What are the major scientific breakthroughs in 2 1 century?

2 1 Top Ten Scientific and Technological Achievements of the World and China in the Century.

In 2000,

world

First, scientists publish a "working frame diagram" of the human genome.

Second, the United States has developed the most advanced quantum computers and biological computers.

Third, the United States has developed 12 trillion supercomputers.

The International Space Station welcomes the first batch of long-term astronauts.

5. Scientists have found direct evidence of the existence of τ neutrinos.

6. Scientists have discovered bacteria that have survived for 250 million years.

Seven, France successfully carried out gene therapy for the first time.

8. Important progress has been made in AIDS research. Scientists have found two substances in the laboratory that can inhibit the movement of integrase-diketone inhibitors. Experiments show that they can prevent the combination of HIV genetic material and human leukocyte genetic material.

Nine, American scientists have developed molecular switches.

Ten, scientists made carbon nanotubes with a diameter of 0.4 nm.

China

First, Yuan Longping presided over the research of super hybrid rice, and achieved great results.

Second, it is the first in the world to decipher the genetic code of shrimp virus.

3. The Institute of Metals, Chinese Academy of Sciences observed the superplastic ductility of nano-metallic materials at room temperature for the first time in the world.

4. Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry took the lead in synthesizing highly active anticancer substances.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) has made a great breakthrough in the development and application of high-performance computers.

6. The new phenomenon of matter wave interference was discovered for the first time.

Seven, China Netcom broadband high-speed Internet opened.

Eight, the pilot study of biological hydrogen production was completed for the first time in the world.

Nine, China pioneered the electromagnetic biochip in the world.

National University of Defense Technology has successfully developed the first humanoid robot in China.

200 1 year

world

I. A number of major achievements have been made in the field of nanotechnology.

2. Scientists have found that RNA is versatile. It is not only a messenger of genetic material, but also can perform other tasks. For example, 1. Last year, scientists found that some small RNA fragments can turn off plant genes. 2. This year, similar "RNA interference" phenomenon was found in mice and humans. 3. Cell biologists have also discovered how messenger RNA is spliced together, and messenger RNA is the sum of DNA information.

The mystery of the disappearance of solar neutrinos has been revealed.

4. The "Human Genome Project" also released a further improved human genome map and completed the human genome sequencing plan ahead of schedule. In addition, the genomes of more than 60 species were determined at 200 1.

Five. The two discoveries of superconductivity have pushed the superconducting temperature to a higher level, and scientists have taken another step forward in realizing zero-resistance current at room temperature. Six. Scientists have discovered how molecular signals induce and inhibit the growth of axons in the developing nervous system, which will help scientists find ways to repair damaged adult nerves.

7. A new anticancer drug, the special effect "smart bomb", has a clear biochemical defect in dealing with cancer. The drug can inhibit defective enzymes related to certain leukemia.

8. The Bose-Einstein theory has made progress.

9. The International Panel of Experts on Climate Change officially stated for the first time that the global warming phenomenon in the past 50 years is probably caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and human beings, not nature, are the cause of global warming.

X. determine carbon dioxide deposition. Carbon dioxide deposition absorbs about one-third of the current greenhouse gas emissions in the United States.

China

China's first unmanned spacecraft Shenzhou II was successfully launched.

Second, the coverage rate of the completed maps of human genome "China Volume" and "China Volume" increased from 90% to 100%, and the accuracy rate increased from 99% to 99.99%.

Thirdly, China independently completed the "working frame map" and database of rice genome for the first time.

China has built the largest germplasm resource bank in the world. The number of preserved germplasm resources ranks first in the world, with more than 330,000 seeds preserved for a long time.

5. The super server "Dawning 3000" with the highest performance has been successfully developed.

6. Scientists have successfully observed the internal structure of molecules directly.

7. An important achievement of early life research in China is that "a new fauna was found in Chengjiang Fossil Bank in China", and this peculiar extinct group was named "Fauna". This is the sixth time in recent years that Nature has published a series of scientific discoveries made by Shu Degan and others in the important frontier field of CAMBRIAN life explosion, which provides reliable evidence for comprehensively and accurately revealing the attributes and dynamics of CAMBRIAN life explosion.

Eight, China made a breakthrough in the synthesis of new nuclides.

Nine, land and resources "family" to find out.

Ten, China has created the world cotton output "three consecutive championships".

In 2002

world

1. MicroRNA is listed as the most important new discovery this year.

2. The mystery of solar neutrino loss has been solved;

3. The genome sequencing of rice and mosquitoes has been completed;

4. Successfully taking photos of the "baby" period of the universe;

5. New breakthroughs have been made in the research of cold and hot experience mechanism;

6. Ultrafast photography captures electrons rotating around the nucleus;

7. Discover a new type of photosensitive cell which is helpful to realize the adjustment of human biological clock;

8. Developing new technologies of space photography;

9. Develop new technologies for shooting three-dimensional images of cells;

The discovery of ancient skulls 6 million years ago.

China

1. Chinese scientists took the lead in drawing a fine map of rice genome and an accurate sequencing map of rice chromosome 4.

2. Shenzhou III and Shenzhou IV were successfully launched.

3. China discovered the first world-class gas field with proven reserves exceeding 600 billion cubic meters.

4. The diversion channel of the Three Gorges Project was successfully closed.

The third generation mobile communication system in China has been successfully developed.

China has mastered the key design and manufacturing technology of contemporary CPU.

Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences has cultivated a new rapeseed strain with the highest oil content in the world.

8. The "Shenguang II" giant laser was successfully developed.

9. Scientists from Peking University Health Science Center have initially uncovered the mystery of human cell aging.

Lenovo launched the first computer with a measured speed of more than one trillion times.

In 2003

world

First, American scientists developed the world's smallest nano-motor.

2. The World Health Organization officially confirmed that a variant of coronavirus is the pathogen that causes atypical pneumonia. Scientists have also completed the genome sequencing of SARS virus.

Thirdly, scientists from many countries have successively deciphered the human 14, 7, 6 and y chromosomes.

Scientists have measured the velocity of gravity for the first time. This experiment once again proves that Einstein's theory is correct. Scientists are convinced that the speed of gravity is equal to the speed of light.

The international research team set a record for the lowest temperature in the world. The international research team reached a temperature of only 0.5 Kelvin higher than absolute zero in the laboratory, which is the first time in human history to reach an extreme low temperature that exceeds absolute zero and is less than 1 Kelvin.

Six, the world's first chip to repair the brain came out (America).

On June 2, 2003, the European and American Mars probes were successfully launched.

8. A series of breakthroughs have been made in stem cell research. American scientists completed the genetic engineering operation of human embryonic stem cells for the first time, which made the application of stem cells in medical research take a big step forward. Japanese scientists successfully generated blood vessels and nerves from monkey embryonic stem cells, which greatly broadened the prospects of regenerative medicine, and Japanese scientists also cultivated human embryonic stem cells for the first time; French scientists cultivated germ cells from embryonic stem cells for the first time; Australian scientists used embryonic stem cells to culture lung cells for the first time; Scientists in China fused human skin cells with rabbit eggs for the first time to cultivate human embryonic stem cells. American scientists have found that mouse embryonic stem cells can develop into sperm and eggs in Petri dishes. The new findings may be helpful to study the development of germ cells and some infertility.

Japan has developed the basic circuit of quantum computer.

American scientists have found direct evidence of the existence of dark energy.

China

The first manned space flight was a complete success.

Scientists have revealed the molecular mystery of high yield of rice and made a major breakthrough in the research of super hybrid rice. The average yield per mu of super hybrid rice demonstration field exceeds 800 kg.

3. Significant achievements have been made in the scientific research against SARS;

4. Breakthrough progress has been made in nanoclusters and nanoclusters on the surface of metal materials. The surface nitriding of pure iron block was successfully realized at 300 degrees Celsius, and a new nano-material-isotactic metal nanoclusters was successfully developed.

5. Shanghai has built the world's first commercial maglev train demonstration line and successfully operated it;

Six. The Three Gorges Reservoir was successfully impounded, the permanent shiplock was navigable, and the first batch of generator sets were all put into production.

7. China University of Science and Technology has made great progress in the field of quantum communication experiments, laying the foundation for long-distance quantum communication in the future;

8. Billion data processing super server has been successfully developed;

9. A major breakthrough has been made in the experimental research on controlled thermonuclear fusion by the Institute of Plasma, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and it continues to maintain its international leading position;

The discovery of four-winged dinosaurs provides key evidence for the hypothesis that bird flight originated from arboreal animals and experienced gliding stage.

In 2004

world

1. "Spirit" and "Opportunity" rovers landed on Mars and found evidence of existing water;

2. American supersonic aircraft set a new record of exceeding 1 10,000 kilometers per hour.

3. Cassini spacecraft successfully entered Saturn's orbit;

4. Korean and American scientists used cloning technology to obtain human embryonic stem cells for the first time;

5. American scientists observed a single electron for the first time by using nuclear magnetic resonance technology;

6. The United States uses nuclear reactors to develop large-scale hydrogen production technology;

7. Japan has introduced the fastest optical communication technology in the world;

8. American astronomers discovered the farthest large celestial body in the solar system;

9. Significant progress has been made in the study of HIV antibodies in France;

X. Scientists in Israel and the United States have developed a molecular motor that can be stopped or paused.

China

1. 1 100 million high-performance computers have been put into use, ranking among the top ten in the world;

2. The first domestic commercial nuclear power plant in China was completed and put into operation;

3. Commercial operation of the West-East Gas Transmission Project;

4. The first next-generation Internet backbone network in China was opened;

5. The "Exploration II" satellite was successfully launched;

6. The nano "super switch" material has been successfully developed;

7. The high-precision underwater positioning and navigation system has been successfully developed;

8. China scientists solve the crystal structure problem of membrane proteins;

9. China has made a major breakthrough in the field of quantum information experiments;

X. A major breakthrough has been made in the strategic investigation of oil and gas resources in China sea area.