What happened to Masu?

"Qiaocheng violation section Ming, measures, leave water palace mountain, not downtown. Zhang He lost his way, hit it, break it, and the soldiers dispersed. "

The story of Masu's lost street pavilion has always been interpreted a lot. Relevant records in the History of the Three Kingdoms can be found everywhere. As summarized above in Zi Tong Zhi Jian, several words are still vague.

Ma Su's death, the story is not unified. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Biography of Ma Liang, Ma Su is called "a relic in prison". With this style of writing in the Spring and Autumn Period, did Zhuge Liang cut Ma Su and let the fans of the Three Kingdoms argue endlessly.

The TV series "The Wind Rises in Longxi" begins with Masu Street Pavilion. As soon as it was broadcast, the ratings left Maicheng. In The Wind in Longxi, the defeat of the street pavilion was lost to Zhuge Liang who was misled by intelligence. Ma Boyong's original novel did not directly describe the plot of the Lost Street Pavilion, but confessed that it was founded by Cao of the intelligence department of Shu State. According to the novel, Masu is shooting himself in the foot.

On the surface, The Wind in Longxi is a spy war drama, but in the final analysis, it is a Machiavellian drama. From the longest day in Chang 'an's Luoyang Paper Expensive to The Wind in Longxi, Ma Boyong prefers this kind of historical "conspiracy theory". He wrote many works about the Three Kingdoms. In The Romance of Three Kingdoms, there is even a street pavilion dedicated to Ma Su. In the story, Ma Su's defeat in the street pavilion comes from Wang Ping's plot against Ma Su, and Fei Yi is the mastermind behind it. As Zhuge Liang's successors, Fei Yi and Ma Su are rivals. Ma Su's death was actually due to the infighting among various factions in Shu.

There is factional politics in Shu. The historian combed the political context of Shu from the factional struggle earlier. In his book A Probe into the History of Qin, Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, he divided the factions of Shu into the new faction represented by Zhuge Liang and the old faction represented by Li Yan. After Liu Bei's death, the political situation in Shu became a game between old and new. Yi Zhongtian said in the lecture room of the reflection that apart from the old Jingzhou faction before Liu Bei entered Sichuan, Yizhou local forces were subdivided into two factions-Dongzhou faction and Yizhou faction.

Zhuge Liang shed tears and beheaded Ma Su. There must be something else in it, okay? History as a Mirror emphasizes that Ma Su's actions are inappropriate and disturbing, and Zhuge Liang's killing him is a military punishment. It's not enough to act according to law, is it?

Painting Zhuge Liang Photography: Cheng Gong

Everyone is a "first time"

Before Liu Bei died, Zhuge Liang's job was to keep home. Liu Bei's western expedition, Zhuge Liang in the rear is responsible for "eating enough food and raising enough soldiers."

Zhuge Liang's southern expedition and Ma Su's "tricks" were all for the Northern Expedition. Whether Masu participated in actual combat training has always been controversial. Jieting World War I, let's just say, Ma Su went to the front for the first time, and it was also the last time without a sound.

Jieting World War I also meant "the first time" for Zhuge Liang. This was Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition, the first comprehensive command against Wei, and it turned out to be the best of his six Northern Expeditions.

Ma Su's defeat in The Story of Three Kingdoms and Ma Liang is only understated in eight words: "If we are United, we will break, but if we are divided, we will be soldiers". Ma Su's failure indirectly implicated Chen Shou, the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Born in Shu, Chen Shou was accused of underestimating Zhuge Liang in The History of the Three Kingdoms for two reasons: first, he admired money, and second, he had personal grievances. "Biography of Chen Jinshou" contains: "Shoufu joined the army for Ma Su and was condemned by Zhuge Liang. Shoufu also sat on the throne."

On the issue of Emperor Taizong and Li, Li Jing felt that "the historian knows the soldiers, but not the discipline." Chen Shou's writing about the battle of Jieting was too simple, leaving many doubts and gaps, and later generations had to add drama to history.

In The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Ma Su was written as an honest man with low IQ and lower EQ. As soon as he arrived at the street pavilion, Ma Su began to openly question Zhuge Liang: "Why is the Prime Minister so paranoid? How dare Wei Bing come to this secluded place! " As soon as Sima Yi heard that it was Ma Su who led the troops, he talked nonsense and said that Ma Su was a poor man in name only!

Come to think of it, these preparations are quite unreasonable. Liu Bei once warned Zhuge Liang that Ma Su could not be of great use. Sima Yi, who was far behind enemy lines, knew that Ma Su was incompetent. Coupled with Zhuge Liang's ability to know astronomy and geography, he argued with Ma Su day and night. Even if Masu's actual combat ability is overestimated, can't he realize that Masu refuses to accept himself? Zhuge Liang is cautious in using his troops, and it is recognized that Wei Yan and Wu Yi are the safest choices to guard the street kiosks. The situation in the Northern Expedition was very good. Masu doesn't stand a good chance of grabbing the head. Why are you in such a hurry to let him send his head?

Chen Shou gave Zhuge a bad review, saying that he was "long-term and short-sighted". From this "negative angle" to discuss Zhuge Liang's personnel handling this time. Governing Rong is to unify the soldiers. In Zhuge Liang's military theory, one of the major characteristics is that he attaches great importance to the soldiers and ignores the generals. "Soldiers are institutionalized, incompetent and cannot be defeated. Soldiers who have no control are capable and invincible. "

Without thinking, Ma Su told Zhuge Liang with his own life: Prime Minister, you are wrong.

Copying homework is incorrect.

"The leaker heterodox, also with its scale, or must loop rotation, after the former, from left to right, the line is filed, the station is wild goose. Before that, you rode elite and stood in all directions, each according to its own camp. "

This passage is from Zhuge Liang's The Art of War. "Bing Yao" can be described as an operation manual to guide marching. What should I do if I encounter any situation? Everything is well documented and there are rules to follow. In this way, Zhuge Liang ordered Ma Su to guard the street pavilion, that is, to let Ma Su copy his homework.

Masu is an argumentative soldier and seems to be a problem solver. However, when I arrived at the street pavilion, I found that "what I got on the paper was shallow and ignorant." . Zi Tong Zhi Jian said that his behavior was "inappropriate" and "disgusting", which was the key point. Ma Su disorderly command how to win?

Want to behead Ma Su, Jiang Wan dissuaded, Zhuge Liang responded: "Sun has the world, and his use is bright; Jiang Wei killed his servant by popularizing the law of chaos. All over the world, Enemy at the Gates. If the law is abolished, there is no need to hire a thief! " The two allusions of Sun Wu and Jiang Wei are very telling. Sun Wu and Jiang Wei run the army well, and both started with killing people.

Jiang Wei's story can be found in Zuo Zhuan. During the Spring and Autumn Period, when Duke Xiang of Jin mourned Qi Huangong, Jiang Wei was appointed as Sima of the China Army. Duke Xiang's younger brother raised a carriage to disturb the military ranks, and dealt with the riders who raised the carriage according to military law. Duke Xiang of Jin was furious and wanted to kill Jiang Wei. Jiang Wei defended himself and said, "Your teacher is not military, and your deacon is disrespectful." What is Wu? In Jiang Wei's view, neat ranks and smooth command are martial arts.

Sun Wu Ruling the Army is a famous article in Historical Records. He Lv, the king of Wu, asked Sun Wu to train the beauties in the palace. Sun Wuli beheaded two princes and loved her as a sign of military discipline. The reason why Sun Wu gave He Law is: "If the constraint is unknown and the application is unfamiliar, it will be a crime; Those who are already clear and not as good as the law are also guilty of being an official. " Liu Tao further explained the theory of "the responsibility of officials": "Tell officials clearly first, and use the three orders to teach soldiers to live with flags to point out the reform of the people." Strangely, Ma Su didn't follow Zhuge Liang's little book to train and didn't criticize him.

Masu's death needs no over-interpretation. Without winning Ma Su, how can Zhuge Liang lead troops? It doesn't need any internal information.

Masu

Why do you still expect Shu?

The Japanese released a new animated film "Party Lang Ke Zhu Gekongming", with a big brain hole. Zhuge Liang wore a black silk scarf and went to Shibuya, Tokyo to apply for a job. The boss happens to be a fan of the Three Kingdoms. The first question in the interview was: "Why did you let Masu guard the street pavilion?" Zhuge Liang said that in retrospect, Ma Su may have failed intentionally, in order to capture Chang 'an as soon as possible. If Wei Yan knew about this, he would definitely cry with Ma Su in his arms.

In addition to factional struggles, Shu also has line struggles.

Zhuge Liang put forward the strategic concept of "West and Zhu Rong" when he was in the Central Plains. "West and Zhurong" combined Qiang people and raided Liangzhou. Wang Zhihuan's famous sentence, "Why should Qiangdi complain about Liu? "Spring breeze is nothing but Yumenguan" refers to Liangzhou, which is today's Hexi Corridor. From 265438 to March 2008, when Liu Bei commanded the "Debate War", to the fall of Shu in 263, Shu maintained the Liangzhou route for 45 years.

Why is Liangzhou important? First of all, it covers the areas of interest. In 106 BC, Liangzhou secretariat was established to govern the land of ten counties. Its land is separated by Xiqiang in the south and the western regions in the west. In the Han Dynasty, he was called the right-hand man of Xiongnu. " The second is to grab resources. Liangzhou produces grain, horses and soldiers. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a folk saying that "going through the customs is a general, and going through the customs in Kanto is a spectacle".

The idiom "seeing Shu from the dragon" refers to Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty. The policy of Shu is just the opposite, that is, "to gain Shu and hope for the dragon." Longshan is the boundary mountain between Liangzhou and Guanzhong, with Liangzhou in the west. Although Shu never captured Liangzhou, it appointed three Liangzhou secretariat, not just ordinary people-Ma Chao, Wei Yan and Jiang Wei. Ma Chao and Jiang Wei are both prestigious Qiang people, and Wei Yan also has the experience of "going west to Qiang".

The appointment of Liangzhou secretariat by Shu Han is not a false post, but a clear strategic goal. Scholar Liu Yanxiang said: "If Shu Han wants to uncover the cover of the Northern Expedition, it is necessary to pull Liangzhou. Only when Liangzhou is captured can it compete for the Central Plains. This is the profound meaning of setting up Liangzhou secretariat."

After Sun Quan captured Jingzhou, Liu Bei wanted revenge in the East. Zhao Yun once suggested that "early map Guanzhong and live in the upper reaches of Weihe River". During the first Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang was divided into two factions, with Ma Su as the main force and Zhao Yun as the suspected soldier. There happened to be two people who wanted to be with him. Wei Yan is a diehard Jingzhou faction. Why not use it? Wei Yan once put forward that "the meridian valley is a strange plan", went out of the meridian and went straight to Chang 'an. Zhuge Liang's refusal cannot be simply attributed to caution. How does strategic planning change constantly? In Shu, the line struggle is probably greater than the factional struggle.

Jiang Wei is the last and most loyal successor of Zhuge Liang's line. The first defeat of the Northern Expedition, for Zhuge Liang, lost Ma Su, but got Jiang Wei. Zhuge Liang spoke highly of Jiang Wei as "Staff Sergeant Liangzhou", and his talent is that "Yongnan (Shao Li) and Jichang (Ma Liang) are not as good as others". Ma Liang is not as good as Masu. Guess what was Zhuge Liang's first task for Jiang Wei? Training. "Five or six thousand Chinese tiger infantry must be taught first", which is obviously a lesson learned from training Ma Su.

Sima knows Zhuge best.

It is Sima Jia who really understands Zhuge Liang.

After Zhuge Liang withdrew his troops, Sima Yi once visited the military camp in Shu. Like a pilgrimage, he "went to his camp to observe his legacy" and lamented "the genius of the world". Zhuge Liang's March is "detail control", which can be described as "ingenuity". A Jin Zhun Yuan commented: "Camps, wells, ditches, fences and barriers should all be inked."

In the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu wrote the poem "Eight Arrays": "The Three Kingdoms, torn apart, have been bound by their greatness, and the Eight Pavilions stand in its name." He believed that the achievements of Zhuge, the prime minister, were, first, the right of Longzhong, and second, the Eight Arrays. Eight-array diagram has been mythologized by later generations. According to historical records, it was the generals of the Western Jin Dynasty who really carried forward the Eight Arrays. Yes, the people who know you best are often your enemies.

In the Western Jin Dynasty, the Qiang people in Liangzhou rebelled, and Sima Yan used Malone to pacify Liangzhou. "The Book of Jin Ma Long Biography" records: "The dragon built a van according to the eight-array map, and the road was narrow as a wooden house. Before the battle, the bow and arrow arrived and fell. " Eccentric boxcar is more conducive to the application in narrow mountainous terrain.

The other person is Xie Chen. Xie Chen was originally Si Mazhao's entourage. After the demise of Western Shu, Si Mazhao asked Xie Chen to learn and practice Zhuge Liang's method of "encircling and subduing the enemy". Later, when Sima Yan traveled, Xie Chen was accompanied. "I was holding a white beast and riding around, and the halogen book was displayed."

According to the above two situations, Zhuge Liang's Eight Arrays may be an improvement on the tactics of ancient chariots, providing the Shu army with an array that is conducive to fighting against Wei Jun cavalry. "Zhuge Jiliang's Thief Riding" said: "If the thief rides around, it is inconvenient to fight, so it is advisable to wait for it with horses and chariots. If the land is narrow, it should be treated with sawtooth. "

During Zhuge Liang's fourth Northern Expedition, Shu and Wei fought in Lucheng. "The Shu army rode high and fell, the crossbow was thrown wildly, and the arrow was on the string." This battle killed Zhang He. Pay attention to "riding high and lying low". It is not necessarily a tactical mistake for Ma Su to go up the mountain to resist the enemy. Zhuge Liang used it clearly and the effect was very different.

In The Wind Rises in Longxi, it is said that the spy war between the two sides is to steal the crossbow-making technology. It is better to design an "eight-array map" that makes Sima's family more interested.

How to play the street pavilion?

Zhuge Liang designed the eight-array diagram just to make his improved "Rong Yuan" crossbow more useful. According to historical records, Zhuge Liang "is also a crossbow for profit and loss, named Rong Yuan, with iron as an arrow, eight inches long, and ten arrows for one crossbow." Rong Yuan's original intention is chariot. Poetry Xiaoya June: "Rong Yuan started with ten times."

The purpose of deploying chariots is to provide shelter for crossbows to resist cavalry assault. Sun Bin once said: "The driver is the base."

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the idea of "riding by car" was widely used in the Southern Dynasty to fight against the cavalry of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Nanliang fought against the Northern Wei Dynasty in Shaoyang, Anhui Province. The command of Wei Rui, the general of Nanliang, was the correct way to open Jieting World War I. Wei Rui marched to Shaoyangzhou in a hurry, "digging long ditches at night, planting antlers, breaking the continent into a city, and camping at dawn". Jiang Wei Yang Dayan led more than 10,000 troops to fight, and Yang Dayan won the title of the three armed forces, comparable to Zhang He. Wei Rui tied his cars in a row, and his crossbows were strong. "The arrow pierced his eyes and right arm, and he walked away."

Vehicle formation requires highly unified command and lacks mobility. Although it is beneficial to defense, it is not offensive enough. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the cavalry fought against the Turks. This is because both generations rose from Guanlong Military Group and had the innate conditions for cavalry fighting, which just proved the correctness of Zhuge Liang's insistence on raiding Liangzhou.

The traffic jam tactics in the Tang Dynasty were not completely abandoned, but a great tragedy occurred, exposing another shortcoming of this tactic-fear of fire attack. When Tang Suzong became prime minister, Fang Guan was "hospitable and accommodating, fighting with An Lushan cavalry" and was burned to death.

In order to fight against northern fighters, Song Dynasty always explored "riding by car". Song Zhezong had planned to requisition a large number of civilian cars and told Shen Kuo that "the north won by horses, not by lack of cars." Shen Kuo advised: "Nowadays, civilian cars are too important to walk 30 miles a day, so they used to be called peace cars, which can be used on days when nothing happens."

Until the Ming dynasty, chariots still had a high appearance rate. Qi Jiguang guarded Jimen, saying, "Hit the coach car of the 7th Battalion, heavy car 156, light car 100". What's more, He Chenliang's The Battle of the Camp and Qi Jiguang's The Battle of the Camp, etc. If you have been following Zhuge Liang's great country craftsman spirit to explore, will you study tanks first?

(Editor: Shen Feng)