwriting font. In order for reviewers to quickly grasp the main idea of the article, the structure must be complete, clear and rigorous. How can we do that?

First of all, the structure is best modeled. It is best to use the ready-made modular structure carefully prepared before the exam to write the college entrance examination composition, which can save time and ensure the quality of the article. Temporary arrangement of writing structure is inevitable, what's more, the structure of articles in the world is relatively fixed, so there is no need to spend too much time on it. The main structure of argumentative writing is mainly embodied in the level of argumentative writing, and the commonly used syllogism is syllogism.

The overall structure of an argumentative essay: the beginning-generally ask questions first to explain the reasons and origins of the argument. In this part, make it clear what this article refers to. Be brief and to the point.

In the middle-mainly "analyzing problems". It is necessary to put facts and reason, and comprehensively use argumentation methods to demonstrate the correctness of the argument. In this part, it is necessary to clarify why this article says so. The requirements are substantial, rich and well-founded.

Ending-the part of "solving problems". Or draw a conclusion, or propose a solution to the problem, or both. This part mainly tells people "how to do it" and requires crispness and neatness.

Common structure of exam-oriented composition: (multimedia)

Secondly, it is best to shorten the paragraph. The paragraph arrangement is exquisite and short, which should be the structure of the high-scoring composition every year. Because the paragraphs are exquisite and short, it is easy for reviewers to grasp the main idea in a very short time and find the highlights in time. On the contrary, it is always a paragraph of 300 to 400 words, and the words are handwritten by the candidates, which is not standardized enough, and the computer presentation is not clear enough. It is much more difficult for the reviewers to grasp the meaning of the paragraph.

Third, the first sentence of a paragraph should be thematic. The central idea of a paragraph is best placed in the first sentence of the paragraph. In other words, the first sentence of a paragraph should reflect the main idea, show literary talent and guide the thinking. Because the first sentence of a paragraph is easy for the marking teacher to notice, the context of the article is often clear when the first sentence of each paragraph is written.

For example, in 2005, Beijing wrote a high-scoring composition "Say" Ann ". Beginning: Put forward a topic, "People with a peaceful mind can achieve everything." The first sentence of the second paragraph: "When you encounter bumps, you need peace of mind." The first sentence of the third paragraph: "In adversity, you need peace of mind." The first sentence of the fourth paragraph: "When facing success, you need peace of mind." At the end of the paragraph: "Everything is possible with peace of mind". Just look at the first sentence of these paragraphs and you will know seven articles.

Fourth, ups and downs are best identified. Articles should be tortuous and beautiful, ups and downs, and of course the composition of the college entrance examination should be the same. However, it is best to clearly distinguish the ups and downs in order to make the context of the article clear. How to identify? Fixed sentences are repeatedly expressed, divided into independent paragraphs or set transition paragraphs. In the famous article "Don't judge by likes and dislikes" in the college entrance examination, the phrase "Don't judge by likes and dislikes" appears many times, prompting and guiding the thinking of the article, thus making the structure of the article show a trend of echoing the whole.

Fifth, it is best to be independent. Some wonderful sentence groups or sentences have wonderful ideas or wonderful language, so we'd better separate them into paragraphs to attract the attention of reviewers. If a handsome man covers up all the ugliness, the reviewer will have a good impression and the score may go up.

Common argumentative structure patterns:

1. Total score formula: it can be divided into total score formula, total score formula and total score formula.

2. parallelism: juxtaposition of the same kind, juxtaposition of different kinds, and juxtaposition of contrast.

Step by step: Step by step between different levels.

4. Contrast: Compare two things (or viewpoints), or compare one thing (or viewpoint) with another thing (or viewpoint).

5. Easy-to-operate time-limited composition form: enlightening and overlapping.

First, the total score formula: "total (introduction)-points (this theory)-total (conclusion)"

1. Introduction (beginning) and conclusion (end) echo each other and stick to the title.

2. This part is composed of several sub-arguments, which are arranged in determinant and discussed at several levels.

Theme: Life

Title: Save Life

Introduction: Every time I count the small but encouraging certificate of deposit, I have a feeling in my heart:

Isn't life also a kind of storage?

Transition: People begin to store their true feelings at birth.

Friendship is a store that benefits a lot. (Narration, discussion, positive and negative comparison)

Love is a store of happiness and hard work. (Narration, discussion, positive and negative comparison)

(3) Knowledge is a kind of persistent storage. (Narration, discussion, positive and negative comparison)

Conclusion: To store life is to store the most precious and exquisite wealth in life, and to store all truth, goodness and beauty.

Second, parallel type.

Sometimes it is also called three points, that is, in the way of argument, either arguments are juxtaposed or arguments are juxtaposed, and both the whole and the part can be used.

Parallel structure mode (independent variable parallel):

Introduce (make an argument)

Argument ①+analysis and demonstration

This theory (proof argument) argument ②+analysis argument juxtaposition

Argument ③+analysis and demonstration

Conclusion (refer to full text)

Parallel structure mode (demonstrating parallelism):

Introduce (make an argument)

Argument ①+analysis and demonstration

This theory (proof argument) is divided into argument ②+analysis argument.

Argument ③+analysis and demonstration

Conclusion (refer to full text)

Central argument: setting up lofty ideals is the premise of career success.

1. Ideal is the starting point of struggle. Second, the ideal is the goal of struggle. Third, ideals are the driving force of struggle.

These three parallel sub-arguments are decomposed from the central argument, which in turn supports the central argument. As long as the sub-arguments are proved in turn, the central argument is proved, which is the coordinate form.

Third, progressive.

According to the internal relationship of objective things, from this to that, from the outside to the inside, the argument is in-depth layer by layer. There are many ways to "go deep": from phenomenon to essence; From possible to inevitable; We can talk about problems from experience and then talk about solutions to problems; From "what" to "why" and then to "how" ...

Mode: pendulum phenomenon-analyzing essence-referring to harm-finding reasons (finding countermeasures).

Title: winding path leads to seclusion

Question: The path is not "curved", why is it secluded?

The opening title: "My road is tortuous, through a sheltered valley, branches and flowers, to a Buddhist retreat" is a famous sentence that has been passed down through the ages. Only this sentence "winding path leads to a secluded place", I wonder how many mysteries have been deduced in the world?

The winding path leads to a beautiful place. In fact, everything in the world has a winding path, but it doesn't stop there.

The winding path leads to a secluded place, which is the scenery rendered by the painter.

Analytical reasoning leads to a secluded place, which is the goal that photographers are constantly looking for.

The winding path leads to a secluded place, which is the effect created by landscape designers.

The winding path leads to a secluded place, which is also the artistic conception that literati have always advocated.

mankind

Connecting with reality: A winding path leads to a secluded place, which is an attitude and method for people to deal with problems in life.

Echoing the beginning: "seclusion", perhaps in this "winding path leading to a secluded place", "beauty" may come from this rotation.

Write an outline of "getting to the bottom of it"

(1) What is a "dead end"? Take everything seriously, even the smallest thing.

(2) Only by "walking into a dead end" in learning can you achieve something, and only by "walking into a dead end" in science and technology can you invent something (why).

(3) Have a serious attitude, persevere and master the scientific method (how to do it).

(4) Carrying forward the spirit of "delving into the dead end" will yield more achievements and cultivate more talents (what will happen)

The progressive structure can be used synthetically with the general branch structure. For example, an argument can be set up from the perspective of "what", "why" or "how".

"What is it" can be understood as asking a question: or pointing out the essence of the problem, or stating the scope of discussion, or directly putting forward a central argument. It is also necessary to explain and explain the object of discussion.

From the perspective of "why" and "how", it is the main part of the article. These two parts can be equally important, or they can each have their own emphasis, and they are not necessarily equal. The choice of emphasis should consider whether we need to focus on the reasons for the establishment of the viewpoint or what we should do according to a certain truth.

Generally speaking, if the reason is simple and clear, you can make more fuss about "how" without detailed argumentation; If the question of "how" is well known, it goes without saying that we can make more fuss about "why", and "how" can be ignored or not mentioned at all.

Generally speaking, there are two trends in the development of ideas after the viewpoint is clear: if the viewpoint is positive judgment, it should be discussed from the perspective of importance and necessity; If the viewpoint is "we should cultivate the virtue of thrift", then we should discuss the importance and necessity of "thrift". If the opinion is negative judgment, then talk about the reasons why you can't do it, or the harm of continuing to do it. If the viewpoint is "it is not good to follow the fashion", then we should talk about the reasons of "bad" or the harm of "following the fashion".

The idea of "what-why-how" is the most useful model of argument structure. As for how to make good use of this model, the key is to be flexible and determine the discussion focus of "what", "why" and "how" according to the actual situation.

Fourth, contrast

It is in the way of argumentation that the argument is demonstrated by comparison. There are positive and negative contrasts, there are contrasts between the present and the past, there is a contrast between one thing and another, there is a contrast between the same thing at different stages of development, and so on. Contrast can make the point more distinct. "Positive and negative contrast discourse structure" is also called contrast, which is to demonstrate from both positive and negative aspects after the central argument is put forward. The purpose of using the contrast formula is to highlight the correctness of one aspect through the comparison of two aspects, and the other is just to play a foil and foil role.

Contrast structure mode:

The first paragraph illustrates this point.

The second paragraph is a positive analysis (harm and root cause)

The third paragraph is a positive example (point, surface)

The fourth paragraph expounds the negative (function, benefit and significance)

Examples of the negative side of the fifth paragraph (point, surface)

The sixth paragraph is related to reality (positive and negative)

Paragraph 7 reiterates this view.

(You can also be right after the first reaction or right after the first reaction, so you should use it flexibly. )

For example, the proposition outline "Come on for" Teaching an Axe to Teach a Lesson ":

(1) Establish a viewpoint that "teaching fish to swim" usually has a derogatory meaning, meaning "overreaching", which is denied by ordinary people. But ... dare to play tricks on "authority", break through conventional thinking, and not be bound by traditional ideas, good!

② Positive argument: the publication of the first novel; The invention and creation of ordinary people; Even the new discovery of scientists is the result of daring to make a breakthrough in the "board door".

3 reasons for opposition: If everyone dares not play tricks on the "Ban Men", the "Ban Men" will always be supreme and will eventually disappear; Just as "the back waves of the Yangtze River push the front waves", if the "back waves" are cancelled, the Yangtze River will become a stagnant pool and eventually cannot get rid of the fate of drying up. The same is true of human society. Without the help of others, society can't progress.

④ Summary: We should encourage people to make discoveries and inventions, and dare to play tricks on "forbidden doors" in order to keep pace with the times.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) variant discourse structure

Also called inductive argument structure. This kind of writing includes four steps: introduction, discussion, connection and conclusion.

Citation: Cite materials, highlight opinions, make comments, connect with reality and draw conclusions.

At the end, you should reiterate your point of view in different languages, make a summary after analysis and discussion, so that the structure of the article is complete and take care of it from beginning to end. It would be better if you could choose two or three more famous sayings to support your point of view or evaluate the case.

Composition structure (two kinds): (multimedia)

Derive the argument from the material-analyze the raw materials-discuss after adding examples-discuss with practice-return to the raw materials and clarify the argument again.

Analyze raw materials-draw arguments from materials-discuss after adding examples-discuss in combination with practice-return to raw materials and clarify arguments again.

Sixth, push the overlapping type: argument-entering evidence-bearing-overlapping evidence-induction

Step one: make an argument. That is, clearly put forward the argument at the beginning of the article, giving people a clear impression of the argument.

Step 2: Enter the evidence. That is to say, after putting forward the above argument, I will enter the argument first. It is best to choose historical facts as the argument for this step, which should generally be older historical arguments. Sometimes it can be fables, legends, historical anecdotes, celebrity anecdotes, etc.

Step 3: Make a commitment. That is, on the basis of expounding the argument of the second step, it makes a brief analysis, points out its universal significance and summarizes it. On this basis, it is necessary to combine with real life to elaborate the argument and prepare for the next demonstration.

Step 4: Overlap. That is, after the above summary, I once again use real-life examples as arguments to demonstrate. The selected cases should be new, preferably typical cases appearing in the current media. In fact, these arguments have formed a relationship of advancement and superposition with the historical arguments in the second step, so they are called "overlapping evidence". In this way, the old is the present, the old is the new, and the angle of argument and choice has changed, which provides a solid and effective proof example for the argument.

The fifth step: induction. On the basis of double factual argumentation, make a comprehensive analysis to further reveal the practical significance of this argumentation in the contemporary era, or put forward ideas and methods to solve the problem and summarize the full text.

Exercise: read the following materials, determine a train of thought according to the guidance of the exam, and make an outline of the composition by combining several modes introduced earlier.

A philosophy professor came to the zoo to teach philosophy to animals. The philosophy professor talked about many empty theories, and then said, "Everything should start from the foundation, just like any building should start from the bottom." A frog was impatient and asked the professor, "Excuse me, professor, do all buildings really have to start from the ground floor?" The philosophy professor glanced at the frog and said, "Of course! Frog in the well! " The frog retorted, "It's because it's a frog at the bottom of a well that I ask you-do you dig a well from the bottom of the well?" The philosophy professor was speechless. Animals have said, "Yes, even frogs in the well have their own unique opinions, let alone not?" ? ! "

You need to have a comprehensive understanding of the material, but you can choose a side and an angle to conceive the composition. Independently determine the concept, style and title; Don't deviate from the meaning of the material, don't copy it, and don't copy it.

[Guide to Examination of Questions] From the overall material, it reflects the objective and comprehensive dichotomy philosophy, and the topic 1 can be extracted. "how to look at things" and "see the strengths of others"; The philosophy of theory and practice, objectivity and subjectivity is embodied in the professor's words and deeds, and the topics of "words and deeds" and "theory should be combined with practice" can be refined; From the frog's words and deeds, it embodies relative and absolute, * * * and special philosophy, which can extract the topic of "dare to question" and "dare to challenge"; From the comments of other animals, we can extract topics such as "everyone has his own strengths".

Conclusion: The application of the above five modes should be mainly reflected in the preparation stage of conception. First, think well, draw up an outline and write according to the outline, so that the composition will be efficient and of high quality. Of course, we should also have a sense of structure in the writing process, and always pay attention to the clarity and simplification of the article structure.

Note: cohesion and transition between articles:

First, we should pay attention to the relationship between levels, paragraphs and complex sentences, clauses and clauses, and properly use related words to express the causal, progressive, parallel, choice, hypothesis, turning point, conditions and other relationships between contents, such as "not only that, but also ……" "Whether it is a trivial matter or a major event, this must be clarified first." "If it is as they claim, wouldn't it be the spirit first?"

Second, argumentative essays often put some words and phrases at the beginning of a paragraph to express the relationship between paragraphs and parts, so as to make the structure more compact and convenient for readers to understand and remember. Such as first, second, then, then, and finally; In this way, in this way, because of this, in addition; In a word, you can see, in a word, and so on.