Surveying and mapping tools Common tools for modern surveying and mapping

Theodolite-an instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of a telescope, a horizontal dial, a vertical dial and a base. According to reading equipment, it is divided into vernier theodolite, optical theodolite and electronic (automatic display) theodolite.

Level-an instrument for measuring the height difference between two points. It consists of a telescope, a level (or compensator) and a base. According to the structure: fixed mirror level, rotating mirror level, slightly inclined level and automatic leveling level.

Flat panel instrument-the main instrument for manual mapping of large-scale topographic maps on the ground. It consists of a collimator, a flat plate and a bracket. Adding an electromagnetic wave ranging device to the collimator can make the operation more convenient and fast.

Electromagnetic wave range finder-an instrument for measuring the distance between two points by using ranging signals carried by electromagnetic waves. Those with a range of 5 ~ 20km are called medium-range rangefinders, and those with a range of less than 5km are called short-range rangefinders.

Total station-According to JJG 100 specification, total station is also called electronic rapid measuring instrument, which is composed of electronic theodolite, electromagnetic wave range finder, microcomputer, program module, memory and automatic recording device. It is a multifunctional electronic measuring instrument for rapid ranging, angle measurement, calculation and recording.

Gyroscope theodolite-an instrument that combines gyroscope and theodolite to determine true orientation.

Laser measuring instruments-all kinds of measuring instruments equipped with laser emitters. There are many such instruments, the common point is that a He-Ne laser is connected to the telescope, and the laser beam is introduced into the telescope barrel to make it coincide with the collimation axis.

Hydrostatic level-an instrument for measuring the tiny height difference between two points by connecting pipes. It is mainly an observation system consisting of a sounder and a controller.

Phototheodolite-The main instrument in the field of ground photogrammetry is composed of camera and theodolite. The camera has an objective lens, a camera box, a film carrier and an image detector. Accurate frame marks are mounted on the carrier frame. Theodolite is used to determine the coordinates of the camera station and the detection point, and to determine the direction of the main optical axis. Mainly used for topographic and non-topographic photogrammetry.

Stereo coordinate measuring instrument-an instrument used in photogrammetry to measure the plane rectangular coordinates and coordinate difference (parallax) of photos with the same name on a stereo image pair. It consists of observation system, guide rail system, photo CD, measuring system and lighting equipment.