Shen Shanlan: How was Wen Tianxiang killed?

How was Wen Tianxiang killed? Wen Tianxiang's name is associated with the tragedy of the demise of the Southern Song Empire. He was born in 1236. At that time, the history of the Southern Song Dynasty launched a military coup and fostered a puppet emperor, that is, when he was in power. In the first two years, that is, 1234, the state of Jin was destroyed under the joint attack of the stupid Southern Song Dynasty and the Mongolian ancients. The powerful Mongolian army has completed the most cruel and barbaric killing of Eurasia since the formation of the earth. Countless cities and villages have been destroyed and become uninhabited ruins. On the whole earth, no army at that time could completely resist the inhuman attack of the Mongolian army. The Mongolian army has completely controlled all the land north of the Huaihe River. Mongolian aristocrats gradually sinicized. The people who survived in North China Plain and Jianghuai Plain (those who survived after being brutally killed) are not only Han people, but also people of other nationalities. I guess under the rule of the Jin people, half or even higher-80-90% was killed by the Mongolian army. The survivors gradually accepted the rule of the Mongols and no longer regarded them as dissidents. Song Lizong of the Southern Song Dynasty invited them to his door. As for the Southern Song Dynasty itself, almost a group of gangs were biting each other. They were squeezed into a narrow area south of Huaihe River to survive. It is in this extremely sinister environment that Wen Tianxiang stepped onto the historical stage. He became the prime minister of the Song Dynasty from a civilian family by virtue of the imperial examination. The Mongolian army soon started the war against the Southern Song Dynasty. The war is intermittent. The main reason is that the Mongols themselves are also affected by internal disputes, and they need time to learn from the Han people the experience of siege and water war. 1260 When Kublai Khan proclaimed himself emperor, the process of Mongolian sinicization was basically completed. After years of exploration, especially after 1273, the Mongolian army captured Xiangfan, an important town in the Huaihe River Plain, the confidence of the Mongols increased greatly. They have accumulated enough experience in water warfare, which is the last weapon to deal with the Southern Song Dynasty. In the second year, Mongolia decided to attack the Southern Song Dynasty on a large scale. Before Kublai Khan became emperor, the Mongolian army levied Hubei, and Kublai Khan ordered: "If the sergeant enters the people's homes without authorization, he will engage in military law." Kublai Khan's imperial edict said: Mongolians "have flourished in martial arts and have been illiterate for more than 50 years." This shows that Kublai Khan wanted the Mongols to become civilized from barbaric conquerors who simply slaughtered by force. The Han people in the north went to help the Mongolian army, and many Han people directly participated in the war against the Southern Song Dynasty. At the beginning of the all-round fight against the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongols led the Mongolian-Chinese allied forces and a powerful water army. In this way, the Southern Song Dynasty had no advantage against Kublai Khan's army. The Mongolian army can be said to know ourselves and ourselves; Officials of the Southern Song Dynasty hardly knew each other when they came to the army. In addition, the Mongolian army at that time was no longer Genghis Khan's army, but fought with cruel and barbaric killings. In a sense, they have become more civilized, at least partially implementing the meaning that "war is a continuation of politics", that is, depriving the other side of resistance by force, rather than simply killing people. Although the Mongolian army still tries to take people as slaves and rob them of their property, sometimes it threatens to slaughter them, and sometimes it may even carry out a small-scale massacre, but it seems that a large-scale massacre like before has never happened. When Kublai Khan bid farewell to Bo Yan, commander-in-chief of the Southern Song Dynasty, he warned him: "If you can't kill me, it's Cao Bin." In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongols adopted the strategy of attacking the Han people first and then using force. Asu, the general of the Mongolian water army, warned his men: "Now we must keep the wall of the new attached city so that the people can work hard." When the Mongolian army besieged Hangzhou, Song Jun openly killed civilians-civilians in the Southern Song Dynasty, not Mongolian civilians. The Mongolian army had to act as a gendarmerie to maintain social order in the city. Under such circumstances, for the Southern Song Dynasty, this war was basically a war of eggs hitting stones. Although Wen Tianxiang has waged an arduous struggle, it has no hope of winning militarily, and even a small area has been held. Wen Tianxiang devoted himself to the survival of the nation. Finally captured by the Mongolian army. Zhang Hongfan, a pioneer of Mongols and a northern Han Chinese, asked Wen Tianxiang to hand over the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty (which also showed that Mongols mainly eliminated the resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty, not for the purpose of killing people), and Wen Tianxiang wrote the famous "Crossing the Zero Ding Yang" to answer Zhang Hongfan. After a difficult time in Ding Yang, there are few stars here. The mountains and rivers are broken and the wind is floating, and life experiences are ups and downs. The beach of fear says fear, and there is a sigh in the ocean. Who hasn't died since ancient times? Take care of your heart and shine your history! This poem is about his life's sufferings, which began with his mastery and success in the imperial examination. The brutal war has lasted for more than forty years. The "sparse war" shows that the resistance in the Southern Song Dynasty was very weak, and few people tried to resist the invasion of Mongolia. Look up the history of Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, and you will know what Wen Tianxiang meant by "fighting for peace". Finally, he clearly told the other party that he had made up his mind to complete his reputation with death. But the place names that Wen Tianxiang passed by were really unlucky: "Dingdingyang" and "Fear of the Beach" were also the portrayal of Wen Tianxiang's heart at that time! 1279, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Dadu, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, which is now Beijing. Kublai Khan didn't want to kill Wen Tianxiang, because Kublai Khan's political means were already very sophisticated. He wanted to successfully rule the occupied land in the Southern Song Dynasty and let the people accept his rule smoothly. Wen Tianxiang played a great role in him. As long as Wen Tianxiang obeys the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty, it is best to serve them. If you can't do this, at least you can't fight Yuan. Kublai Khan at this time is not like Genghis Khan who was violent in those days. In order to achieve this goal, Kublai Khan used all available means. He asked the officials who surrendered in the Southern Song Dynasty to convince Wen Tianxiang with their own examples; Let Wen Tianxiang's little daughter persuade him with affection; Let the little emperor of Southern Song Dynasty, who has surrendered and been named Duke Ying, persuade Wen Tianxiang: My emperor has surrendered and been named Duke of the Immortal Kingdom, and he is at ease. What can you stand as a courtier? Wen Tianxiang himself knew his great influence, and he didn't want to be used by the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty. He has made up his mind that only death can make him famous. In the 19th year of Yuan Dynasty, a monk in Fujian said that Saturn violated the emperor and became suspicious. Not long after, there was a madman in Zhongshan who claimed to be "the Lord of the Song Dynasty", and there were still thousands of soldiers who wanted to take the Prime Minister's article. There is also an anonymous book in Beijing, saying that one day the reeds in the city will be burned and the soldiers on the two wings will be in chaos, so the Prime Minister can be carefree. Thieves killed left Prime Minister Ahema, ordered him to retreat from the city and move to Kaiping, Yinggong and Song Imperial Family. Those who doubt the prime minister are lucky. Summoning the imperial edict, he said, "What's your wish?" Tianxiang said to him, "Tianxiang is the prime minister Song En, and An Shi is the second surname? It is enough to give a death. " However, I still loathe to give up, so I returned it. The speaker strongly praised Tianxiang's invitation and did it. Russia has an imperial decree to stop it, and Tianxiang is dead. Tianxiang was very calm when he was executed, saying that the official said, "I'm finished." Nanxiang worships death. A few days later, his wife Ouyang received his body, which looked like a newborn, 47 years old. There is a compliment in his belt: "Confucius said that he was benevolent, and Mencius said that he took justice, but his righteousness was exhausted, so he was benevolent." What have you learned from reading the books of sages? Sometimes, you have no conscience. 1282, a monk in Fujian claimed that Saturn was on the throne. Others brought thousands of rabble, claiming to be the masters of the Song Dynasty, to take Wen Tianxiang. Someone in Beijing killed left Premier Ahma without authorization. Xue kept telling tales anonymously in Zhongshan, and some people wanted to rebel. The emperor moved the little emperor who surrendered to Song out of Beijing, suspecting that someone was using Wen Tianxiang's reputation to make trouble. The so-called "Saturn invasion" is an astronomical phenomenon. The throne is the name of a star. " "History of the Song Dynasty, Tianzhi" said: "The emperor is the star, and in the celestial city, the emperor is also outside the table. ....., five-star criminals, ministers seek the Lord, and there is rebellion. "In ancient China, the sky near the ecliptic was divided into three walls and twenty-eight stars. Tianshiyuan is equivalent to a part of the constellations such as Immortal, Serpent and Snake. This is a replica of the Emperor's Market in China. On the left and right sides are buildings, which are mostly named after the country names of the Warring States Period. The star in the middle is the emperor, who is the temporary seat for the emperor to lead the minister to the market. There are eunuchs and guards, as well as measuring tools "dou" and "Hu", and officials are indispensable, such as "Hou" and royal nobles "Zong Ren". There are also "car shops", "shops, slaughterhouses and shops" that sell cars. It seems that food, clothing, housing and transportation can be solved in this market. Perseus is the alpha star of Perseus today. Stars near Ophiuchus. This star looks like α 1 and α2 in modern telescopes. Among them, α 1 is a red giant. It is a dying star. Although α2 is a binary star system, these two stars are main sequence stars. The emperor's seat is a dying star! This probably symbolizes that dictatorship is a dying thing. Saturn committed a "sin" in the throne and hunted beside it. Saturn is near Perseus in the sky background. This method is a completely confusing concept. According to Chinese astrology, this indicates that the following people will murder the emperor. After learning the culture of the Han people, the Mongols naturally learned this astrology completely. We don't know whether the monk's observation is accurate or not. It is even more impossible to know whether the star of Perseus is the usual alpha star of Perseus. In ancient China, several stars were called emperors. The catalogue at that time was very rough. Star names of different eras are always applied. Many ancient stars in China, today scientists can't find out which one. Even if that observation is accurate, Saturn's position in the sky background is only close to Perseus. The position of the emperor symbolically represents the emperor, so it means that someone is trying to murder the emperor. Kublai Khan was afraid. Egged on by others, he decided to kill Wen Tianxiang. Soon, he regretted it again and ordered to stop the execution, but it was too late. Kublai Khan once ordered his men: "I can use my anger to kill people, but you have to come back a day or two later." "It is said that before the execution, the executioner asked Wen Tianxiang if he had changed his mind, so that he could live by fighting. It seems that those men thought that Kublai Khan's idea of killing Wen Tianxiang was not made in a rage, so they stopped staying a day or two later. Look at the position of the stars in the sky and kill a person. This is the way of thinking and behavior that has happened in human society. That's how Wen Tianxiang was killed. Editor's comment on History of Song Dynasty: When Song Zhide died, Wen Tianxiang went back and forth between soldiers. At first, he tried to save it with his breath, but he found nothing. He served the two kings in the rugged mountains and seas in an attempt to save them and was defeated. My ancestor, the emperor, with the capacity of heaven and earth, not only strengthened his discipline, but also cherished his talents. If he stays for a few years, if he tries his best to tame it, he will never get it. Look calmly, you will die, because you want more than the living, so you can't call it "benevolence" For more than 100 years, Song San has taken scholar as its branch, which is superior to Jinshi, and Jinshi is superior to Lunkui. Since Tianxiang's death, the goodness in the world has been a remark, saying that people are not enough to get great men, so why not! Scholars in Yuan Dynasty paid tribute and praise to Wen Tianxiang, who resolutely fought against the Mongols to the end. This is completely different from the policies of many "literati" in China today. They only praise slaves who succumb to power. Do people beg forgiveness and praise gentlemen? There are too few Wen Tianxiang-style figures in China. This is also an extremely tragic factor in China's fate. /kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, an Englishman predicted that the fate of China people in the 20th century would be extremely miserable. Afterwards, the facts completely confirmed his prediction.