What is a person's psychological process?

People's understanding of the world begins with perception. Feeling and perception are the simplest and most basic psychological phenomena. Without consciousness, people will lose their psychological connection with the objective world and find it difficult to adapt to the world around them.

First, feeling

1. sensory characteristics

Psychologists have done such an experiment: they kept the subjects alone in a dark and soundproof room and lay on a small bed. The subjects had to wear gloves, arm sleeves and translucent sunglasses. The subjects were basically deprived of all senses except the monotonous hum of the air conditioner.

The results show that during this period, the subjects can't concentrate, some people will think involuntarily, some people will have hallucinations, and some people will become neurotic. They lost their sense of time and space, and their abilities were impaired. This experiment strongly shows that feeling is a direct connection between consciousness and the outside world. Without feeling, people's psychological activities cannot be carried out.

Feeling is the brain's reflection on the individual attributes of things that directly act on the sensory organs. For example, we see the color of objects with our eyes and hear sounds with our ears. According to the different sensory organs, psychology divides people's feelings into five categories, namely, sight, hearing, smell, taste and skin feeling.

The main characteristics of sensation are absolute threshold, difference threshold and sensory adaptation.

Threshold means boundary. Practice has proved that if any stimulus can arouse our feelings, it must reach a certain amount. Above this amount, we can arouse our feelings, below this amount, we can't feel them. Threshold can be divided into absolute threshold and difference threshold. The former refers to the smallest stimulus that can cause us to feel. For example, how far we put a watch indoors, we can hear its ticking; How far can you see by candlelight at night? The latter refers to the smallest difference that can make us feel the two stimuli. For example, someone lifts 2 kilograms of goods and then adds 0.5 kilograms. If he doesn't feel the difference between the two, he can add 0.5 kilograms. At this time, if he happens to feel that 3 kg is heavier than 2 kg, then 1 kg is his difference threshold. Experienced dyers can distinguish dozens of different blacks, which is difficult for ordinary people to do.

Sensory adaptation refers to the phenomenon that the sensitivity of sensory organs changes under the continuous stimulation, which can cause the sensitivity to increase or decrease. When a stimulus lasts for a long time, it can lead to a decrease in sensory sensitivity. At this time, people's absolute threshold and difference threshold increase, and the intensity of stimulation must be increased to produce feelings. As the old saying goes: "When I entered Lan Zhi's room, I couldn't smell its fragrance for a long time;" The boss who entered abalone for a long time did not smell it, which is the best explanation for this phenomenon. Similarly, if a stimulus is lacking for a long time, the sensory sensitivity will increase immediately, and the absolute threshold or difference threshold of people will decrease. As long as there is a weak stimulus, you can have feelings.

In daily life, sensory adaptation is ubiquitous and has both good and bad effects on people. If we live in a busy city, we can still work and study effectively after we get used to the noise from vehicles and pedestrians, which is the positive role of sensory adaptation. For another example, residents who use coal stoves for heating for a long time in winter have reduced their olfactory sensitivity to gases, and sometimes poisoning incidents occur, which is a negative effect of sensory adaptation.

There is also a situation of sensory change, called sensory contrast, which refers to the phenomenon that the same sensory organ receives different stimuli at the same time or at a short interval, thus causing changes in sensitivity. For example, the same gray rectangle will appear darker on a white background and brighter on a black background. This is a phenomenon that the sensitivity of visual organs changes when two stimuli act at the same time. For another example, people will feel that boiled water is sweet just after taking bitter medicine and drinking a mouthful of boiled water, which is a phenomenon that the sensitivity changes due to the stimulation acting on our taste organs one after another.

2. Vision and hearing

Among all kinds of human senses, vision and hearing are the two most important ones, which are caused by light and sound stimulation respectively, and 80% of human information comes from these two senses.

There are two kinds of light stimulation: ① the light directly emitted by the luminous body; (2) Light reflected by an object. Most of the light stimulated in our life is reflected light, so when there is no light or insufficient light, we can't see objects. The feeling of color is caused by the length of light waves. Some objects reflect all the light. It seems that such objects are white. Some objects absorb all light waves, so they look black; Some objects reflect all light except red, so they look red.

Dark adaptation and bright adaptation are two main features of vision. If you walk into the cinema from the sun, you can't see anything clearly at first, but after a while you can slowly see rows of seats and other audiences. This is dark adaptation. On the contrary, in the snow under the sun, people will unconsciously narrow their eyes, and it will take some time to adapt. Dark adaptation and light adaptation are realized by changing the sensitivity of nerve cells on the retina.

Hearing is caused by the stimulation of sound. Sound can travel through gas, liquid or solid, but it is slower than light. The sound that causes auditory stimulation is physically called sound wave. It has three attributes, namely frequency, amplitude and complexity. When psychology studies sound, it is generally manifested as tone, sound intensity and timbre.

When introducing vision and hearing, we naturally think of the blind and the deaf. Perhaps we have discovered this phenomenon, that is, the ears of the blind are particularly clever and the eyesight of the deaf is particularly good. Psychologically, it is called sensory compensation, which means that after someone loses a certain sensory ability, his other sensory abilities will be improved. Some people think that this phenomenon is caused by the acquired concentration training. Blind people lose their visual function and unconsciously pay attention to listening training to adapt to life. Some people think that it is the result of "inexhaustible, inexhaustible". Deaf people can't hear the sound, so they usually use vision to improve their visual perception.

Second, perception

1. Perceptual characteristics

Perception is the reflection of the whole objective thing in the human brain through human sensory organs, and it is the synthesis of sensory reflection. Some people vividly describe the relationship between it and feeling as the relationship between headquarters and scouts, and the information of feeling "reconnaissance" is transmitted to the headquarters of perception. The process of analyzing, synthesizing and judging information and obtaining the overall impression of things is perception.

The main characteristics of perception are:

(1) perceptual selectivity. When sensory organs reflect things, they don't reflect all the stimuli they touch. In fact, due to the complexity and diversity of the objective world, it is impossible for people to perceive numerous stimuli at the same time. Some stimuli are mastered by our consciousness, and some stimuli may be "turning a blind eye" or "listening without hearing". We always take one thing as the object of perception selectively, and at the same time take other things as the background of the object of perception. This phenomenon is the selectivity of perception.

In the process of perception, people's response to the perceived object is relatively clear, while the response to the perceived background is relatively vague and difficult to remember. What kind of things are easily selected as emotional objects? This mainly depends on two aspects: ① because of the characteristics of objective things; ② People's subjective needs and interests. On the same occasion, people can have the same perceptual object or choose different perceptual objects. For example, when the teacher is in class, students are required to focus on the wall chart on the blackboard. At this time, the wall chart becomes the object of students' perception, and the blackboard writing on the blackboard becomes the background. For another example, when the school holds a sports meeting, students sitting in the stands will choose different emotional objects because of their different hobbies. Some people may pay attention to the shot put, while others may pay attention to the long jump.

(2) the integrity of perception. When people perceive things, they do not perceive different attributes of things in isolation, but perceive things as a unified whole according to experience. For example, when we look at a person, we should not only look at his eyes or nose, but also look at his figure, manners and manners to perceive him as a whole.

Various stimuli form a whole perception, but this whole is not a simple sum of its parts. The overall perception of a thing depends on its key parts. Sometimes, perceptual stimuli themselves may be incomplete, but people still regard them as a whole because of their existing knowledge and experience.

(3) the constancy of perception. When the perceptual conditions change, such as the change of angle and distance, the perception is not affected by the change, and things are still regarded as the original appearance, which is the constancy of cognition. For example, if we look at a person from a distance and look at the same person from a distance, although the image he left on our retina is different, we still perceive this person as the same person.

Perceptual constancy has many manifestations, and the following is a brief introduction of its four manifestations:

(1) brightness constancy. It means that when the light environment of the object itself changes, our perception of its brightness remains unchanged. If a piece of chalk looks black in the classroom and white in the sun, we still regard it as the same white.

② size constancy. That is, the above-mentioned example of looking at a person, we regard him as a fixed size, not because of the distance.

③ Shape constancy. For example, an upright cylinder is rectangular from the side and circular from the top, but we still perceive it as a cylinder.

④ Color constancy. Looking at an object through colored glasses will show different colors, but our perception remains the original color.

2. Types of perception

According to the different characteristics of perceived objects, perception is divided into spatial perception, temporal perception and motion perception in psychology.

(1) spatial perception. Refers to the reflection of the human brain on the spatial characteristics of things such as shape, size, distance and orientation, which helps people make certain judgments on distance, height and direction. General spatial perception can be divided into visual spatial perception and auditory spatial perception. The former refers to the depth perception or distance perception formed on the basis of vision; The latter means that when the perception of visual space is limited, people rely on hearing to judge their distance from external objects.

(2) Time perception. Refers to the human brain's response to the length and speed of time. Humans have no special organs to perceive time, and always reflect time through some objects that measure time, such as the running laws of celestial bodies, calendars, clocks and watches, etc. In real life, people's perception of time is often inconsistent with the time measured by timing tools. At the same time, some people will feel short, while others will feel long. Similarly, the same person's perception of time is different under different conditions. Generally speaking, when you are happy, you will feel that time passes quickly, "time flies"; When you are unhappy, when you encounter setbacks and difficulties, you will feel that time passes slowly, "every day is like a year." In addition to personal emotions, people's knowledge and experience will also affect their perception of time. For example, an experienced teacher can generally estimate the time accurately and master the content and rhythm of the class within 45 minutes.

(3) Motion perception. Refers to the human brain's response to whether an object is moving, its speed and direction. Sports perception is the most obvious in football matches. Without motion perception, players can't judge the speed and direction of their peers' passing, and they can't reasonably intersperse and cooperate tacitly. The performance of motion perception has certain particularity. Sometimes, because the moving speed of an object does not reach a certain amount, we can't feel it. For example, it is difficult for us to judge whether the minute hand and the hour hand of a watch are moving. Sometimes, the object itself does not move, and we are moving, but we feel the object is moving.

3. illusion

There is a special perception, which reflects objective things wrongly and distorted. This is what we usually call illusion. For example, 1 kg cotton, 1 kg iron, always feel that iron is heavy and cotton is light when picked up by hand; Sitting on the moving train, I saw the trees moving outside the window. Why do you have these illusions? Mainly due to subjective and objective reasons. If you look at the moon and clouds at night, people will think that the moon is walking in the clouds, which is an illusion caused by objective environmental changes. The illusion of time and speed is mainly caused by human subjective reasons.

Illusion is a reflection of distorted things, which interferes with people's correct understanding of perceptual objects and is negative. However, if used properly, illusion will also have a positive effect. For example, in the military, camouflage measures such as camouflage clothes are to use the illusion principle to give the enemy an illusion and achieve the goal of winning. In daily life, we can also find illusions from architecture, photography, drama, magic and acrobatics.

Third, emotion.

1. Emotional characteristics

Emotion is an attitude and experience of people about whether objective things meet their own needs, wishes and views.

The objective things mentioned here include not only people, things and things outside the individual, but also the psychological activities of the individual itself. For example, a classmate made a mistake and was criticized by a teacher or parents, feeling sad and guilty. This kind of sadness and guilt is caused by the outside world. For another example, a person will feel sad when thinking of something, and this sadness is caused by the psychological activity of memory. Therefore, emotion is an experience caused by external or internal stimuli.

Emotion is a subjective feeling, although it is also a reflection of objective things, but it does not reflect the things themselves, only the subject of emotion can experience it. For example, when waiting for the bus in the waiting room of the railway station, the radio said that a train was late. Generally speaking, this information will not cause the emotional experience of passengers who do not take this train, but it will make passengers who take this train and are eager to go somewhere very anxious. For another example, the stock market broadcast by TV programs will not cause the experience of people who don't play stocks, but it will have a great emotional impact on stock speculators.

Emotion has two manifestations: ① All objective things that can satisfy people's needs and desires will make people have positive emotions or emotional experiences such as pleasure and love; ② Any objective things that do not meet people's needs or go against people's wishes and opinions will cause people to have negative emotions or emotional experiences such as disgust and boredom.

Different emotions have different effects on people's body and mind. Positive emotions can make people happy and optimistic, improve the excitement level of people's cerebral cortex and nervous system, and help improve work efficiency; Negative emotions make people bored and pessimistic, giving people a heavy mental burden. Long-term tension and fear can lead to many diseases.

2. Classification of emotions

According to different standards, the types of emotions can be divided into emotional states and social emotions.

According to the intensity and duration of emotion, emotional state can be divided into passion, emotion and stress state.

(1) passion. This is a rapid and violent emotional state. If something suddenly appears in front of us and causes us strong love and hate, this ecstasy and anger is a kind of passion. It can be seen that passion is triggered by strong external stimuli. In this state, people always show intense inner activities and external manifestations, such as shortness of breath, trembling all over, creepy, pale face and so on. Passion has positive and negative conditions: ① Positive passion is the driving force for people to devote themselves to work and study, which will urge people to advance despite difficulties and forge ahead bravely; (2) Negative passion is often manifested as a blind impulse.

(2) mentality. This is a relatively calm and lasting emotional state. The main feature of tone is that it is not necessarily reflected in something. A person has a mentality for a period of time. Once the state of mind is produced, it seems to be the vision and angle of people's view of things in this period, which makes people smear their subjective feelings on the things they face. Just as "the person you like is happy when you see it, and the person who is worried is worried when you see it." The mood may be happy and peaceful, or it may be manifested as depression and irritability, as we often say, "nothing seems pleasing to the eye." Because the state of mind is a lasting emotional state, which has a great influence on study and work, a good state of mind makes people refreshed and energetic; Being in a bad mood can make people depressed and confused, doing nothing all day, doing nothing.

(3) pressure. When people encounter critical situations or unexpected things, the emotional state that people produce is stress, which is to some extent human physiological and psychological instinct. Its performance is as follows: some people "use their quick wits" and have extraordinary abilities; Some people are "at a loss", as if caught in a vacuum of thinking and don't know what to do. People will inevitably encounter accidents. As long as you do more training at ordinary times and improve your psychological endurance, you will be able to eliminate your fears, overcome difficulties and cope freely under emotional pressure.

According to the social content of emotion, emotion can be divided into moral sense, rational sex appeal and aesthetic feeling.

(1) Moral sense. It refers to people's emotional experience of whether their words and deeds conform to social moral standards, and it is a reflection of the moral relationship between people and society. When people's ideas and behaviors guided by them meet certain social and moral standards, people feel morally satisfied; On the other hand, it produces emotional experiences such as regret and self-blame.

(2) Sense of reason. It refers to people's emotional experience in the process of intellectual activities, and it is a reflection of whether people's needs for understanding reality and mastering knowledge are met. When people make new discoveries in intellectual activities, they will have a satisfying emotional experience, and when they encounter difficulties or setbacks, they will have a skeptical experience.

(3) aesthetic feeling. It refers to the emotional experience when people evaluate objective things according to certain aesthetic principles and standards. A painting can give people artistic beauty or spiritual beauty and make people have a satisfying experience. A vulgar work can't meet people's artistic needs, making people feel ugly and have an angry emotional experience.

3. Emotional expression

There are many ways to express emotions, and it is difficult to count them only in terms of language expression, but this is an indirect expression. In general psychology, facial expressions and body language are used as direct ways to express emotions.

(1) facial expression. Expression is actually a kind of communication, including two aspects: ① emotional experiencers use it to express their psychological experience; (2) Others can correctly judge the psychological state of the experiencer. Facial expressions are mainly muscle activities, such as beaming, smiling, frowning and beaming. Eye movement plays a special role in facial expressions, which is called "the window of the soul". For example, flirting means that lovers look at each other affectionately to convey the feeling of love; Glaring means that anger is transmitted between enemies. Foreign psychologists have also found that happiness and surprise are mainly expressed through the eyes and the lower part of the face; Hate is expressed by the lower part of the face; Anger is expressed through the lower part of the face, eyebrows and forehead. The most obvious emotions are expressed through the face, such as crying when you are sad and opening your eyes when you are afraid.

(2) Body language. Body language can also be called body language, which refers to the use of body movements to express and achieve the purpose of communication. It is also quite common to express emotions with limbs in daily life. Such as shaking hands to show friendliness, clapping to show welcome or excitement, and rubbing hands to show anxiety. Many idioms also have such examples, such as being angry, clapping your hands and being depressed. Physical expression also allows others to identify with the psychological feelings of the experiencer. The distance between people often reflects a certain relationship. Psychologists have found that close people can get along within the range of 1 ft (1 ft =0.3048 m); Keep a distance of 1.5~4 feet between friends who have informal contact. Of course, due to different cultural backgrounds, the same physical movements do not necessarily mean the same emotional experience. In addition, due to the physiological and psychological influence of different individuals, the same emotion has certain differences in expression and degree.

4. Emotional characteristics of teenagers

When an individual enters adolescence, with the change of living conditions and the accumulation of experience, his emotions develop and have the following characteristics:

(1) Emotional stability is enhanced. With the development of cognitive ability, teenagers' subjective sensitivity to things is enhanced, and their emotions are relatively stable, so they are no longer affected by situational factors like childhood. For example, children will cry on the spot because they can't answer the teacher's questions in class, while teenagers will no longer break up with their classmates because of a little thing, nor will they show strong emotional reactions because of temporary setbacks in their studies.

Liveliness and enthusiasm are relatively stable emotional characteristics of teenagers. They are full of energy and active in class groups with great enthusiasm. Group activities are the best place for them to express their enthusiasm. They often devote themselves to it, and it is easy to form a good mood.

(2) The emotional content is increasingly profound. The emotional experience of teenagers has begun to inject social content. For example, textbooks introduce the indomitable qualities of heroes, the dedication of scientists who forget to eat and sleep, and the long history and culture of the motherland and the knowledge of great rivers and mountains, which will stimulate their emotional experience of loving the motherland and dedicating themselves to the truth.

With the in-depth development of group activities, teenagers have the ability and opportunity to participate in certain public welfare activities and experience feelings such as mutual assistance, friendship, honor and responsibility in practice. Sometimes, they will use the social standards of adults to demand themselves.

(3) Emotional self-regulation ability is enhanced. Compared with childhood, teenagers' ability to control their emotions has been strengthened. But compared with adults, their self-control ability still shows a more impulsive side. Physiologically, it is because teenagers are in the heyday of physical development, and under the influence of endocrine, the nervous system is highly excited; Psychologically speaking, teenagers' emotional susceptibility and responsiveness are obviously improved, so it is often not easy to control.

Fourth, will.

"Strong will and perseverance" is a word we often use to judge a person's quality. Will refers to the psychological process in which people consciously determine their own goals and control their actions to achieve the predetermined goals, which is manifested in high consciousness, tenacious spirit and tenacious style.

1. The concept of will

Will is manifested in human actions. Human actions are purposeful and organized activities. After the goal is determined, we usually analyze the possible difficulties according to our own ability, choose the methods to achieve the goal, overcome the difficulties in practice, act on objective things through actions, and finally achieve the goal. This psychological process is the process of will. There are three characteristics of human will: ① purpose, ② action and ③ overcoming difficulties.

The process of will is a unique psychological activity of human beings, and it is also a process of exerting people's subjective initiative. It is based on cognition, influenced by emotion, and at the same time regulates the process of cognition and emotion.

Analyzing the whole process of will is helpful for us to further understand the characteristics of will, so as to cultivate good will quality purposefully.

2. Will motivation

A person's behavior is not without reason, it always comes from a certain motive and points to a certain purpose. We say that the process of determining goals by will is also the process of solving motivation conflicts. Because people may have several motives in the process of determining goals, when these motives cannot be met at the same time, motivation conflicts arise. This kind of conflict sometimes manifests itself in the contradiction between public and private interests, between individuals and groups, and sometimes in the contradiction of personal interests. People should resolve these conflicts when setting action goals and taking actions. Because people's actions often have a certain impact on society, people with good intentions can make their actions obey social moral standards and abandon their own interests because of the interests of the collective and the state. They can fully understand the society and their own abilities, be down-to-earth, and choose the motivation and purpose of will action.

After the will goal appears, it enters the decision-making process of will action, and its main content is to choose the way and method of action and draw up the action plan. If there are two or more ways to achieve the goal, we should weigh the advantages and disadvantages and choose the best scheme. In this process, people's knowledge and experience, ability and will quality play an important role. People with good intentions will fully consider the impact of various action plans on others and society, so they will choose ways that can achieve their goals without adversely affecting others. People with rich knowledge and experience will correctly estimate the difficulty in the course of action and choose the best scientific plan.

3. Execution of the will

The next step is the process of implementing the decision. The main content is to overcome all kinds of difficulties, take action, modify and improve the action plan in the implementation process, and achieve the goal.

The process of will is always a process of conscious action. Perseverance is an indispensable factor in this process. Perseverance can ensure the continuous excitement of the cerebral cortex and nervous system, and can indomitable overcome difficulties and achieve the set goals. Perseverance is manifested in self-control and persistence in the quality of will. People with strong perseverance can consciously control their emotions, are less disturbed by factors that are not conducive to achieving their goals, and can restrain their behavior in order to achieve their goals; Perseverance can also overcome difficulties with confidence and carry out decisions to the end.