Poets say that poetry is an art of language (preface to A Collection of Poems by a Hundred Schools in Dapeng)

Du Fu's two poems express his profound understanding that poetry is an art of language.

China is an ancient country of poetry, and ancient poetry is an important part of China culture. With the broadcast of the CCTV Poetry Conference, more and more people began to pay attention to and attach importance to ancient poetry.

Poetry is the art of language, and China's ancient poems fully developed the characteristics of Chinese characters in China, and brought this characteristic to the extreme, creating a unique poem with China national characteristics in the world. As we all know, every nation in the world has its own language, including spoken and written language. The writing language of written records can be divided into two categories: phonetic and ideographic. Phonetic symbols are just phonetic symbols, such as western English and French. It doesn't make any sense to use symbols such as ABC. Ideographic writing is not only a phonetic symbol, but also contains the meaning of language.

China's Chinese is a unique ideogram. Such as the word "culture":

Oracle Bone Inscriptions's "Wen" is an pictographic character, and Shuo Wen Jie Zi explains the original meaning of the word:

Its original intention is the pattern on the human body. The ancients had the custom of tattooing, so it looked like a person standing with a cross pattern on his chest. So the original intention is the pattern of the human body, which is extended. The patterns in the sky are the sun, moon and stars, which are astronomical figures; The pattern of the earth is mountains and rivers; The pattern of the river is water waves, and these visible ones are later added to the lasso to become "patterns". Humanism is all the achievements of civilization created by human beings, both spiritual and material.

"Hua" is an pictographic and comprehensible word, and Shuo Wen Jie Zi explains the original meaning of this word:

The word "culture" is linked together, that is, human beings educate and change themselves with their own achievements in material and spiritual civilization, which is basically the same as the meaning of "culture" we understand today. ?

Another example is "poetry":

"Preface to Mao Poetry" says:

The word poetry itself contains the essential characteristics of poetry and is the expression of people's thoughts and feelings. Therefore, Chinese characters in China are a profound culture. The meaning of Chinese characters is very rich. From their original meaning, they also have extended meaning and figurative meaning. Each sense is called "sense" in the dictionary, and some words have dozens of senses.

Chinese characters not only contain many meanings, but also are square characters in form. Each word has a different shape and beautiful image, which is expressed in calligraphy and is also a treasure of art, forming a neat and harmonious poem with beautiful form.

Chinese characters have different pronunciations. As far as its voice is concerned, it has four tones and five tones, full of musical beauty and rhythmic beauty. The ancients divided the four tones of Chinese into two categories: "Ping" and "Xu" (Shang, Qu and Ru), which were applied to all aspects of life and writing, thus forming cadence, variety and beauty. If you don't pay attention to the flat collocation, it will appear monotonous and sometimes even difficult to read. This is the case with many of our idioms. For example, the idioms "beautiful scenery" (flat and flat), "earnest" (flat and flat) and "a leopard cannot change its spots" (flat and flat, flat and flat). After the Tang Dynasty, this law was applied to poetry, which formed the rhythm of poetry and constituted a cadence change.

Poetry must rhyme, also known as rhyme or Ye Yun, which is an important symbol of poetry. The ancients called rhyming prose and rhyming poetry. Rhyme is a word that repeats the same vowel in the corresponding position (usually at the end of a double sentence). Homophones that appear repeatedly in corresponding positions are called rhymes. The first rhyme is called rhyme. The rhyme of the last few sentences of a poem should follow the rhyme, and choose the words with the same rhyme as the rhyme, which is rhyme. The rhyme of poetry embodies its musicality, which makes recitation or singing produce a sense of music that runs through and is harmonious.

Disyllabic words refer to continuous words with the same initials, such as "pearl", "injustice", "wandering", "hesitation", "depravity", "My fields and gardens were destroyed by war, and my flesh and blood became the scum of the street" (Bai Juyi) and so on. "Overlapping rhyme" refers to continuous words with the same vowels, such as graceful, wandering, shining, greedy and strong. "Leaves fall like waterfalls, but I see the long river rolling in" (Du Fu). The use of disyllabic words, reduplicated words and reduplicated words increases the musicality of pronunciation. Polyphonic words and rhyming words can often be seen in The Book of Songs, Songs of the South and ancient poems. Du Fu has a poem "Sufu",

This poem was written by Du Fu when he lived in Sichuan. He was worried about his country and people late at night in autumn, and wrote this poem to express his heavy feelings about his country and people. Many disyllabic and rhyming words are used in the poem, which increases the appeal of the poem, as if you can hear the poet's sigh. Among them, "clear autumn", "long night" and "loneliness" are disyllabic words, while "shogunate", "solitary residence", "Jiangcheng", "moonlight", "dusty", "depression", "loneliness" and "dwelling in a humble abode" are overlapping words.

Li Qingzhao's Slow Whispering is called the most successful word in using reduplicated words:

This was written by Li Qingzhao, who fled to the south after the nomads from the army occupied her hometown. The invasion of nomads from the Northern Song Dynasty led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the destruction of the country and the people. Li Qingzhao also experienced the early death of her husband, the loss of her own collection of stones, and the suffering of living alone in Jiangnan. This word expresses this kind of life and mental state in her later years. There are 14 reduplicated words at the beginning, which are known as "like a plate of jade filled with pearls of all sizes" and contain rich connotations respectively. "Searching" refers to her mental state, which is a trance and boring mental state. She lost her country, her family, her husband, her stable life, her hard work accumulated over the years, everything and her spiritual support. "Cold and clear" refers to the environment. "Sadness and pain" refers to a psychological state caused by unfortunate experiences, and it is in a sad state all day. The whole word is full of sadness. The whole word is drawn in a simple way, including 18 overlapping word, which increases the artistic appeal of the word.

As far as the meaning is concerned, a word has original meaning, extended meaning, figurative meaning, polysemous word, near meaning, synonym and so on. , which constitutes the richness of poetry (surface meaning, deep meaning, multi-layer meaning and uncertainty). Such as Du Fu's "Meeting Li Guinian Downstream":

This is a poem written by Du Fu when he met Li Guinian in Jiangnan after the Anshi Rebellion. Li Guinian was a court musician in the Tang Dynasty. He is good at playing the piano and singing for emperors, princes, nobles, and dignitaries, and he is deeply appreciated by Tang Gaozong. Every time he stops singing, he gets thousands of dollars. His family is very rich, and he built a luxurious house. However, after the "An Shi Rebellion", everything went up in smoke, living in the south of the Yangtze River and making a living by singing. Du Fu was deeply moved when he saw this. From then on, he lamented the decline of the Tang Dynasty empire and wrote this poem. Du Fu's poems attach great importance to the use of language. The first two sentences are opposite. He recalled that when he often saw it, he sang for these dignitaries in the house of his younger brother and Cui Di, the supervisor of his favorite palace.

"Ordinary" and "several degrees" here are quantifiers. In ancient times, eight feet was "seeking" and eight seeking was "constant". Make full use of the ambiguity of Chinese characters and skillfully borrow them in pairs. The last two sentences were written in Jiangnan, where the spring is beautiful. I met Li Guinian, who lives as a singer and a beggar, and he himself is wandering. Poetry came to an abrupt end here, leaving people with endless thoughts and aftertaste.

It is precisely because of the ambiguity of Chinese that it brings a variety of understandings to ancient poetry. To read ancient poetry, we should first understand its literal surface meaning, then analyze its deep meaning or figurative and symbolic meaning, and then explore whether there are many meanings of understanding. A poem can reach such a state, and the charm of poetry art is also produced.

China's Chinese characters are very rich, and there are often many different words to express the same thing. The subtle differences in size, elegance and vulgarity provide convenience for writing poems. You can choose the most suitable one. If it is a metrical poem, it meets the requirements of metrical. For example, if you look with your eyes, you can look, look, glance, squint, aim, stare, peek, look, stare and so on. , and you can select them when using them to make the expression accurate. It is said that the first sentence of Chairman Mao's Seven Laws (Long March) is "The Red Army is not afraid of the difficulties of the Long March", but "long" is a flat-voiced word. According to the metrical requirements, it should be flat and turbid, so it was changed to "far". The meaning of "expedition" is similar to that of "Long March", which meets the requirements of pingsheng. Some people also say that the phrase "Jinsha water swats the cloud cliff to warm" was originally "Jinsha waves swats the cloud cliff to warm", but the word "wave" was repeated in front of it, so it was changed to "water". "Water" and "wave" are silent words, mainly not repeated. When it comes to the language features in The Book of Songs, he said in Wen Xin Diao Long Missing People:

It is precisely because of the richness of Chinese that the expression of ancient poetry is so accurate, so appropriate and so beautiful.

In 1930s, crescent poets, represented by Wen Yiduo, Liang Shiqiu and Xu Zhimo, proposed that poetry should have "three beauties", that is, learning ancient poems and giving full play to the characteristics of Chinese characters. After the May 4th New Culture Movement, new poems represented by Hu Shi and Guo Moruo appeared. Although they all have successful works, some of Hu Shi's new poems are simple and lack charm. Some of Guo Moruo's new poems are prose and lack charm. In view of this situation, the crescent school put forward "three beauties".

Musical beauty mainly means that the language of poetry should have rhythm and rhythm, and it can be rhythmic and melodious when reading and singing; The beauty of painting mainly means that the language of poetry should be vivid and vivid, and attention should be paid to the refinement and beauty of rhetoric, so that people can read it personally; Architectural beauty mainly means that poetry should give full play to the characteristics of Chinese characters, form relatively neat or uneven sentences and chapters, and visually give people a neat and even aesthetic feeling like architecture. Ancient poetry fully embodies the "three beauties". Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge can be said to be the representative of the "three beauties" of new poetry.

Poetry is the art of language. To write a good poem, we must carefully organize the language. Three or four thousand commonly used Chinese characters have been carefully arranged and combined by poets, forming various forms of beautiful poems. However, this combination arrangement is not a random combination. Mr. Lu Xun once satirized some poems written by Mr. Dong Bing in The Secret of Composition:

Talking to yourself means that children and women turn flowers into hairpins. Although she is beautiful, she is afraid that her son will neglect his studies. The second couplet is even more puzzling. His brother broke the flowers and there were no vases. He put them in a crock to smell the flowers. His sister-in-law broke the flowers and pots with a stick in case of any delay. This is a mockery of Mr Dong Bing.

Writing poetry is a skill of using language. For thousands of years, ancient and modern poets have created thousands of poems by Qian Qian with thousands of Chinese characters. If you are not careful or intentionally or unintentionally, you will fall into the pattern of previous poems and write deja vu poems. However, poetry creation can not be separated from these common life and languages, which requires innovation, seeing novelty in ordinary places and seeing strangeness in familiar places.

What is "familiarity"? It means that the materials and language carriers used in poetry writing are familiar to everyone, and everyone is facing the same social life, especially using the same language. What is "strange"? It means that the poet uses familiar language, familiar life materials, unique thoughts and unique discourse system to create poems with personal characteristics, which is both unexpected and unexpected. To achieve the unity of "familiarity" and "strangeness", we must establish our own discourse system. The so-called "own discourse system" refers to the language and usage characteristics with personal colors, which are not imitated by others and do not need "rhetoric". Zhu Guangqian, an aesthete, criticized such a phenomenon in Chewing Words: habit is always familiar with it with joy. Knowing the road has the least resistance and the greatest attraction. When a person walks by, everyone follows, which is more smooth and vulgar, without any novelty. Words are used too much, too. People who used to write poetry and prose relied on books such as Liao Wen Touch Machine, Studying in Lin Qiong, and Editor-in-Chief of East and West, and they all went there to find words and allusions for their spirits. Beautiful women are all "Liu Mian" and "He Shi", while talented people are all "learned from five cars and talented people". Syria is inseparable from the "Lu' an Baqiao"; Business has a "deadwood heritage" ... They are what people used to call "cliches", and we call them "cliches". As soon as something happens, it reminds you of some cliches, and you are content with cliches, use them without thinking, and be complacent. This is what modern literary psychologists call "chessboard reaction". If a person's psychological habit is always inclined to "set-board reaction", then he has nothing to do with literature and art, because according to the author, "set-board reaction" and creative motivation are enemies; As far as readers are concerned, they can't attract fresh and real interest ... People are naturally lazy, which often makes us unconsciously slip into the "set-board reaction". If you choose an article from a newspaper, magazine or letter to analyze, you will find that most of the thoughts, feelings and language there are "fixed reactions" Han Yu talked about his ancient prose writing and said, "It's just a matter of saying. ".This is the most important lesson. Ancient people often encountered the problem of how to avoid stepping into the trap of their predecessors. Zengxiang Fan, a poet in the late Qing Dynasty, said in Preface to Poems in Tianfang Building: Or he said: "Poetry was said by the ancients, so there is no need to rewrite it. "This is also ignorant and absurd. The world is cold, the scene is novel, and the poetic realm is born from this. The books I read today are more unread by the ancients; See things that the ancients have never seen before. But some ancient people picked up books and things that he had never read or seen. In fact, I didn't see that I wasn't caught in the clouds of ancient times. Chen Yan, another well-known leader of the Song School, also mentioned in Poems and Poems, that every word is a word that everyone knows, every sentence is a sentence that everyone can make, every word is a sentence, every sentence is a rhyme, and every rhyme is a chapter, so there are no scenes that predecessors have said and written, and there are no scenes that future generations want to write. ?

This means that poets should establish their own discourse system. How to build your own discourse system?

The predecessors commented on Xin Qiji's ci: "I don't open the world, I don't touch the ancient and modern times, and I was deeply impressed by the use of Lun, Meng, preface to poetry, Zuo's Spring and Autumn Period, Southern China, Li Sao, history, Korean, world theory, selected works, poems and miscellaneous poems." Modern linguistics tells us that a person's language is accumulated from childhood and "aggregated" in the brain. When used in a specific "context", it will be aggregated for you to choose, and then "combined" into different sentences according to certain grammatical rules to express his thoughts and opinions. The foundation is "accumulation" This is also the unity of "familiarity" and "strangeness". The ways to accumulate language are books and life.

Many people like to write poems, but they don't read many excellent poems of their predecessors, hoping to take a "shortcut". In fact, great poets also achieved something by learning from hundred schools of thought, as Du Fu said, "Many teachers are your teachers". Many famous sentences and articles of the ancients can mostly show the traces of this kind of learning and innovation. For example, Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting, which is known as a famous sentence, said that the autumn waters are the same as the sky, and the sunset is the same as the lonely Qi Fei. This is from Yu Xin's poem "Shooting Horses in Hualin Garden", in which the fallen flowers are Qi Fei, the willows are the same as the spring flag, and Shen Yue's "Song Shu Good Official Biography" said that Bing Xin's greed is exciting and first frost is fine. Another example is Lu You's famous poem "A Village Tour in Shanxi":

From the overall conceptual structure, it is similar to Meng Haoran's Passing through the Old Village:

Among them, the famous sentence "There is no road to doubt when the mountains are heavy, and there is another village when the flowers are dark", we can also learn from Wang Wei's "Shimen Jingshe in Lantian Mountain", "I love clouds and beautiful trees, but I suspect that the road is different at first. An Zhi Qingliu meets Qian Shan suddenly "and Wang Anshi's On the River" "The autumn shadow in Jiangbei is half open, and the night is cloudy and rainy. Castle peak fills the air, and there is no road to doubt. Suddenly, I saw a shadow in Qian Fan's shadow. Third, we should be good at extracting different artistic conception from common life scenes. Both of them are chanting willows. How can there be such a description in the Tang Dynasty: "Jasper adorns trees, and thousands of strands of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves. The spring breeze in February is better than scissors. " Liu described by Song people: "Chaos is still yellow, and borrowing the east wind will be crazy. I wonder if there is frost in heaven and earth. " "Willow" written by Yang Wanli in the Southern Song Dynasty: "The willow is only yellow when it is a hundred feet away from the silver pond. It is not necessarily that wicker can dip in water, but the willow shadow in the water leads him to grow. He used willow to write about the vitality of spring, used willow to satirize the powerful who bullied the weak and feared the hard, and Yang Wanli wrote about the loveliness of willow, each with its own new ideas. The importance of images in Tang poetry and the interest in reason in Song poetry are also reflected in three short poems. The key to writing a good poem and writing new ideas is to be good at learning and practicing. One of the main ways is to read more excellent works of predecessors and accumulate more ideas, knowledge and skills. ), and the carrier of all accumulation is language, so it is actually the accumulation of language, which is the basis of writing a good poem; Secondly, observe life, observe society, appreciate life and appreciate society. Wang Guowei put forward in The Thorn on Earth that the poet's realm must have the qualities of a poet, and the difference between a poet and ordinary people lies in his ability to "feel" and "write" social life. "Feeling" means that the poet's unique sensitivity leads to poetry from the common social life scene, and "writing" means that the poet must be able to express his feelings in words. Many people have feelings that are difficult to express in exact words. The so-called "little use of books" means insufficient language accumulation. I have taught ancient poetry in Jiaxing University for the Aged for many years, and many people are eager to try. As soon as they started writing poems, I told them to read Wu Ke's Learning Poetry in the Song Dynasty:

Dapeng ancient city Fu You Literature Society in Yangzhou is a group of talented poets, and Yan Huang's coquettish style is their poetry collection. Appreciating these poems is like walking on a tree-lined road, which is dazzling and unforgettable. Xiao Dong, the group owner, asked me to write a few words for this collection, but he refused. He dug up the old article and made several changes to encourage you. ? July 2020 13

Nong Yu is a famous military poet.

Ding Wang Shihao? Chen and Xu Runqun? Where is Cao? Dong? Xu Kunqing? Zhang Zhengxiang Zhang Xiaoliang? Li Meifang? Sun? Jane. Qiu Guoan Sun Guanglin Gu Linquan? Zhu? Lynn. Where is Wang? Chen? Shaw? Month? Leaves? Wild cold? Ice? Fu Baoqin? Tang Guangcai Ren Yuxi? Liu Jinlong? Zeng? Lin Zhang Guangyou? Lee? Dan. Zheng? Ma Chao? Where's Yang? Bo? Lu? Language? Huang Lin Sun Hong? Rong? Bai Zengzhi? Li Xuecheng Peng? Dan. Song Shirui? Shi Zhiping, Lou Yihua? Feng? Tao? Liu junxin Liu? Wu Jianhua? Feng Changgui? Dong Xiaowu? Li jianxun? Wang Yulin Jia Yuyou? Wu Jizhong? What about Liu? Wang Yuqing? Fu? Hey? What about the king of a country? Force? Luo Feichi? Where is Liao? Hu Shiying? Wang qinrong? Sun? Yi Jun Yi Song? Sun? Jay. Xu Shuangling? Pang Lemin? Ren Yanhong? Shao Meiling Liang Liyun? Is he flat? Congratulations? beautiful

Ji? Shuo? Monk Wu Lifeng Zhijian

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Zhao is a writer.