What is the inevitability of the development of intermediary organizations in China?

In order to meet the needs of the development of socialist market economy, China has now formed a rich intermediary organization system. It is no exaggeration to say that there are corresponding intermediary organizations to provide services in all areas where market players need the intervention of the third force. There are many kinds of intermediary organizations. The following is a brief analysis of the development of 20 major intermediary organizations in China:

(1) Accounting (auditing) firms. Since 1980 resumed the system of certified public accountants and auditors in China, social audit intermediaries and certified public accountants have developed rapidly. There are nearly 10,000 accounting (auditing) firms with 6,543,800 employees. Among the employees, nearly 50% are certified public accountants and more than 20% are certified auditors. These two divisions have played an important role in promoting economic development, maintaining financial discipline, establishing a socialist market economic system, and standardizing market behavior. However, the problems existing in the two divisions are also more prominent. Vicious competition and illegal operation have caused great losses to the country and enterprises. We believe that as one of the most important intermediaries in the field of forensic medicine, there are not too many employees in the two business divisions, but there are some problems such as small scale, low quality of employees, unreasonable personnel structure, low professional level and standard, and irregular behavior.

(2) State-owned assets investment and operation companies. The management of state-owned assets by several state-owned asset management companies is a common form in developed countries with market economy. It relatively isolates the government from the enterprise, which not only avoids the direct intervention of the government to the enterprise, but also liberates the government from the micro-management affairs. China's state-owned assets investment and management companies emerged and developed in the reform of state-owned enterprises, and there are about 1000 at present. The existence of this intermediary organization can enable the state to manage state-owned assets well without directly managing state-owned enterprises. This not only has the dual significance of enhancing the vitality of enterprises and transforming government functions, but also meets the needs of solving the vacancy of state-owned assets owners, implementing enterprise property rights, optimizing asset allocation and maintaining and increasing the value of state-owned assets. It is the best way to reform state-owned assets management in line with China's national conditions. Since 1994 the State Council approved sinopec group and other companies to be changed from industrial companies to holding companies, many departments and regions have made useful attempts in the intermediary management of state-owned assets, accumulated a lot of experience, and now have the conditions to be popularized nationwide.

(3) Asset and credit rating agencies. Liancheng Assets Appraisal Firm, established by China Patent Office 1984, is the first intangible assets appraisal institution focusing on intellectual property appraisal in China. In the same year, professional credit rating agencies appeared in cities such as Beijing. The first non-bank credit rating agency in Shanghai was established from 65438 to 0987. Since then, asset and credit rating agencies in China have developed rapidly. At present, there are nearly 4,000 asset appraisal institutions in China with nearly 50,000 employees. China's asset credit rating agencies have developed with the adjustment of enterprise organizational structure and the needs of Sino-foreign joint ventures and cooperative operations. From the future trend, with the deepening of financial system reform, financial risk will become a very important and sensitive issue; The restructuring of state-owned enterprises is also facing the problems of reducing risks and preventing the loss of state-owned assets. As an important means to reduce and prevent risks, the high-level development of assets and credit evaluation intermediaries is particularly important.

(4) Lawyers, notarization and arbitration institutions. There are more than 50,000 law firms in China with more than 500,000 employees, and nearly 80 foreign law firms have set up offices in China. There are more than 3,000 notarization institutions with more than 0/000 employees/kloc; There are more than 6,000 arbitration institutions with 654.38+10,000 employees. This kind of intermediary organization has special significance and function in maintaining the order of market economy, which is the objective requirement of market economy as a legal economy. Its existence is conducive to protecting the legitimate rights and interests of market players, making them trade and compete equally, and promoting the economy to embark on a sound development track. Judging from the current situation of such intermediaries, the decoupling between law firms and judicial organs has made rapid progress, and some dynamic private partnership law firms have emerged, but most notarization and arbitration institutions are still affiliated with the judicial department, which is far from the real intermediaries.

(5) financial intermediaries. At present, there are various intermediaries in China's financial market, such as insurance agents, financial leasing, securities companies, trust and investment funds, pawns, auctions and so on. It is the existence of these institutions that enables the reform of China's financial system to be carried out smoothly and effectively promotes the realization of the modern enterprise system. There are more than 230,000 insurance intermediary service outlets nationwide with more than 900,000 employees; There are more than 1000 leasing companies in China, which are mainly distributed in large and medium-sized coastal cities. There are more than 50 national and local securities companies, more than 300 trust and investment companies and more than 2,000 outlets engaged in securities business; There are more than 80 investment funds and 1000 pawn shops operating in China. Compared with the requirements of the developing financial market, the existing financial intermediaries are far from meeting the needs, and vigorously cultivating high-quality financial intermediaries is a key point in the development of China's intermediary market.

(6) tax intermediaries. China's tax intermediaries began to emerge from 1986, and now there are about 4,000 in China. Although tax intermediaries have played an extremely important role in raising citizens' tax awareness, promoting tax reform, improving tax order, resolving tax contradictions, and maintaining social stability and harmony, there are also many problems in China's tax intermediaries: first, most tax intermediaries are affiliated with or subordinate to tax authorities at all levels, not real intermediaries, and are seriously interfered by the administration, so it is difficult to conduct business openly, fairly and justly; Second, the names of tax agency intermediaries are not uniform, which gives some institutions that do not meet the tax agency the opportunity to act as tax agents at will; Third, there is a monopoly of tax agency market in some places, which has a serious negative impact; Fourth, the lack of uniform qualification regulations for employees makes people who make up the number sneak in.

(7) Labor intermediary. As an intermediary service agency for the flow of production factors, it has developed rapidly in China, with 30,000 urban employment agencies nationwide. 22,000 township labor service stations (institutes) have been established in rural areas; Establish a national talent market in Beijing and Shanghai; Beijing, Shanghai, Qingdao and other cities have also established senior talent markets and professional talent markets; The layout of seven regional talent markets in China has been completed; A number of national professional talent markets have been established one after another; All provinces, prefectures (cities) and more than 95% counties and cities have established basic talent markets. The problem now is that there are too many employment agencies in some places, and a large number of violations have occurred, and even serious violations of law and discipline have occurred. Therefore, it is an urgent task to seriously rectify the professional intermediary organizations in the labor market and develop and cultivate them.

(8) Agricultural intermediaries. There are more than10.5 million agricultural economic and technological associations in China, which are non-governmental economic organizations in the process of agricultural industrialization in which farmers consciously adapt to the needs of market economy and organize themselves to March into the market. This professional association, which is run by the people, managed by the people and benefited by the people, enables farmers to unite in the fields of production, management and technology, conduct organized trading activities, improve their ability to resist market risks, and form a market mechanism for self-protection. These organizations have safeguarded the legitimate rights and interests of farmers by reflecting their opinions to the government and trading with other social interest groups. As a historical necessity in the process of deepening economic system reform, agricultural intermediary organizations will have greater development with the development of agricultural industrialization and commercialization. The problem now is that this kind of organization is very spontaneous and local, and there are great differences in organizational form, name and operation mode in different places. In order to promote its healthy development, we should sum up experience in time, rectify and standardize agricultural intermediary organizations, and establish an agricultural intermediary organization system with China characteristics as soon as possible.

(9) Real estate transaction intermediary. Intermediaries related to real estate transactions include land appraisal agencies and real estate brokerage agencies. From 1987, when Shenzhen granted the right to use the first piece of state-owned land, to 1994, more than 500 government-approved land appraisal agencies were established nationwide. At present, there are more than 10,000 registered real estate agencies in China, and there are hundreds of thousands of full-time and part-time real estate agents providing intermediary, agency and consulting services. With the opening of the secondary real estate market, the commercialization of housing has become a new economic hotspot, and the problem of real estate transaction intermediary has become more and more prominent. Criminals cheat in the name of intermediary, which seriously disrupts the order of the real estate market. Therefore, we should learn from the successful experience of foreign countries, develop the real estate intermediary agencies in line with China's national conditions as soon as possible and promote the healthy development of the real estate industry.

(10) broker. The brokerage industry in China has developed rapidly. At present, there are nearly 5,000 brokerage institutions with nearly 654.38+10,000 employees. They are active in commodities, finance, securities, futures, information, transportation, property rights, sports, literature and art, tourism, real estate, labor and other markets, and play an important role in speeding up information transmission, improving transaction efficiency and promoting the rational allocation of social resources. There are two extremes in China securities market. First, there are too many brokerage agencies, and a large number of unqualified personnel participate, resulting in poor service quality and endless crimes; Second, the lack of cooperative brokerage institutions in science and technology, education, sports, literature and art, real estate transactions and other fields has become a bottleneck for development. From time to time, famous literary stars "going to caves" and tax evasion, disputes over the transfer of sports athletes, piracy of literary works and cheating in real estate transactions are all related to the underdeveloped brokerage market.

(eleven) information consulting institutions. There are 80,000 information consulting enterprises in China, and their databases account for one tenth of the world's total databases. Judging from the sample survey we have done, almost all the intermediaries in various places are information consulting institutions. However, the quality of information consulting institutions in China is indeed very different. Consultants with high academic qualifications and high IQ are extremely scarce, and people who are full of consulting institutions have no professional knowledge and technical skills needed for information collection, processing, sorting and analysis. China's information database is short of information and the utilization rate of information resources is not high. The capacity of China database accounts for about 1% of the world's total capacity, while its social value accounts for only one thousandth of the world's total information resources. There are thousands of information databases in China, most of which are so-called "death row inmates", and less than 10% of them are kept dynamically updated and effectively applied.

(12) advertising company. China's advertisements came into being and developed after the reform and opening up. It is the fastest growing market intermediary, and it is also the deepest feeling of the people. At present, there are more than 60,000 advertising agencies with nearly 600,000 employees. Advertising plays a special role in promoting people's awareness of market economy, and there is a natural internal relationship between advertising and market economy. The problem of China advertising industry is "too much, not too much good and not too much bad". Therefore, we should strengthen the management of advertising industry and improve its quality and service, so as to provide healthy and beautiful advertising products for the society and promote the development of socialist market economy.

(thirteen) property rights transaction intermediary. This is an intermediary organization that emerged and developed with the optimization of enterprise structure and the reform of state-owned enterprises. The earliest intermediary institution of property right transaction in China is Zhengzhou property right transaction market, which was established in 1989. Since then, various places have rushed to set up various types of property rights trading institutions, and there are nearly 200 nationwide. The problems existing in the existing property rights transaction intermediaries are: 1, most of which are affiliated to the state-owned assets management department, while the other part is affiliated to the system reform or economic management department, and few are private; 2. Lack of standardized management system and mode, leading to poor system and unscientific management; (3) There are still many problems in personnel composition, internal management, business operation, charging standards, etc. because the country has not yet issued unified management regulations.

(fourteen) science and technology intermediary. Including information intermediary, technology transfer agent and innovation incubation, providing related services in information contact and communication, technology transaction agent and high-tech enterprise establishment respectively. There are tens of thousands of science and technology intermediaries in China. On the whole, the development of information intermediary and technology transfer intermediary has reached a considerable scale, while the innovation incubation intermediary is still in its infancy. "Business Incubator" is the product of the combination of science and technology intermediary and venture capital. It can provide high-tech enterprises with various services, such as capital credit, plant equipment leasing, employee recruitment and technical training, vocational re-education, new product identification, quality certification, management consulting, market development, etc. According to the needs of economic development, China should vigorously develop innovative incubation intermediaries in the future. In addition, in view of the large number of science and technology intermediaries in China, but the quality is poor, and the proportion of professionals, especially experts, is low, the science and technology intermediaries to be cultivated and developed in the future should be experts with high intelligence.

(15) Educational intermediary. In recent years, China's education has advanced by leaps and bounds, and the pace of higher education industrialization has been accelerating. Correctly solving the contradiction between the macro-management of the government and the independent running of schools is a key point of educational reform, and the best way is to coordinate and communicate between the government and schools through educational intermediary organizations. Intermediary organizations undertake professional argumentation, quality evaluation, experience exchange and social fund-raising, so as to reduce the management pressure of the government at the micro level and make it concentrate on management education at the macro level. At present, there is China Staff Education and Vocational Training Association in the field of vocational education in China. As a cross-industry and inter-departmental national association, there are more than 300 group members, which has played an important role in promoting the development of vocational education. In addition, educational intermediary also includes education evaluation, specialty setting demonstration, teaching quality evaluation, Industry-University-Research Union, donation, achievement exchange and studying abroad. In order to meet the urgent needs of the development of educational industrialization, it is imperative to formulate laws and regulations on educational intermediary and establish and improve the educational intermediary system.

(16) Sports intermediary. At present, there are three sports brokerage companies registered in relevant state departments: Guangdong Hongtian Sports Brokerage Co., Ltd., Shanghai Hope International Sports Brokerage Company and China Sports Brokerage Company. Due to the unclear status and imperfect management system of sports intermediaries, although there are a certain number of brokers, clubs and other intermediaries in various places, most of them are in an "underground" state, which seriously restricts their role. Lack of standardized sports intermediary is one of the important reasons for the confusion of sports market and the slow progress of industrialization, which also restricts the improvement of sports level in China to some extent. In a sense, without good sports intermediary service, it is difficult to realize the optimal combination of sports resources, and it is also difficult to produce high-level sports teams and excellent athletes. Therefore, we must vigorously cultivate and develop sports intermediary, make it the fulcrum of macro-control, and turn the government's intention into the action of the main body of sports industry.

(17) Cultural intermediary. According to the data of more than 200 literary and art brokers, brokerage companies, auction houses, literary and art workers' federations and associations in Beijing, there may be thousands of cultural intermediaries in China. The existing problem is that the private literary and art intermediary has not formed a scale, has no standardized management system and is in a disorderly state, which is one of the important reasons for the poor order of the literary and art market. Therefore, rectifying and developing cultural intermediary is an important work to promote the development of culture and art at present. The China Federation of Cultural and Artistic Workers and its affiliated writers' associations, dramatists' associations, artists' associations, calligraphers' associations, musicians' associations, photographers' associations, dancers' associations, composers' associations, film and television artists' associations, folk artists' associations, etc., which were established when New China was founded, should also be incorporated into cultural intermediary organizations in terms of their social functions. Giving full play to the role of these associations will certainly promote the development of China's cultural and artistic undertakings.

(18) Consumer Association. This is an intermediary organization with high prestige among the people in China. At present, there are more than 30,000 consumer associations in China, which accept hundreds of thousands of complaints every year and recover economic losses for consumers 1 100 million yuan every year. Consumer association is an intermediary organization covering the whole society. It was established and carried out in accordance with the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests, and persisted in fighting acts that harmed consumers' interests, effectively protecting consumers' rights and interests. It has played an important role and made outstanding contributions in promoting the healthy and orderly development of the socialist market economy and the construction of two civilizations. Consumers' Association is now basically a semi-official organization, authorized by the government to punish business practices that infringe on consumers. How to transform into non-governmental organizations and reduce the financial burden of the state is a realistic problem faced by Consumers Association.

(19) Industry Association. Trade association is the inevitable product of the development of market economy. It provides two-way services for the government and enterprises, not only sharing the functions of the government, but also reflecting the opinions and suggestions of enterprises. It is a medium connecting micro and macro management. There are 92, 368 and 840 large, medium and small industries in China, and there are millions of enterprises belonging to these industries. It is a management reform that is beneficial to both macro and micro aspects to rely on trade associations to conduct self-discipline management, standardize enterprise behavior and reduce the burden on the government. Trade associations in China are managed according to social groups. At present, there are 200,000 associations, including national associations 1860 and local associations 1980. Among the national associations, the academic category, professional category, professional category and joint category account for 38%, 23%, 9% and 10% respectively. The development of market economy not only puts forward higher requirements for industry management, but also provides greater opportunities for the development of industry associations.

(20) Chamber of Commerce. This is a social intermediary organization that realizes the harmonious coexistence of different social subjects through consultation, dialogue, negotiation and adjustment among different social interest groups under the condition of market economy. Since the reform and opening up, the Chamber of Commerce has been thoroughly remoulded, and local industrial and commercial enterprises have spontaneously organized chambers of commerce. The national non-governmental chamber of commerce has nearly 1.05 million members and more than 3,000 organizations at or above the county level. Since 1993, the National Federation of Industry and Commerce and local federations of industry and commerce have carried out pilot work of trade associations. At present, the Federation of Industry and Commerce has formed a perfect organizational network throughout the country, with more than 2,000 local chambers of commerce at all levels and more than 700,000 members. It has established contact with chambers of commerce in nearly 100 countries and regions in the world, and has a certain reputation and prestige at home and abroad. The problem now is that most chambers of commerce are official organizations, so there is also the problem of how to turn them into non-governmental organizations.

The 20 kinds of intermediaries analyzed above can be roughly divided into three categories: 1, accounting (auditing) firms, assets and credit evaluation institutions, lawyers' notarization and arbitration institutions and securities trading institutions. The services they provide have the nature of appraisal and notarization, which plays an extremely important role in the healthy development of market economy and the maintenance of social security and unity. This kind of intermediary institutions have many employees and a wide range of services. It should be said that they have played a very important role for more than ten years, which must be affirmed. However, we must clearly realize that there are some problems in this kind of intermediary institutions, such as low quality, unreasonable structure, irregular operation and lax management. One-sided pursuit of economic interests, violation of the principle of seeking truth from facts, hasty engagement, provision of seriously inaccurate reports, violation of policies and laws, have caused huge losses and bad social impact to society, enterprises and residents, and must be cleaned up and rectified, improve their own quality and service quality, and maintain the image and reputation of intermediary institutions. 2. Intermediaries of science and technology, education, culture and sports participate in the industrial transformation of these undertakings. Only by establishing a considerable number of qualified intermediaries to provide quality services for the industrialization of these departments can they ensure their smooth development. This is an intermediary organization that needs to be cultivated and developed. 3. Chambers of commerce and associations are intermediaries between social intermediaries and market intermediaries. They are both self-regulatory organizations of industrial and commercial enterprises and intermediary organizations. They are of great significance and role in maintaining market order, ensuring the quality of intermediaries, standardizing the operation of intermediaries, controlling the number of intermediaries and supervising the behavior of intermediaries. They are also intermediary organizations that should be vigorously developed.