Anhui folk information

What is Anhui named after? Anqing house? With what? Huizhou prefecture? The first word. This paper collects and sorts out Anhui folk customs and materials for everyone. Welcome to read!

First, Anhui folk culture has a long history

Anhui was named after the initials of Anqing and Huizhou in the early Qing Dynasty. In the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), jiangnan province was officially revoked and divided into Anhui Province and Jiangsu Province. Although Anhui province was established late, it was developed very early and has a long history. As early as 200,000 years ago in the Paleolithic Age, the distant ancestors of Anhui people once thrived here. The excavation of the skull of Hexian ape-man has been proved.

Huaibei, Huainan and Jiangnan in ancient Anhui all experienced the stage of clan society. According to historical records? Xia Benji records, Di Yu? After sealing Hao Tao, he was sent to England and six countries. ? English, in the south of Jinzhai County; Sixth, the current place names of Lu 'an County. It shows that as early as 2 1 century BC, the Yan family in the Central Plains had arrived in the Huaihe River Basin, and the Xia family went south, which led to a large influx of Central Plains culture. Generally speaking, Huaibei is the prosperous place of Yangshao culture and Longshan culture, and it is the area between Jianghuai and Qingliangang culture.

By the end of primitive society, the Huaibei area in Anhui Province was the territory of the Fang state established with the southern tribes, with Shu people in the central and western regions and Xu people in the northeast. Jiangnan area is the territory of Baiyue tribe.

Huaiyi is a tribe of Dongyi, and the Yi nationality originated in the northeast, and it is a nation with birds as its totem. According to historical records, during the Shang Wuyi period (about 1 1 century BC), the Yi people went south along the coast and first arrived in David, Shandong. After several blows in the Western Zhou Dynasty, it moved south to the Huaihe River Basin, mainly distributed in northern Anhui, eastern Anhui and northern Jiangsu. Xu and Shu in Anhui belong to different branches of the same clan. In the established Fang Guozhong, the Xu State founded by Xu people has the strongest strength, the widest territory and the highest culture. The people who first arrived here and the Xia people engaged in farming, fishing and hunting, planted wheat in the Huaihe River and rice and soup fish in the Huaihe River, and had a tradition of building dams. Of course, they are only small-scale water conservancy projects in the village. The Western Zhou Dynasty sent troops to attack Huaiyi many times. Later, Wu Chu became stronger and fought for a long time in the Huaihe River basin. Under the influence of Xu and Shu people, they wavered and were finally annexed by the State of Chu.

In ancient times, southern Anhui, especially in mountainous areas, was sparsely populated and almost deserted, and was the place where Baiyue people lived. During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, Gan people moved south to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and some Gan people entered southern Anhui, where they merged with the local indigenous Yue people and established some new Gan and Yue tribes. According to He Guangyue's History of Baiyue Origin, huh? This is a wooden handle axe. Yue people cut down trees and burn incense for a living. Until the Qin and Han Dynasties unified China, most of the Ganyue people merged into the Han nationality, and some of them entered the mountainous areas in southern Anhui and became Shanyue people.

Since 1949, new archaeological discoveries of Anhui cultural relics have emerged one after another, which not only saved and protected tens of thousands of precious cultural relics, enriched the collection, but also revealed a series of ancient folk cultural remains. Carbonized wheat was found in the Diaoyutai ancient site in Bo County in 1950s, and rice grains were found caked in Dachengdun, hanshan county in 1980s, indicating the production level and farming methods of clan tribes in northern and central Anhui at that time. In particular, from 1979 to 1982, Anhui Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted five excavations on Xuejiagang Cultural Site in Qianshan County, and unearthed more than 2,000 cultural relics, which were divided into three categories: stone tools, jade articles and pottery. Stone tools include knives, axes, hoes, chisels, trowels, shovels, stone balls, grindstones, net pendants and spinning wheels. Most of them are finely ground and have sharp blades. Some stone knives and shovels are painted with red lotus patterns outside their holes, which are rigorous in structure and beautiful in lines. Among them, large stone knives with nine holes, eleven holes and thirteen holes were discovered for the first time in China. Pots, pots, pots, bowls, cups, retort and pot-shaped utensils are used for daily use, most of which have unique shapes and show distinctive local characteristics. The method of making pottery is from manual to wheel system. There are two kinds of pottery, clay pottery and mixed sand pottery. The appearance is mostly plain, and the tires are thin, uniform and round, which shows that the pottery-making technology of Anhui people reached a certain level at that time. Unearthed jade articles include rings, flowers, pipes, shovels, valves, etc. They are beautifully carved, with symmetrical patterns and superb craftsmanship. In addition, more than 60 pottery balls with patterns and holes have been unearthed, with pills in their bellies, which are loud, crisp and pleasing to the ear, exquisite and ingenious. These cultural relics are scientifically determined to be 3700 BC? Three thousand years. /kloc-during the period of 0/987, more than 700 pieces of funerary objects such as pottery, stone tools, jade, agate and crystal were unearthed from Lingjiatan Tomb in hanshan county between Jianghuai. What is particularly significant is that the original jade in the Eight Diagrams and the Jade Turtle share the same tomb, which shows that Anhui people formed the concepts of river map, Luoshu and Eight Diagrams as early as clan society, indicating that Anhui prehistoric culture has developed to a considerable extent.

The archaeological discoveries of the above primitive society and the remains of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties can be said to be just the beginning in Anhui, and there will be more discoveries in the future, which will give us a glimpse of the richer folk cultural remains of Huaiyi, Yue and indigenous Anhui people in Anhui.

Second, the influence of Chu culture on Anhui folk customs.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, Chu, who rose in Jianghan Plain, moved eastward. In 538 BC, Huaiyi, who defeated northern Anhui and eastern Anhui, gradually annexed the tribes and small countries in the Huaihe River basin dominated by Sheng and Yan surnames, and occupied the Huai area of Anhui. Jiangnan was the territory of Wu at that time. After the destruction of Wu, Wu became a place outside the territory, but it was short-lived, and soon Anhui became a Chu land. The eastward spread of Chu culture is synchronous with the eastward advance of Chu people. With the eastward advance of Chu people, Chu culture spread from Hanshui to Huaishui and from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In the fashion trend, this new wind gradually spread all over the land of Jianghuai, like a breeze. The Chu people succeeded in the East, but they were defeated by Qiang Qin in the West. In 26 1 year BC, Chu Wei was forced to move the capital by Qin, that is, from Jiangling, Hubei to Fuyang, Anhui, and then moved to Shouchun (now Shouxian, Anhui) in fear, and Shouchun was called Ying (Capital). Chu ruled Anhui for more than 300 years, and the political, economic and cultural center of Chu moved eastward in the later period, and Anhui became the last destination of Chu people. Therefore, in the process of development, Anhui folk culture is inevitably deeply branded with Chu culture.

At first, mound tombs prevailed in Huainan and Jiangnan areas of Anhui Province, and the burial customs were the same as those of Wuyue people. Generally, graves are not dug, and the ground is sealed into mounds. The bottom of the tomb was covered with lime, burnt soil or plant ash, and no burial tools were found. However, under the influence of Chu customs, the custom of flat burial in Anhui basically disappeared in the Warring States period. Changing from mound tomb to pit tomb is undoubtedly a great change in burial custom. From the excavation of tombs in Lu 'an and Shucheng, it can be seen that the bronze ritual vessels in tombs in the early Warring States period were made in Chu, and the vessels were filled with green paste and mud, which was also a Chu custom and was replaced by strong Chu style. In the tombs in the late Warring States period, it is difficult to distinguish them from Chu tombs in terms of cultural features.

Chu people are superstitious about ghosts and gods, and witchcraft prevails. Wang Yi said in Qu Yuan's Nine Songs. People believe in witches and ghosts, and there are many prostitutes. ? Collection of History of Jingchu and Sui Dynasty:? As the saying goes1February 8? Wax drum spring grass? The villagers beat their waists and put on foreman Hu and Jin to drive away the epidemic. ? In the history of southern Anhui, the concept of witchcraft is also very strong, and in the activities of folk games to meet the gods, what is the relative ratio of fellow villagers? Until the eve of liberation? Jump five cabins? 、? Jumping ghosts? 、? Jump? It is still relatively common. People of all colors wear masks of God, singing and dancing, and exorcising evil spirits. Nowadays, an ancient and rare opera-Nuo Opera is preserved in Chizhou, southern Anhui. The performance is divided into three parts, namely Nuo ceremony and Nuo dance. Positive play? Nuo dance and auspicious words, in which the actors wear masks and have a strong witchcraft color, are limited to sacrificial activities. Only in this way can we see the profound influence of Chu culture on Anhui folk culture.

Among the customs of Chu people, there are sun worship, fire worship and phoenix worship. Chu people celebrated the birthday of the sun on June 6, and Anhui folk customs still retain the sun meeting and taboos about the sun. For example, men are not allowed to pee in the sun, and women are not allowed to bring menstruation to the sun. Chu people have the custom of worshipping fire, but Anhui folk customs have been preserved to this day? Thirty fires, fifteen lights? ; In the buried hill area of western Anhui, on the wedding day, newlyweds have to ask for fire along the way. Worship the sun and fire must be red. Anhui folk used it for thousands of years. Red? This is a festive color. The Chu people worship the phoenix, which is regarded as a firebird in both Japan and China. Anhui people have preserved many legends about the phoenix, and many place names have also been crowned? Phoenix? Words such as Fengtai and Fengyang. The worship of Phoenix and John Lone by Anhui folk reflects that Anhui folk customs are influenced by both Chu Feng and Yue and Zhou people. Many folk customs in Anhui are similar to Jingchu customs, and even the village names are influenced by the concept that Chu people are obsessed with the old capital. After Chu was destroyed by Qin, Chu people were scattered in exile all over the country, and their villages were also called? Hey? So the village near Shouchun, Anhui Province is still shouting? Xunzi? For example, Wang Daying, Zhang Xiaoying, Li Jiaying and so on, so some people call it Anhui folk culture? Dong Chu? Folk culture. In short, Anhui folk culture was deeply influenced by Chu culture in the early stage, especially the enterprising spirit, open spirit and creative consciousness in Chu culture were absorbed by Anhui people, creating brilliant Huaibei culture, Wanjiang culture and Xin 'an culture. In a sense, Anhui folk culture is the product of the fusion of Huaiyi culture in Huaihe River basin, Shanyue culture in Jiangnan, Chu culture in Central Plains and Huaxia culture.

Third, the variation of Anhui folk culture from Qin and Han Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties

After Qin destroyed Chu, the influence of Chu culture in Anhui remained the same. In the field of Chu culture, Taoism is the mainstream of Chu theory. At this time, Taoism in the Huaihe River Basin is still in a respected position. When the Qin Dynasty died and the Han Dynasty flourished, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion. To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone? However, Liu An, king of Huainan, and his guests created a classic to promote Taoism? Huai Nan Zi praised Lao Zi, despised Confucianism, and resisted Confucianism alone. As a result, Liu An and his guests were both killed for treason, involving tens of thousands of people. Since then, Confucian culture has gradually occupied Anhui from north to south, forming a pattern of coexistence of Confucianism and Taoism. Confucianism in the mainstream culture gradually penetrated into Anhui folk culture, which promoted the change and development of Anhui folk culture.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was chaos in the world. Due to the wars of various political groups, the three countries were divided. Cao Cao occupied northern Anhui, and Sun Wu occupied both sides of the Yangtze River and mountainous areas in southern Anhui. With the southward migration of the Han people and the development of the south of the Yangtze River, the contradiction between the Shanyue people living in the mountainous areas of southern Anhui and the Han people has intensified. What were the residents of mountainous areas in southern Anhui at that time? What's that bird's voice? Mountain Vietnamese. The primitive culture of Shanyue people is a single Shanyue culture. What are the characteristics of Shanyue culture? Little knowledge of etiquette? 、? Tough and martial? . During the Three Kingdoms period, after southern Anhui was included in the territory of the State of Wu, the mountain Vietnamese? According to the mountain insurance, not paying the king rent? ,? Protect and defend the countryside with material strength? Oppose the Sun Wu regime. For this reason, Sun Wu fought many battles with Yamagata. It was not until the 13th year of Jian 'an (2008) that Sun Quan's Ministry settled Shanyue with He Qi, and Shanyue people officially became Wu's editors, thus beginning the integration of Han culture and Shanyue culture.

What happened in the Central Plains at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty? Yongjia Rebellion? , resulting in the climax of population migration to the south. Southern Anhui, especially Huizhou, has become a refuge for northern Hao people? Peach Blossom Garden? More people from the Central Plains moved to southern Anhui, making southern Anhui truly enter the period of large-scale reclamation and development. The migration of northerners to the south not only injects great vitality into the economic and cultural development of the south, but also directly affects social customs and habits. The primitive samurai spirit of the indigenous Shanyue people and the gentry in the Central Plains? Protect the country? The concept of combining and forming? Martial arts wind? . The Examination of Custom Ethics says:? Martial arts prevailed in Liang, Chen and Sui dynasties, such as Cheng Zhongzhuang and Wang Yueguo, who all guarded the village. ? Shanyue people have gradually changed their living habits in the process of integration with foreign immigrants, and Shanyue culture has gradually integrated into China's cultural system, making southern Anhui? Public interest turns to elegance? .

During the Southern Dynasties, Buddhist beliefs spread rapidly in the south of China, from emperors and nobles to ordinary literati, all of them were dumped, intoxicated and addicted by this foreign belief which contained profound and wonderful theories. It affects all parts of the Yangtze River, and the trend of casting Buddha statues prevails. Liu, the son of General Jin Zhenbei, is still a child. When he saw someone pour a Buddha statue in Wuhu, he took off the golden mirror on his head and poured it for his mother. It shows that the Buddhist thought in Liu and Song Dynasties has been generally deepened. It's even worse when we arrive in Qiliang. Buddha worship became a custom at that time, not just? Attract a clean stream? And then what? Showing off vulgarity? . Therefore, the folk beliefs and customs in Wanjiang still retain a strong Buddhist flavor.

After the Southern Song Dynasty, people who have a far-reaching influence on the development of Anhui folk culture should push Zhu Neo-Confucianism. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, although Anhui folk had various beliefs, they were all suppressed. Only Neo-Confucianism is in an exclusive position and permeates all fields of social life. In Anhui, especially in Wanjiang and Huizhou, it has formed? Respect Confucianism alone? Social landscape has not only created the influence of China's literary world for hundreds of years? Tongcheng School Literature? And a large number of well-known literati in China have greatly changed the social atmosphere and made the decadent folk customs more vital. Daoguang's Xiuning County Records records that from the fields of Jingyi to the valleys in the mountains, there are places where people live, including study, teachers, books and history. His study was the first teacher in Zhuwei County. All the notes on the Six Classics are not compiled by Zhu, so my father and brother don't want to teach and my children don't want to learn. ? As a result of enthusiastically advocating Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, to? Read Zhu's books, learn Zhu's teaching and understand Zhu's ceremony? (Wu jiadian, Mingzhou) is proud of this, which has made profound changes in Huizhou folk customs. For example, Huizhou merchants take the concept of justice and benefit of Neo-Confucianism as their dogma, so? Jia er Hao ru? , to? Benevolence, courtesy, wisdom and faith? Arguing about business. Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism pays attention to loyalty to the monarch and filial piety, men are superior to women, mourning, building ancestral temples and monuments, so it is abundant? A virgin? 、? Filial son and grandson? Sacrifice yourself for traditional ethics. Zhao Jishi, a litterateur in Qing Dynasty, pointed out in "Sending a Garden":? Xin' an is the fiercest, one city and a half provinces. ? In a word, the spread of Neo-Confucianism has had a profound impact on the folk culture in southern Anhui, on the one hand, it has played a role in educating customs, on the other hand, it has also strengthened the feudal conservative state of folk culture.

Fourthly, the division and characteristics of Anhui folk culture.

Anhui province spans the Yangtze River, Huaihe River and Xin 'anjiang River, among which the Yangtze River and Huaihe River cross the whole territory, and the natural landforms are quite different from north to south. North of Huaihe River, the plain is vast and criss-crossed; Between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, there are mountains in the west and hills in the east. On both sides of the Yangtze River, rivers and lakes crisscross, and the water town is fertile; In the mountainous area of southern Anhui, the peaks are majestic. All kinds of landforms are distributed in the province, suitable for agriculture and forests, and rich in products. Because Anhui is located in the mid-latitude zone, the weather is changeable and the terrain is diverse. Cold and warm air mass activities are frequent, precipitation varies greatly from year to year, and disasters such as drought, waterlogging, wind, hail and freezing are frequent. In particular, the Yellow River seized the Huaihe River, causing chaos in the water system in Huaibei area, and various disasters continued year after year. People from the old days? Walking around with a flower drum on your back? ; Some make a living by playing shadow play, monkey tricks and busking; Some gangs are distorted, and immigrants are raised out of the village to eat. After 1949, we struggled to control water and subdue floods and droughts. However, disasters still strike irregularly, threatening people's lives and property. Due to the difference of natural environment, the production, life and language of urban and rural people in different areas are different to varying degrees, which has a profound impact on local folk customs.

Huaihe River Basin is adjacent to the Central Plains. There are frequent wars and disasters in history, and the folk customs are generally stubborn and martial, as recorded in Shouzhou Zhi. Simple folk customs? Learning is simple and negative, and sexual strength is taboo and suicide. ? In this cultural atmosphere, a large number of wise, resourceful and ambitious outstanding figures and generous elegies have been bred, and earth-shattering events have made countries all over the world sit up and take notice. On both sides of the Yangtze River, a land of plenty, men plow and women weave, and people are diligent in advocating literature. According to "An Qing Fu Zhi", in the hilly and mountainous areas along the river. Men plow and women weave, simple and without text. Old people with yellow hair, some people who don't know the city. Relocation, not good at merchants, fresh and thick, rich and few. ? When describing the polder fields along the Yangtze River, Hezhouzhi said:? Women workers are still relatively strong. Once they have taken a weft, it is no wonder that the articles are staggered. Men and women are still pioneering, and they have made great contributions to their loved ones. There is no escape of mountain salt, no ridicule of the city, no sculpture, and no foreign objects of tourists to move their ambitions. ? More than 200 years? Tongcheng school? Born here, too. Enjoy it? Chapter of the world, in Tongcheng? Fame. Huizhou is narrow and densely populated, emphasizing Jia but being good at Confucianism. ? Take merchants as the first-class business? . Folk songs:? I was born in Huizhou, thirteen or fourteen years old, and I lost it abroad. . Master Wang Ming really said:? There are too many customs of the emblem. People are thirteen in the city and seventeen in the world? . Huizhou merchants take Neo-Confucianism as their dogma, so they call it? Jia er Hao ru? . It is precisely because the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River and Xin 'anjiang gave birth to their respective regional cultures, that is, Huaihe River culture, Wanjiang culture and Xin 'anjiang culture, which constitute a splendid historical picture of Anhui.

Folk culture is a proof of the historical position of a country or region. Anhui folk culture has a long history and is rich and colorful. In order to create a new socialist civilization, we should explore and sort it out scientifically, effectively carry forward excellent folk culture and create new folk customs.

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