Is it true or not that Apollo landed on the moon?

The cold war era between the United States and the Soviet Union, which lasted for half a century, produced many great scientific and technological achievements, which have been worshipped by people for decades. However, with the cold war drifting away, the authenticity of these epoch-making achievements in the history of human civilization is increasingly doubted by the scientific community and the public. After the Star Wars program in the Reagan era proved to be an out-and-out competitive scam, the Apollo manned spacecraft, which Americans have always been proud of, landed on the moon for the first time, but recently it has fallen into the whirlpool of true and false disputes. Not long ago, Russian researcher Alexander Goldov published an article entitled "The Biggest Forgery of the Century", which raised many questions about the photos taken by American astronauts on the moon in 1979. He believes that all the photos and documentaries taken by American astronauts on the moon were forged in Hollywood studios. Goldov also stressed that he reached this conclusion after long-term and serious scientific analysis and certification of all moon landing photos. Coincidentally, Bill Kane, an American scientist who once participated in the Apollo program, threw a blockbuster a few days ago. In his book "I have never landed on the moon", he pointed out that the Apollo program deceived the whole world, and all the images were only taken at the simulated lunar test site on the Antarctic continent, and American astronauts never landed on the moon. When this statement came out, it shocked the world and stirred up a thousand waves with one stone. The American public's doubts about the Apollo program have also reached the peak in decades. According to an authoritative opinion poll, nearly 25 million Americans said they didn't believe the Apollo action was real. What is even more intriguing is that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has always remained silent on this storm, which is even more puzzling. Not to mention that if the Apollo program is indeed forged, it will be a devastating blow to the credibility of the American government and the media. In view of the current situation of different opinions and false clamor, people have to ask: how much have the American government and the press, which have always boasted of being absolutely honest and open to the public, concealed? How many controversial achievements of human civilization, such as the Apollo program, will once again enter people's field of vision and be re-examined?

In the 1960s, when the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was in full swing, manned space activities in the United States were particularly frequent, and the most striking achievement was Apollo's manned landing on the moon. As early as the early 1960s, NASA put forward the Apollo moon landing plan. So there is such a classic version that goes down in history: after eight years of hard work, Apollo 1 to 10 successively conducted many low-earth orbit flight tests and lunar previews. On July 1969 and 16, Apollo-1/spacecraft entered the lunar orbit. After the successful landing, Captain Armstrong first stepped onto the hatch platform and climbed down the 9-level 5-meter-high steps. Then, his left foot carefully set foot on the surface of the moon, from which the first human footprint that shocked the world landed on the moon. Armstrong was filled with emotion: "This is a small step for a person, but it is a leap for mankind!" " "18 minutes later, another astronaut Aldrin also set foot on the moon. They photographed the lunar landscape, collected lunar rocks and soil, conducted experiments, and sent the detection information back to the ground control center. After that, Armstrong and Aldrin flew off the surface of the moon in the lunar module, rose to the lunar orbit, joined Collins' command module and waited in the lunar orbit. Three astronauts returned to Earth in the command module and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean. The whole flight lasted 8 days and 3 hours 18 minutes, and stayed on the moon for 2 1 hour 18 minutes, which made a historic feat.

For decades, people have always doubted the authenticity of the Apollo program in Never Fade. In the 1980s, the American film Capricorn I alluded that the Apollo program might be a scam. But the voice of doubt has never been so high as it is today. The most representative is Bill Kane's questioning of the moon landing photos in his works:

1. The moon has no atmosphere, so there is no problem of air refraction, so you should clearly see the picture of stars shining in the moon sky, but there are no stars in the photos provided by NASA;

2. When the spacecraft landed on the surface of the moon, there should be huge dust blown by the propeller, but the land surface of the moon shown in photos and documentaries was calm as usual;

3. Some photos of the moon landing have obvious puncture marks, and there is a very hidden line between the foreground and the close shot, which makes people wonder whether the "fade-in scanning method" in movie stunts is adopted, that is, the foreground is drawn first, and then covered with light and shadow.

Some astronomy enthusiasts also pointed out that even on earth, jet engines can blow stones as big as eggs to tens of meters away, but on the moon with much weaker gravity, the lunar module will at least spew out extremely spectacular smoke when landing, which is bound to fly sand and stones, but the video provided is just the opposite. #S#

After the works of Goldov and Kane came out, there was a debate about the Apollo program on the Internet. Proponents of Apollo program fraud theory mainly put forward the following viewpoints and evidence:

First, the photos of Apollo landing on the moon were forged. Comparing the incident angle of the sun calculated according to the shadows on the photos taken on the lunar surface with the time, coordinate points and moon phase period of astronauts' activities on the lunar surface announced by NASA, it is found that there are obvious contradictions. Opponents point out: Take Apollo 1 1 as an example, the moon landing point is Jinghai on the moon, 23.5 degrees east longitude and 0.6 degrees north latitude, and the launch time from the earth is1July 969 16 GMT 13: 32, which is on the moon. According to calculation, the incident angle between the sun and the moon is only 6 to 7 degrees, almost close to the horizon. But the photos of Apollo 1 1 planting the American flag on the moon show that the incident angle of sunlight is about 30 degrees, which is obviously illogical.

Second, the moon landing video is also forged. After analyzing the video of Apollo landing on the moon, it is proposed that the astronauts' jumping action and height on the moon surface in the video are the same as those on the ground. The gravity on the moon is one-sixth that on the earth, so it should jump six times higher and six times farther than on the earth. But from the video, the astronauts jumped less than one meter from the ground.

Third, the progress of the moon landing program is contrary to common sense. 1967 65438+ 10, Apollo 1 has just been developed, and its technology is extremely immature. During the experiment of filling the lunar module with pure oxygen, wires collided and caused a fire, resulting in three astronauts being smoked to death. Subsequently, many major improvements were made, and the development of hardware technology for the moon landing program was forced to be postponed for more than a year. However, the successful landing on the moon in such a short time in July of 1969 is unconvincing from a technical point of view.

Fourth, why was Saturn V, the rocket used to carry Apollo spacecraft to the moon, abandoned? Saturn V carrier rocket is powerful, and its technical achievements surpass all kinds of rockets and space shuttles, but it has been abandoned, and even the drawings have not been kept. What's even more surprising is that there is no suitable launch vehicle in the United States to put the space station into earth orbit until today, because there is no powerful launch vehicle, and the modern space shuttle only sends a small load of no more than 20 tons into low-earth orbit at a time, while Saturn V, developed in the 1960s, is said to be able to easily send a load of 100 tons into earth orbit and push dozens of tons of objects out of the earth's gravitational circle, which should be easily used to launch the space station. Five years before and after the moon landing, the United States * * * launched 17 Saturn V spacecraft with Apollo spacecraft, with a success rate of 100%! It is really puzzling that he should quit the Jianghu with such an excellent performance record. So far, NASA has only replied that Saturn V is too expensive to manufacture.

Fifth, how to explain the influence of space radiation on astronauts? As we all know today, there are all kinds of cosmic radiation in outer space, some of which may be fatal. In general nuclear power plants, lead blocks and concrete layers with a thickness of several meters are used to block possible nuclear radiation leakage. It is obviously unrealistic for spacecraft to block radiation with a metal layer several meters thick, and the spacesuit worn by astronauts with a thickness of more than ten millimeters has no effect on blocking high-energy rays at all. How was this fatal problem estimated and solved when landing on the moon?

Sixth, is Armstrong's footprint possible? As Kane pointed out, when the lunar module lands on the surface of the moon, it will inevitably blow up huge dust. So how did Armstrong's first footprint appear so clearly in the photo? In order to avoid the huge dust, landing on the rocky plane of the moon is the best choice. If so, where did the footprints come from? The us government has never given a clear answer to this.

Skeptics also raised many other questions, such as the influence of temperature on camera equipment: the temperature on the surface of the moon is as high as 250 degrees Fahrenheit during the day, and photos show that the camera used by astronauts is exposed outside the spacesuit without any heat preservation facilities. How can the film be photographed when it is heated and curled at 150 degrees?

Of course, the voices defending the authenticity of Apollo's landing on the moon also resolutely fought back. In response to Kane's claim that there is no starlight in the photo, China photographer Bao Kun pointed out that when shooting the clear moon at night, the approximate exposure combination is F5.6/ 1/2- 1 sec /ISO 100℃ (depending on the atmospheric visibility), and the stars in the night sky are all on the negative. Even the brightest star in the night sky, such as Sirius in Orion, needs to be exposed for more than 2-3 seconds, and the rest is the trajectory of the star. The photographic environment of the #S# lunar surface is actually to put the day and night of the earth together in front of the camera, which are two completely different opposing choices, and it is impossible to shoot conventional effects. The two can only be one of them, so the theory of moon landing photo fraud cannot be established. As for the disharmony between brightness and contrast in photos, Bao Kun thinks it can't be caused by using artificial light sources during counterfeiting. The most direct reason is that the surface of the lunar module itself is a huge reflective light source, which reflects sunlight to the surface of the moon, resulting in uneven light and contrast.

Mr. Fang Zizhou, who is studying for a doctorate in chemistry in the United States, refutes fraud from the perspective of the humanistic environment of Apollo's landing on the moon. His reasoning is: first, the fraud risk of the US government is too high. The process of landing on the moon was broadcast live to the whole world. Once the fraud is exposed, the loss of credibility is unimaginable. In addition, the Apollo program involved thousands of engineers and technicians. How easy is it to shut them up? So many scientists don't make fun of their personalities. Secondly, the American press has an outstanding reputation, and its powerful public opinion supervision ability will never allow such a big lie to be staged. Moreover, the evidence provided by the supporters of forgery theory is only a technical analysis of some photos and video materials, which does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that the Apollo program is a bluff.

The dispute between truth and falsehood has not subsided, and the outcome, whether Apollo's landing on the moon was rehabilitated or destroyed, has not been clarified. However, it seems inevitable to re-evaluate the Apollo program and all similar government actions related to science and technology projects. The debate itself shows that the glorious memory of human civilization left by the cold war era of the United States and the Soviet Union in the new century is attributed to the excessive display of the government to some extent, and NASA also admitted under pressure that some photos of the moon landing program do contain pretentious and forged elements. At the same time, the debate on the authenticity of Apollo program directly brought about the problem of government credit. Recently, Dr. James Harder of the University of California presented evidence that NASA deliberately concealed its observation and research on so-called UFOs from the public. Under his protest and demand, NASA argued that the evidence of astronauts witnessing UFOs was concealed because they were worried that these facts would cause "public panic", which could not convince the public. Is the Apollo program true or false? Perhaps the original intention of the US government to implement the Apollo program was to overwhelm the Soviet Union's psychological advantage of hegemonic competition, or to drag the Soviet Union into the trap of an arms race in space, squandering a lot of money in space and dragging down the Soviet economy. But whether Apollo landed on the moon is true or not, America's goal seems to have been achieved. The Soviet Union did go further and further on the track of economic militarization until the whole national economy collapsed. However, for the public, the possible deception of the government is unforgivable. So far, NASA has kept silent about the debate about the authenticity of the Apollo program, so it is not surprising that 25 million Americans said they did not believe that the feat of landing on the moon really happened.

Support the statement of "moon landing scam"

1. After the astronauts let go, the national flagpole still swayed for a long time.

2. In the TV transmission picture of Apollo 17, two astronauts entered the camera at the same time, but the two shadows were different in length and orientation, which proved that there were different light sources at the scene.

3. When Apollo 16 astronaut john young stood on the moon and saluted the national flag, he couldn't photograph the stars in the background, and he had no shadow.

There seems to be a C on a stone in the close-up of the photo, which is obviously a movie prop.

5. In the transmission images of Helios 14 and 17, the astronaut's visor reflects strong light, which is the reflection of spotlight, proving that the scene is just a set.

The Apollo manned moon landing project was organized and implemented by NASA in the 1960s and 1970s, or "Apollo Project". Apollo plans to use the lunar orbit rendezvous method to send a 50-ton spacecraft into lunar orbit with the powerful Saturn V carrier rocket. The spacecraft itself is equipped with a small rocket engine, which can slow the spacecraft into orbit around the moon when it approaches the moon. Moreover, a part of the spacecraft, the lunar module with rocket engine, can be separated from the spacecraft, carrying astronauts to the moon, returning to orbit around the moon and combining with the Apollo spacecraft. The project started in May of 196 1 and was successfully completed in February of 1972. It lasted about 1 1 year and cost $25.5 billion. At the peak of the project, 20,000 enterprises, more than 200 universities and more than 80 scientific research institutions participated, with a total number of more than 300,000 people.

The lunar module of Apollo 1 1 spacecraft in the United States.

Due to a tragic accident, the first manned Apollo flight was postponed. At that time, during a launch exercise, the spacecraft suddenly caught fire, killing three astronauts. Then, after several unmanned earth orbit flights, Apollo 7 finally took three astronauts around the earth on June 1968+00 1 day 163 laps.

Apollo 8, who took the first step of manned lunar exploration, went from circling the earth to the moon, and returned to the earth safely after completing the flight around the moon. After that, Apollo 9 flew around the earth for a long time and further inspected the lunar module. Apollo 10 flew into the orbit around the moon and lowered the lunar module to within 15 km from the lunar surface to test its performance.

1In July, 1969, Apollo 1 1 finally landed on the moon, which pushed the gradual Apollo moon landing program to a climax. Armstrong also became the first man to land on the moon, and the United States made the most brilliant achievements in lunar exploration. In the following three years, Apollo planned to carry out six manned missions to the moon, among which Apollo 1970 was launched in April, but it returned to Earth safely despite the explosion of oxygen cylinders.

The American "Apollo 1 1" spacecraft was launched.

On the last flight of Apollo program-Apollo 17 February, 1972, 12 astronauts landed on the surface of the moon. This series of "visits" greatly enriched human understanding of the moon. Every flight of Apollo carried out an extensive survey on the surface of the moon, and collected a large number of lunar rocks and soil samples, of which 440 kilograms of lunar rocks were brought back to Earth from the moon. During Apollo flight, many instruments were installed on the moon for scientific research, such as solar wind experiment and lunar seismic survey.

After the Apollo program, for various reasons, human exploration of the moon entered a "quiet" period. During this period, no country in the world made any new exploration of the moon. Until 1994 and 1998, the United States successfully launched "Clementine" and "lunar explorer" to explore the shape, resources and water ice of the moon, marking the beginning of a new era of "fast, good and economical" lunar exploration.

By June 5438+0, 2004, in addition to the United States, European countries, Russia, Japan and India have also formulated or are implementing corresponding lunar exploration plans. For example, the first European lunar probe "Smart- 1" was successfully launched on September 27th, 2003, and embarked on a lunar exploration journey.

Photo: Exploring the Secret of the Moon —— Commemorating the 35th anniversary of human landing on the Moon.

1969 On July 20th, American astronauts neil armstrong (pictured) and buzz aldrin (pictured) landed on the moon for the first time by Apollo 1 1.

Apollo manned moon landing project is divided into the following aspects:

First, the moon landing plan: including demonstrating the flight path of the spacecraft to the moon and determining the overall layout of the manned spacecraft. The lunar orbit rendezvous scheme is selected from three flight schemes of Apollo spacecraft, and the overall layout scheme of the spacecraft consisting of command module, service module and lunar module is determined accordingly.

Second, the auxiliary plan: the four auxiliary plans for flying to the moon are as follows: ① Rover detector plan (1961-1965): * * * Launch nine detectors and take photos of the moon's surface in different lunar orbits 18000. Understand. ② "Surveyor" detector plan (1966- 1968): * * * Launching five automatic detectors to make a soft landing on the lunar surface, and sending back 86,000 photos of the Zhang Yue surface through TV to detect the physical and chemical characteristics of lunar soil. ③ "Lunar Orbit Circulator" project (1966- 19677): * * * Three lunar orbiters were launched to take high-resolution photos of more than 40 pre-selected landing zones, and more than l000 small-scale high-resolution photos of the lunar surface were obtained, based on which about 10 projected landing sites were selected. ④ "Gemini" spacecraft plan (1965- 1966): successively launched 10 spacecraft each carrying two astronauts, conducted medical and biological research, operated the spacecraft, docked and conducted extravehicular activities training.

Launch vehicle: Apollo spacecraft was launched by Saturn launch vehicle with great thrust. The development of launch vehicles can be divided into two stages: ① Saturn 1 and Saturn 1B are developed to gain the development experience of large launch vehicles and carry out the flight test of Apollo spacecraft. (2) Develop Saturn V giant 3-stage launch vehicle as the vehicle for the spacecraft to land on the moon.

American astronaut Armstrong

1On July 20th, 969, Armstrong left his right foot footprint on the surface of the moon.

4. Flight test: Six unmanned flight tests were carried out at 1966- 1968 to identify the command module, service module and lunar module of the spacecraft in near-earth orbit and test the power device of the lunar module. 1968- 1969 Apollo 7, 8 and 9 were launched for manned flight test. It is mainly used for the simulation test of the flight around the earth and the descent of the lunar module from the orbit around the moon, the orbital maneuver flight and the simulated rendezvous, and the separation and docking of the lunar module and the command module. According to the time required for landing on the moon, the flight lasted 1 1 day to test the reliability of the spacecraft. Apollo 10 and 19 were launched on May 8, and the whole process of landing on the moon was carried out. They flew around the moon for 3 1 circle, and two astronauts descended to the height of 15.2 km from the lunar surface in the lunar module.

5. Apollo spacecraft: Apollo spacecraft consists of three parts: command module, service module and lunar module.

1. command module-the cockpit where astronauts live and work during flight, and it is also the control center of the whole spacecraft. The command module is conical, 3.2 meters high and weighs about 6 tons. The command module is divided into three parts: front module, astronaut module and rear module. Landing components, recovery equipment and attitude control engine are placed in the front cabin. The astronaut cabin is a sealed cabin, which contains necessities and life-saving equipment for astronauts' life 14 days. There are 10 attitude control engines, various instruments and tanks in the rear cabin, as well as attitude control, guidance and navigation systems, airborne computers and radio subsystems.

2. Service cabin-the front end is docked with the command cabin, and the rear end has the main engine nozzle of the propulsion system. The engine room is cylindrical with a height of 6. 7 meters, 4 meters in diameter and weighing about 25 tons. The main engine is used for orbit change and orbit change maneuver. The attitude control system consists of 16 rocket engines, which are also used to separate the spacecraft from the third stage rocket, dock the lunar module with the command module, and separate the command module from the service module.

3. Lunar module-consists of descending stage and ascending stage. When taking off from the ground, it weighs 14.7 tons, is 4.3 meters wide and has a maximum height of about 7 meters. ① Descending stage: It consists of landing engine, four landing legs and four instrument cabins. ② Upward upgrade: it is the main body of the lunar module. After the astronauts completed the lunar movement, they went up to upgrade and returned to orbit around the moon to meet the command module. The upper upgrade consists of astronaut cockpit, return engine, propellant tank, instrument cabin and control system. Astronaut seat; The cabin can accommodate two astronauts (but there are no seats) and is equipped with navigation, control, communication, life support and power supply.

1July 20, 969, Apollo1kloc-0/spacecraft.

American astronaut Aldrin landed on the moon.

Take pictures next to the American flag planted on the surface of the moon.

4. Flying to the Moon-Apollo 1 1 Spacecraft realized the ideal of manned landing on the moon for the first time on July 20th-21,1969. Since then, the United States has launched six Apollo spacecraft, five of which were successful. A total of 12 astronauts landed on the moon.

Apollo/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/Spacecraft flies to the moon/KOOC-0/July 969/KOOC-0/6, Apollo/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/Spacecraft was launched by Saturn V rocket. When the third stage rocket was turned off, the spacecraft was sent into the low-altitude parking orbit around the earth. The third stage rocket ignited for the second time and accelerated, sending the spacecraft into the earth-moon transition orbit. The spacecraft separated from the three-stage rocket and began to approach the moon after flying along the transition orbit for 2.5 days. The main engine of the service module decelerated, and the spacecraft entered the orbit around the moon. Astronauts N.A. Armstrong and E.E. Aldrin entered the lunar module, drove it away from the mother ship and descended to the surface of the moon to achieve a soft landing. Another astronaut stayed in the command module and continued to fly around the moon. Astronauts who landed on the moon deployed solar arrays on the surface of the moon, installed lunar seismographs and laser reflectors, collected 22 kilograms of lunar rocks and soil samples, and then drove the lunar module to upgrade and return to orbit around the moon to meet and dock with the mother ship. Then they abandoned the lunar module, started the main engine of the service module to accelerate the spacecraft, and entered the moon-earth transition orbit. When approaching the earth, the spacecraft entered the reentry corridor and threw away the service module, so that the dome-shaped bottom of the command module moved forward and slowed down under the powerful aerodynamic force. When entering the low altitude, the command module pops up three parachutes, further reducing the descent speed. The command module of Apollo 1 1 splashed down in the southwest of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean on July 24th.

The spacecraft is 9.2 meters long and weighs 790 kilograms. The return capsule is 2.5 meters in diameter, about 6 cubic meters. It is equipped with 52 engines, which can accurately adjust the flight attitude and orbit of the spacecraft.

There is no difference in appearance between "Shenzhou VI" and "Shenzhou V". Shenzhou VI spacecraft consists of orbital module, return module, propulsion module, escape tower and transition section.

Shenzhou 5 is carrying astronaut Yang Liwei 1.

Shenzhou VI carries two astronauts. This is a new breakthrough in the history of manned space flight in China.

The flight time in Shenzhou 5 is 2 1 hour.

The flight time of Shenzhou VI is 1 19 hours.

The activities of "Shenzhou 5" astronauts are limited to the spacecraft return module, and simple scientific experiments are carried out.

The activities of "Shenzhou VI" astronauts include the spacecraft return module and the orbital module. The hatch at the junction of the return module and the orbital module will be opened to enter the orbital module for scientific experiments for the first time.

During the 2 1 hour in Shenzhou 5, Yang Liwei ate snacks and coffee, while Shenwu's food was fast food, without heating or adding water.

On Shenzhou VI, two astronauts can eat hot food and drinks, and the variety of food will increase from twenty or thirty to forty or fifty. In the staple food, there are four varieties: white rice, eight-treasure rice, curry rice and assorted fried rice.

"Shenzhou V" astronauts go to the toilet: use diapers.

"Shenzhou VI" astronauts go to the toilet: use a special toilet. It consists of two small mouth containers that contact with the body, a long tube, a urine collection container, a trash can and an exhaust device.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced on June 1 that it had lost contact with the scheduled landing of the space shuttle Columbia.

According to CNN, local people heard the explosion at the scheduled landing site in central Texas, and the US authorities have prepared for the worst, that is, all astronauts may be killed. The live footage of CNN shows that the space shuttle may disintegrate after entering the atmosphere, and the flight path that should have been a single strand has become multiple strands. US government officials said that the disappearance of Columbia was "unlikely" to be related to terrorist activities. There are seven astronauts aboard Columbia, including the first Israeli astronaut, Ilan Ramon.

Apollo spacecraft 12- 17 From1969165438+10 to1972 65438+February, the United States launched Apollo/. Among them, except for Apollo 13, which was suspended due to the explosion of the liquid oxygen tank in the service cabin (two astronauts returned to the ground safely in the spaceship), * * * 12 astronauts all successfully landed on the moon.