How to grow mushrooms

(1) temperature

The optimum temperature for basidiospore germination is 22-26℃.

The temperature range of mycelium growth is 5-24℃, and the optimum temperature is 24-27℃. However, due to the protection of wood, mushroom wood can survive safely in the mountains with the temperature below -20℃ or in the low altitude areas with the temperature above 40℃, and the mycelium will not die.

Lentinus edodes is a kind of low temperature and variable temperature mushroom. Lentinus edodes primordium differentiated at 8-2 1℃, and 10- 12℃ was the best. The fruiting body develops in the range of 5-24℃, and the optimum temperature is 8-65438 06℃. In the same variety, at low temperature (10- 12℃), the fruiting body develops slowly, the stipe is short, the flesh is thick and the quality is good. At high temperature (above 20℃), the fruiting body develops rapidly, the stipe is long and there are many bacteria and meat.

Mushroom

Thin, poor quality. At constant temperature, Lentinus edodes does not form fruiting bodies.

⑵ Moisture

In sawdust culture medium, the optimum water content for mycelium growth is 60-70%; The suitable water content of mushroom wood is 32-40%, the survival rate of inoculation below 32% is not high, and the mycelium growth is extremely poor under the condition of 10%- 15%. In the process of fruiting body formation, the moisture content of mushroom wood should be kept at about 60%, and the air humidity should be 80-90%.

⑶ Nutrition

Lentinus edodes is a wood rot fungus, its main nutrients are carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds, as well as a small amount of inorganic salts and vitamins. All kinds of nutrients in mushroom wood and culture medium can only be absorbed and utilized by mushrooms if they are dissolved in water.

① Carbon source

Mushroom mycelium can use a wide range of carbon sources, including monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, and the sugar concentration is 1-5%.

② Nitrogen source

Mushroom mycelium can use organic nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen, but it cannot use nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen. In the vegetative growth stage of Lentinus edodes mycelium, the ratio of carbon source to nitrogen source is 25-40: 1, and high concentration of nitrogen will inhibit the differentiation of Lentinus edodes primordia. In the reproductive growth stage, higher carbon is needed.

③ Mineral elements

Besides magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus and potassium, the coexistence of iron, zinc and manganese can promote the growth of Lentinus edodes mycelium and have complementary effects. Calcium and boron can inhibit the growth of mushroom mycelium.

④ Vitamins

The growth of mushroom mycelium must absorb vitamin B 1, and other vitamins are not needed. The concentration of vitamin B 1 suitable for mushroom growth is about 100 μm per liter of culture medium. During wood cultivation, the mycelium of Lentinus edodes secretes a variety of enzymes to decompose macromolecules such as lignin, cellulose and starch, and absorbs carbon, nitrogen and mineral elements from the phloem and xylem of Lentinus edodes.

(4) Air

Lentinus edodes belongs to aerobic fungi, and sufficient fresh air is one of the important environmental conditions to ensure the normal growth and development of Lentinus edodes. Agrocybe aegerita and Agrocybe aegerita, the cultivation environment is too closed and easy to be deformed.

5] light

Lentinus edodes is a phototactic fungus, and appropriate intensity of diffuse light is a necessary condition for Lentinus edodes to complete its normal life history. However, mycelium growth does not require light. The results showed that blue light with the wavelength of 380-540nm inhibited the growth of mycelium, but it was most beneficial to the formation of primordia. The differentiation, growth and development of fruiting body of Lentinus edodes need light. Without light, fruiting bodies cannot be formed. The research shows that the light intensity of 40-7-lx is more suitable. Lentinus edodes primordium is often long in the dark, with small cover, long stalk, light color, thin meat and poor quality.

[6] pH value

The pH value of the culture solution suitable for mushroom mycelium growth is 5-6. The pH value of 3.5-4.5 is suitable for the formation of Lentinus edodes primordia and the development of fruiting bodies. In the process of wood decay, the pH value of mushroom wood decreases continuously, thus promoting the formation of fruiting bodies.

cultivation techniques

1 Settings of mushroom farm

The better mushroom farm should be gentle slope, with good resources, close water source, shade, gravel, acidity, away from the north wind and sunny.

2) Clean up the site

(1) According to the requirements of three points for dew and seven points for shade at the turn of spring and summer, it is beneficial to the operation management and ventilation of the site to cut low and leave high.

② Remove the litter, bark and roots of the site, as well as decayed things within several meters outside the site, and eradicate the breeding ground of miscellaneous bacteria and pests.

(3) According to the terrain, set up fences for people to walk, ditch cleaning and drainage facilities.

(4) When natural shading is insufficient, build a shading shed (2m high) or plant melons for shading in the future.

⑤ The last step of mushroom farm cleaning is to sprinkle lime on the ground to control insects and ants and inhibit the spread of miscellaneous bacteria.

2 Selection and subsection preparation of mushroom trees

1) mushroom tree selection

There are not less than 200 kinds of trees that can be used to cultivate Lentinus edodes, most of which belong to FAGACEAE, betulaceae and Hamamelidaceae. Mushroom trees must meet the following conditions:

① No aromatic oil substances;

(2) The bark has moderate thickness and is not easy to separate, which is beneficial to the adjustment of temperature and humidity and reduces the probability of infection by miscellaneous bacteria;

③ Proper and strong wood, with more sapwood and less heartwood, is beneficial to the full decomposition and utilization of mushroom mycelium.

2) Tree diameter and age

It is not advisable to choose trees that are too thick and too thin to cultivate mushrooms. The average diameter is 12-20cm, and the age is 10-25 years old.

Trees with thinner bark can be older; Trees with thick bark can be younger. Thin-skinned trees produce mushrooms quickly, but the mushroom cover is thin and the mushroom meat is loose; Thick-skinned trees produce mushrooms slowly, but the mushroom quality is good. Young heartwood is small, the mushroom grows early after inoculation, the mushroom is thin and small, and the mushroom is rotten in Mu Yi, so the mushroom continuous period is short.

3) Wood section preparation: mainly includes cutting trees, drying logs and cutting branches.

(1) Cut down trees in time

Advocating Huang Ye to cut down trees, that is, to enter a dormant period. At this time, the stored nutrients are the most abundant, and the bark and xylem are closely combined, so it is not easy to peel when moving. The chopped mushrooms are called logs.

② Proper drying.

Drying logs is actually to adjust the water content of logs to facilitate the colonization and growth of hyphae after inoculation. The water content of different tree species is different, so the drying time is different. It is often considered that there is no germination ability after drying, or it is appropriate that the juice does not ooze when inoculating and drilling holes. At this time, the water content is about 40-45%.

③ Branch cutting

After logs are properly dried (when several short cracks appear in the cross section of logs), they should be planed and cut off in time. The log after cutting branches is called saving wood. The length of the wood segment should be1.0-1.2m. If there are branchlets, leave 3-5cm at the bifurcation to cut them off, so as not to increase the incision area and increase the chance of infection.

Brush the section with 5% fresh lime milk as soon as possible after cutting the branches to prevent foreign bacteria from invading from the wound.

Variety selection

(1) variety

The main cultivated varieties are: Cr02, Cr04, L26, Xiang 7, Taixiang, Wuxiang 1, Lentinus edodes 867, Lentinus edodes 937 and so on.

(2) Artificial inoculation

Inoculation period: Generally, it can be inoculated at the temperature of 5~20℃. The monthly average temperature 10℃ is the most suitable. Under normal circumstances, the inoculation of trees in the Yangtze River basin should be from late February to April, preferably in early March; South China can be carried out from June 1 1 to June 1 of the following year, and the best inoculation period is from late October to early February of1.

Inoculation tool

Inoculation of sawdust strains or rod-shaped wood blocks can be carried out with a hand electric drill or a 4-6 pound hammer punch.

Inoculation method and matters needing attention

Generally, the row spacing is about 6cm, and the hole spacing is about 12 cm. The holes near both ends should be at least 5 cm away from the slice to prevent the invasion of miscellaneous bacteria. The diameter of the hole is1.2-1.5cm, and the depth is about1.5cm. The hole should be made into a plum blossom shape, and the thin part of the wood can adopt a spiral structure.

vaccination

Inoculate bacteria as soon as possible after drilling to prevent the hole wall from drying and the invasion of miscellaneous bacteria. Generally speaking, the construction should be inoculated at any time, and the inoculation amount of each hole should be 80% of the hole depth. General 1m3 wood length requires 15-20 bottles of 750ml strains.

Immediately after inoculation, seal it with wax, or cover it with a wooden block with the same size as the hole, and knock it flat with a hammer to prevent rainwater, miscellaneous bacteria and pests from invading, reduce the evaporation of water in the hole and protect the growth of hyphae.

Rhizoctonia superba

After inoculation, the wooden blocks should be placed in the selected indoor or outdoor mushroom farm in time. After the wood blocks are stacked, the stacking temperature should be kept at 10- 15℃, and the moisture content of the wood blocks should be 50-60%. The way to stack.

⑴ Erection: It takes about 20-30 days from grafting to planting survival, and it can be erected in winter and spring.

⑵ Well stacking type: suitable for rainy season or humid environment.

⑶ Pteris: Suitable for dry and hot seasons or dry conditions.

⑷ Tile type: used in damp sites with poor ventilation, or when there are few mushrooms and trees and the slope of the site is large.

Mushroom and wood stacking management

After mushroom and wood are piled up, management should be strengthened to create good conditions suitable for mycelium growth and fruiting body formation. The management of stacking period is an important factor to determine the success or failure of mushroom cultivation, which is related to the survival rate of mycelium and the appearance of the first batch of mushrooms sooner or later. The following work must be done:

(1) Moisture retention and heat preservation

After inoculation, due to the broken mycelium, the viability of the strain suddenly decreased and its adaptability to the environment weakened. In order to make the injured mycelium grow rapidly and extend into the mushroom wood as soon as possible, it is necessary to keep warm and moisturize. If it is found that the bark of mushroom wood is cracked and tilted, or even the mushroom wood is cracked, it should be shaded as soon as possible and watered and moisturized. The air humidity should be 60-70% and the temperature should be 15-25℃.

⑵ Check the survival rate of the strain.

After about two weeks of accumulation, mycelium has grown out of the gap of the inoculation hole and formed a white circle, indicating that mycelium has survived and colonized. If the white circle does not appear within one month, the inoculation cover must be opened to observe the mycelium, and measures such as supplementing water, strengthening ventilation or raising temperature should be taken to promote the survival of the mycelium. If a dead hole is found, it needs replanting.

(3) turning over the pile

Because the temperature and humidity of each layer of mushroom wood are different, the water content is easy to change, and the mycelium will grow unevenly if it is not turned over. Therefore, after inoculation, the pile should be turned every 2-3 weeks, and the positions in the upper, lower, left and right sides should be interchanged. When turning the pile, the stacking form should be changed according to the changes of temperature, rainfall and bark thickness, so as to facilitate the growth of hyphae. At the same time, watering and moisturizing should be combined with turning over the pile during drought.

(4) Shading

After the mushroom wood is piled up, it must be shaded according to different environmental conditions to avoid direct sunlight, so as to maintain the moisture content of the mushroom wood. It should be moistureproof for a long time and don't drown the mycelium.

5] Prevent miscellaneous bacteria and pests.

Morphological atlas of Lentinus edodes (8 sheets)

To cultivate Lentinus edodes under natural conditions, it is necessary to take corresponding measures to prevent the harm of miscellaneous bacteria and pests as much as possible and reduce their occurrence. For example, the mushroom farm should be disinfected by turning over the pile, removing weeds around, regulating air and moisture, ensuring the rapid growth of mushroom hyphae, which is not conducive to the reproduction of miscellaneous bacteria.

Fruit body generation

(1) lifting time

After inoculation, the growth rate of mycelium varies with the size of mushroom wood, tree species, stacking and management. In warm areas, hyphae are usually inoculated in late winter and early spring. After three seasons of spring, summer and autumn, it takes about 8-9 months to mature. However, in cold regions or when the mushroom wood is too big, it takes two summers for the mycelium to develop to the fruiting level at the beginning of winter (about165438+1October 7th). When the monthly average temperature dropped to 14- 16℃, mushroom buds appeared one after another. At this point, the mushroom wood should be moved to a place suitable for the formation of fruiting bodies (it should be 6-0.

Wood should be erected at the right time. If the wood stands too early, the temperature is too high and the humidity is too low, the management is not good.

Mushroom

Easy to dry and peel; Hanging trees too late will affect the production of fruiting bodies and reduce the yield.

Generally, when tapping the bark of mushroom wood with the back of a knife or fingers, the sound or bark tissue is soft, rough or lumpy, with yellow or yellowish brown skin and mushroom smell, indicating that the mycelium in mushroom wood is mature and has the basis for producing fruiting bodies. It should be transferred to mushroom farm in time, and at the same time, miscellaneous bacteria or new branches of mushroom wood should be removed.

⑵ Lifting method

First lay a stake and put a crossbar about 65cm from the ground. Mushroom farms can be set higher in humid environment and lower in dry environment. The length of the crossbar depends on the terrain, and the two sides are herringbone and staggered. The spacing between mushroom trees is more than 10cm, which is convenient for the formation and harvesting of fruiting bodies.

(3) Result period management.

After the mushroom wood is scattered, the water content of mushroom wood decreases, and it is often rainy and humid in winter, so it is difficult to meet the water needed for mushroom wood production. Therefore, before the tree is erected, it is necessary to replenish water before the tree is erected. At this time, because the mushroom wood is concentrated and the water supply is convenient, the water loss can be reduced. There are two ways to replenish water for mushroom wood: soaking in water and spraying water.

The former can only soak mushroom wood in water for 8- 12 hours. This method saves water and time, and produces mushrooms neatly, but it is labor intensive and consumes a lot of mushroom wood. It is not advisable to soak in running water to avoid nutrient loss. The latter needs to be supplemented continuously for 4-6 days and sprayed intermittently for 3-6 hours every day.

Precautions:

① When the temperature of mushroom wood is low (below 10℃) after hydration, it must be kept at about 20℃ and moisturized by more than 85% to accelerate germination. When the mushroom buds grow to the size of soybeans, the wood will be scattered.

(2) When adding water, don't choose when the temperature is very dry, and it is best to make it up at one time. When the first batch of mushrooms are harvested, they cannot be replenished immediately. Let mushrooms dry for a period of time (1-2 months), and then replenish water for the second time to promote germination, which can stimulate hyphae and promote differentiation.

Postharvest management

Mushrooms planted in wood have the characteristics of one inoculation and fruiting for many years. Mushrooms are mostly produced in spring and autumn. When the mushroom umbrella is not fully unfolded, that is, the edge of the mushroom cap is still slightly rolled in, and the mushroom membrane has just broken, it is the best time for harvesting. Its output can reach 10- 15 kg /m3.

After several months of fruiting body growth and development, most of the original accumulated nutrients developed into mushrooms. In the second year, if you want to produce high-yield and high-quality mushrooms, you need to continue to restore growth and accumulate substances. Therefore, after the mushroom harvest period, it is necessary to resume mycelium growth and accumulate nutrition as soon as possible. After the mushroom wood is harvested, the mushroom wood is moved back to the stacking yard, and the previous procedures are repeated, namely stacking, water replenishment, erection, etc.

Harvest and classification

(1) Harvest

Generally, when the mushroom lid is unfolded by 70-80%, the edge of the mushroom lid is still rolled in, and the inner mushroom membrane under the mushroom pleats is broken, and it is harvested quickly. At this time, the mushroom shape, mushroom quality and flavor are excellent. If 90% of the mushroom cover is unfolded before harvesting, the mushroom cover will still unfold after harvesting, which will affect the grade of mushrooms. If the mushroom lid is fully unfolded, the edge of the mushroom lid will turn upward after baking, forming a thin mushroom with more fibers in the stalk and poor mushroom quality.

(2) Classification

Once the hyphae form fruiting bodies, they can grow and develop even at higher or lower temperatures, but the quality is different. For example, at a higher temperature above 20℃, mushrooms grow fast, but the meat is thin, the lid is easy to open, the stems are long, and the quality is poor, commonly known as "heart fragrance".

When the temperature is low, the growth of Lentinus edodes is slow, but the meat is thick, the lid is difficult to open, the stalk is short and the quality is good, especially below 12℃, and the growth of Lentinus edodes is slow, generally forming a "winter mushroom" with short stalk and thick meat.

In the early stage of fruiting body formation, if it is attacked by dry weather or frost, it will not continue to grow or even die. However, when the fruiting body grows to more than 2cm, the surface of the mushroom cap will crack into patterns when the above environmental conditions are met. This kind of mushroom has the best quality and is called "flower mushroom".

Low or variable temperature has a good stimulating effect on the formation of fruiting bodies. For example, just before the results, it encounters a low temperature of about 0℃ (it is ideal to snow) and then turns warm, or the weather is hot and cold, and the daily temperature varies from 5℃ to 20℃ at around 15℃, or the temperature is high during the day (20℃) and low at night (65433).

From the production point of view, the optimum temperature is 15- 18℃, or 20℃ in the daytime and 10℃ in the evening, which not only leads to fast growth, high yield and good quality.