EB is the abbreviation of which country in Europe?

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Encyclopedia Britannica (also referred to as Encyclopedia Britannica) is considered to be the most famous and authoritative encyclopedia in the world today, and it is one of the three largest encyclopedias in the world (Encyclopedia America, Encyclopedia Britannica and Encyclopedia Collier). Encyclopedia Britannica was born in the atmosphere of Scottish Enlightenment in the18th century. The first edition of Encyclopedia Britannica was compiled in 1768, which lasted for three years. 177 1 year, the encyclopedia Britannica was completed in three volumes.

After 190 1 the American publisher Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc bought the copyright of EB, the publishing and editing work gradually moved to the United States. The Encyclopedia Britannica, which we are familiar with now, is an American company headquartered in Chicago. 1929, with the publication of version 14, Encyclopedia Britannica invested a lot of manpower and material resources, invited 4,000 scholars and experts from nearly 140 countries and regions to participate in the compilation, collected a large number of materials outside Europe, completed the fourteenth edition of all 24 volumes, and established its highest and most authoritative position in the encyclopedia field.

history

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Encyclopedia Britannica is the product of the Scottish Enlightenment. Colin Macfarquhar, a local bookseller and printer, and Andrew Bell, a sculptor, decided to publish a set of reference books in the name of gentlemen's association. They hired 28-year-old William Smellie to edit a three-volume Encyclopedia Britannica with 100 chapters for 200 pounds. The first volume was published in February 1768, and the price was sixpence. 177 1, all three volumes were completed, * * 239 1 page, of which copper plate carving 160, with a total sales volume of 3,000 sets. The three volumes are about the same length and are divided into A-B, C-L and M-Z. ..

As the first edition was quite successful, they decided to publish a larger second edition. Smellie refused to continue editing, so McFakar was the editor himself. The second edition *** 10, with 8595 pages, was published from 1777 to 1784.

However, the third edition published from 1788 to 1797 did reach the standard of encyclopedia. The editor at the beginning of this edition was McFakar, and george grey Ge was the editor after McFakar's death. It *** 18 volume, plus two supplementary volumes, has 16000 pages. This edition also includes articles specially written by experts and scholars hired by Greg for the Encyclopedia Britannica. This edition laid the foundation for Encyclopedia Britannica to become one of the most important reference books in the world.

Until the 10 edition, the important articles in Encyclopedia Britannica are often much longer and more academic than modern encyclopedias. /kloc-Articles in the Encyclopedia Britannica in the 0/9th century often contain the author's latest achievements.

It is generally believed that the French encyclopedia Dictionary of Science, Art and Technology is generally regarded as a model of the British encyclopedia. But the Encyclopedia Britannica is much more conservative. Later versions are usually dedicated to the ruling king or queen.

From the fourth edition to the sixth edition, there are many articles written by famous Scottish and British scholars: william hazlitt, john stewart Mueller, thomas robert malthus, david ricardo, walter scott, etc. Thomas Young attached his translation of Egyptian hieroglyphics on the Rosetta Stone to his article about Egypt.

/kloc-at the end of 0/820, Edinburgh Black Brothers Publishing House obtained the copyright of Encyclopedia Britannica, and they published the seventh and eighth editions. The ninth edition, also known as Scholar Edition, is published from 1875 to 1889, and contains profound academic articles written by many famous authors. Some people call it the pinnacle in the history of English encyclopedias. At that time, some British people thought that the authority of the book was "second only to God".

1895 Black Publishing House moved to London, and 190 1 year Encyclopedia Britannica was sold to The Times. The tenth edition *** 1 1 volume, including maps and catalogues, is actually a supplementary edition of the ninth edition. From 1897 to 1922, American Hoopa was the editor-in-chief. Starting from 1 1 version 1909, Cambridge University helped to edit and publish it.

From 19 10 to 19 1 1, the version of1was basically rewritten. It is regarded as a classic edition of Encyclopedia Britannica, and it also reflects the new goal of its new publisher. In order to attract readers and promote sales, this edition of the article not only retains academic rigor, but also improves readability. Its article is not as long as it used to be, but it is still very thorough. This version is now in the public domain. This edition is also the first edition in which all volumes are published at the same time, instead of one volume after another. All its contents can be seen here.

Since then, the publishing rights and trademarks of Encyclopedia Britannica have been sold to Sears Department Store and moved to Chicago, Illinois, USA. 12 and 13 are published in three supplementary volumes, and must be used together with 1 1. The edition of 14 published in 1929 once again shows the changes of the encyclopedia Britannica. It has fewer volumes and shorter articles so that more users can use it as a reference book. However, some people criticize it for deleting the contents that are not conducive to the Catholic Church [1].

194 1 year, Hills Department Store handed over its rights to the University of Chicago. William banton was editor-in-chief from 1943 until his death, and his wife died on 1974.

10 Swiss billionaire Jacob savery bought the copyright of Encyclopedia Britannica.

International Chinese version

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In China, Encyclopedia Britannica Publishing House cooperated with Encyclopedia China Publishing House 1980, and published the Chinese version of A Concise Encyclopedia Britannica in volume 10. The volume 1 1 was added to 1990. 1April, 1994, the brand-new encyclopedia Britannica (international Chinese version) was launched, with 20 volumes, 8 1600 entries, 15300 pictures and more than 43.5 million words.

The electronic network version comes out.

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Encyclopedia Britannica has not lagged behind in the development of the core media of electronic publishing. The first multimedia encyclopedia Compton's multimedia encyclopedia was published in 1989. 1994, the company launched Encyclopedia Britannica Online, which became the first encyclopedia on the Internet. Nowadays, although the publishing media has changed, the mission of Encyclopedia Britannica remains the same as when 1768 was founded: to become a global leader in reference books, education and learning!

After more than 200 years of revision and reprint, Encyclopedia Britannica has formed 32 volumes in English print, and the electronic version and online version have also been launched. 1994 The online edition of Encyclopedia Britannica, which was officially released, includes not only the contents of the printed edition, but also the latest revised edition and a large number of articles that are not in the printed edition, with 98,000 searchable entries. It contains 322 hand-drawn line drawings, 981/photos, 193 national flags, 337 maps, 204 animated videos, 7 14 tables and other rich contents.

Knowledge distribution

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life sciences

Paleontology, biology and biology, algae, plants, invertebrates, mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians, anatomy, anatomical physiology, medicine, environment, agriculture, forestry, fisheries and animal husbandry, food, biographies.

natural science

Physics, chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, earth science, minerals and fuels, measurement, biographies.

social science

Anthropology, archaeology, society, economy, politics, military affairs, education, law, psychology, organization, biographies.

engineering

Communications, transportation, electronics and computers, aerospace science and technology, military science and technology, engineering, machinery and tools, biographies.

history

Ancient history, American history, European history, Asian history, Oceania history, African history, China and Taiwan Province province history, historiography and historical events, biographies of people.

geography

Geographical regions, countries, administrative regions and others, cities and towns, China and Taiwan Province provinces, topography, mountains, water systems and lakes, oceans, islands, parks and protected areas, adventures and biographies.

Philosophy and religion

Philosophical concepts and schools, religion, Bible, metaphysics, classics, biographies.

Art and humanities

Architecture, calligraphy and painting, sculpture, photography, craft, art genre, language, literature and creation, fable and myth, music, dance, drama, mass communication, cultural institutions, biographies.

Sports and entertainment

Sports, games, entertainment, folk customs and festivals, biographies.

compete

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Today, the biggest competitor of Encyclopedia Britannica is the information on the Internet. Many people prefer to use search engines such as Google and Yahoo to search for the information they need, but such information is often messy, and Encyclopedia Britannica can provide a lot of well-organized information from one source.

Other competitors on the Internet include Wikipedia. It is difficult to compare the quality of Encyclopedia Britannica and Wikipedia. In June 5438+February 65438+April 2005, Nature compared 4 1 scientific articles in two encyclopedias, and concluded that Wikipedia contains 162 errors, while Britannica contains 123 errors. The Encyclopedia Britannica accuses nature of making a serious mistake in comparison. First of all, it says that not all articles belonging to the Encyclopedia Britannica are taken from the Encyclopedia Britannica. Two of the articles were taken from the Encyclopedia Britannica, not the Encyclopedia Britannica itself, and the other two were taken from the Compton Encyclopedia. The source of another article is unknown. In addition, some articles in Encyclopedia Britannica are combined. Some of the mistakes described in Nature are not actually content errors (such as spelling mistakes). Nature insists on its own comparison results and denies that this comparison is wrong.

It is also difficult to compare with other printed encyclopedias. For example, in a comparison in 1994, Kenneth kister thinks that Encyclopedia Britannica is above most other encyclopedias, but not as good as Encyclopedia Damei, Encyclopedia of World Books and Encyclopedia Compton.

Hope to adopt ~ ~