Species and regional distribution of medicinal plants?

China has a vast territory, complex terrain and diverse climate, which is suitable for the growth and reproduction of all kinds of plants and is known as the "plant kingdom". There are 35,000-45,000 species of higher plants alone, many of which have medicinal value. According to preliminary statistics, there are more than 6,000 kinds of medicinal plants in China, ranking first in the world, and most of them have been included in the works of medicinal plants such as Records of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Illustration of Primary Color Materia Medica, and Xinhua Compendium of Materia Medica. At present, more than 500 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines have been purchased all over the country, most of which are commonly used Chinese medicines. Now, the important commonly used traditional Chinese medicines are listed in Figure 3- 1.

Fig. 3- 1 Distribution of Important and Commonly Used Traditional Chinese Medicines

1 .ginseng 2. Three seven three. Rhubarb (3a palmately leaf rhubarb, 3b Xixia rhubarb) 4. Sophora tonkinensis (4a Sophora tonkinensis, 4b Sophora tonkinensis) 5. Corydalis yanhusuo 6. Auckland Lappa 7. Fritillaria thunbergii 8 Fritillaria thunbergii (Fritillaria thunbergii, flat shell, northern Hubei) 9. Achyranthes bidentata 10. Aconite 1 1. Atractylodes macrocephala 12. Atractylodes lancea (12a), Atractylodes macrocephala 12b) 13. Cynanchum stauntonii (Cynanchum stauntonii) 14. Cynanchum atratum 15. Peony 16. Coptis chinensis 17. Gastrodia elata 18. Morinda officinalis 19. 22b Angelica dahurica) 23. Angelica sinensis 24 Ophiopogon japonicus 25 Alisma orientalis 26. Acanthopanax senticosus 27. Picrorhiza 28. Gentiana macrophylla 29. Platycodon grandiflorum 30 Belamcanda 3 1. Acorus gramineus 32 Acorus gramineus 33 Scutellaria baicalensis 34. Radix puerariae 35. Arnebia euchroma hard 36. Arnebia euchroma 37. Tianxing 38. Pinellia ternata 3 turmeric 44. Yujin 45. Zedoary 46. Codonopsis pilosula (46a Ludang, 46b Chuandang) 47. Astragalus membranaceus Yam 49. Chuanxiong 50. Gentiana 5 1. Shengdi 52. Lily 53. Windproof 54. Polygalae 55. Notopterygium incisum (55a Chuanqiang, 55b Xiqiang) 56. Radix Angelicae Pubescentis Chuanxiong 57. Cynanchum atratum (white flowers) 58. Bupleurum 59. Bupleurum 60. Amomum villosum 6 1. Yizhi 62. Chenpi 63. Fructus Aurantii 64. Bergamot 66. Bergamot 67. Orange 68. Bitter almond 69 Plum kernel 70. Gentleman 76. Lycium barbarum (Ningxia Lycium barbarum) 77. Gardenia 78. Betel nut 79. Ziziphus jujuba seed 80. Dendrobium 8 1. Cistanche deserticola 82. Asari 83. Mint 84. Pogostemon 85. Daqingye (Song Qing). Loquat leaf 87. Honeysuckle 88. Honghua 89. Chrysanthemum 90 Cortex Phellodendri 96, Cortex Phellodendri 97, Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis 98, Herba Taxilli 99, benzoin 100, Ferula10/,Cordyceps sinensis 102, Poria cocos 103. In order to understand the regional distribution of Chinese medicinal plants, we divide them into six categories according to the comprehensive natural division of China.

(1) cold temperate zone

The cold temperate zone is very small, limited to the northwest corner of Heilongjiang, Mohe area at the northern end of Daxinganling and the area north of Oroqen in Inner Mongolia. This belt has a long winter (more than 8 months) and no summer, and the spring and autumn are connected. The growing period is very short, only about 3 months. The annual average temperature is -2.2-5.5℃, the Leng Yue average temperature is -28-38℃, the absolute minimum temperature is -50℃, the average temperature in the hottest month can reach 16-20℃, the annual average temperature difference is nearly 50℃, and the frost-free period is 80- 100 days. The daily average temperature ≥5℃ is 130 days, and the daily average temperature ≥ 10℃ is less than 120 days. The annual accumulated temperature (the sum of the daily average temperature ≥ 10℃ in one year, the same below) is 1 100. The annual precipitation is 350—500mm, which belongs to the humid climate type.

Medicinal plants distributed in natural vegetation in cold temperate zone mainly include Schisandra chinensis, Atractylodes lancea, Cimicifuga foetida, Ligularia sibirica, Rhododendron manshurica, Corydalis yanhusuo, Lily, Gentiana macrophylla, Cortex Phellodendri, Herba Ephedrae, Veronica, Clematis, Thalictrum sagittatum, Pyrola, Thyme, Trollius chinensis, Patrinia, etc.

(2) Middle temperate zone (temperate zone)

The middle temperate zone covers a large area, extending from the northeast to Xinjiang, including the Songliao Plain in the north of Shenyang, the northeast, the Yanshan Mountains, the north of the yinshan mountains and the north of Xinjiang. The annual average temperature is 2-8℃, the Leng Yue average temperature is -2.5- 10℃, the absolute minimum temperature is about -40℃, the hottest month average temperature is 2 1-24℃, the annual average temperature difference is generally 30-40℃, and the frost-free period is100-/kloc. The daily average temperature ≥5℃ is 150- 180 days, the daily average temperature ≥ 10℃ is 120- 150 days, and the annual active accumulated temperature is1600-320 days. The annual precipitation ranges from more than 600-800 mm in the humid area in the east to less than 50-60 mm in the extremely arid area in the west, and the precipitation is mainly concentrated in July and August.

Medicinal plants distributed in the middle temperate zone mainly include:

1. Roots and rhizomes

Ginseng Radix, Radix Acanthopanacis Senticosi, Radix Gentianae, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae, Bulbus Fritillariae Sinkiang, Rhizoma Arisaematis, Rhizoma Corydalis, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Radix Bupleuri, Radix Bupleuri, Radix Astragali, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Rhizoma Corydalis, Rhizoma Gastrodiae, Radix Aconiti (Radix Aconiti Stellati) and Lilium tenuifolium. Cimicifuga Hinggan, Cimicifuga Hinggan, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Rhododendron Hinggan, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Caulis Akebiae, Thalictrum, Tripterygium Wilfordii, Actinidia arguta.

2. Seeds and fruits

Schisandra chinensis, Siberian apricot, hawthorn, blueberry, Mongolian almond, Ningxia wolfberry.

3. Whole grass

Asari, epimedium, boschniakia rossica, cistanche deserticola, ephedra.

4. Leather

Close the phellodendron.

5. flowers

Trollius brevipetalum, Trollius longipetalum, Farfara Flos, Carthami Flos.

6. Fungi

Ganoderma lucidum, Coriolus versicolor, Polyporus, puffball, Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricula.

(3) Warm temperate zone

This hot zone extends from the south of the Great Wall to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River north of the Qinling Mountains, including Beijing, Shandong, Liaodong Peninsula, North China Plain, Tarim Basin in the southeast of the Loess Plateau, and southern Liaoning in the northeast. The annual average temperature is 9- 14℃, the most Leng Yue average temperature is-13-2℃, the absolute minimum temperature is -30-20℃, the hottest month average temperature is 24-28℃, and the annual average temperature difference is about 30℃. The annual frost-free period is 180-240 days. The daily average temperature is ≥5℃2 10-270 days, ≥ 10℃ 150-220 days, and the annual active accumulated temperature is 3200-4500℃. In the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River and other basins, it belongs to sub-humid areas, with precipitation of 500-600 mm or even 800-900 mm, and precipitation is concentrated in July and August. The climate in southern Xinjiang is extremely dry, with annual precipitation below 50-60mm.

Medicinal plants distributed in warm temperate zones mainly include:

1. Roots and rhizomes

Radix Codonopsis, Radix Astragali, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae, Radix Rehmanniae, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Coral (Radix Glehniae), Rhizoma Arisaematis in Northeast China, Rhizoma Pinelliae, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Scutellariae Radix, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Radix Morindae Officinalis, Rhizoma Alismatis, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Rhizoma Polygonati and Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati.

2. Seeds and fruits

Fructus Lycii, Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, Fructus Crataegi, Coicis Semen, Fructus Forsythiae and Trichosanthes kirilowii.

3. Whole grass

Cistanche deserticola, Cynomorium songaricum, Solidago, sweet potato seedlings (Eupatorium adenophorum), Herba Ephedrae.

4. Leather

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv And cortex phellodendri.

5. flowers

Honeysuckle (honeysuckle), safflower, coltsfoot flower, chrysanthemum.

6. Fungi

Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, puffball.

(4) North subtropical zone (subtropical zone)

This hot zone is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Hanshui River Basin, the central part of Guizhou Province and the northern plateau of Yunnan Province. The annual average temperature 14- 16℃, the Leng Yue average temperature is 2.2-4.8℃, the hottest month average temperature is 28-29℃, the annual frost-free period is 240-260 days, and the daily average temperature is ≥ 5℃ for 240-270 days, ≥10. This area belongs to humid climate type; The northern Yunnan Plateau belongs to the tropical west Asia, with precipitation mainly concentrated in June-September. The annual temperature is 15 1, and the extreme minimum temperature is -5- 10℃. The annual precipitation in the east is more than 900mm, even 1, 400- 1, 600 mm, and the precipitation is often concentrated in June and July, with the annual temperature of 25-30℃ and the extreme minimum temperature of-10-20℃.

Medicinal plants distributed in the north subtropical zone mainly include:

1. Roots and rhizomes

Radix Asparagi, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Paeoniae, Coral (Radix Glehniae), Radix Rehmanniae, Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii, Rhizoma Corydalis, Radix Polygalae, Achyranthis Radix, Rhizoma Belamcandae, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Ophiopogonis, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis, Radix Bupleuri, Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati, Rhizoma Pinelliae, Rhizoma Pinelliae (Rhizoma Arisaematis), Radix Pseudostellariae and Rhizoma Gastrodiae.

2. Seeds and fruits

Aristolochia, Fructus Chaenomelis, Trichosanthes kirilowii, Cortex Cinnamomi, Fructus Psoraleae, Fructus Forsythiae, Fructus Gardeniae, Coicis Semen, Fructus Viticis, Semen Vaccariae, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Fructus Crotonis, Fructus quisqualis, Fructus Crataegi and Fructus Evodiae.

3. Whole grass

Dendrobium, mint and Schizonepeta tenuifolia.

Step 4 leave

cotton rose

5. Rattan wood

uncaria

6. Leather

Magnolia officinalis, Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Kawabata Yasunari Kawabata Yasunari.

7. flowers

Flos Magnoliae, Chrysanthemum, Rose and Farfarae.

8. fungi

Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, Hericium erinaceus, Polyporus.

(5) Central subtropical zone (subtropical zone)

This hot zone is divided into two parts: east and west. The eastern part includes Jiangnan hills between Jiangnan and Nanling, north-central Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, northern Guangdong Province, Sichuan Basin and some Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The annual average temperature is 16-2 1℃, the most Leng Yue average temperature is 5- 12℃, the hottest month average temperature is 28-29℃, the absolute minimum temperature is -5- 10℃, and the absolute maximum temperature is 38-41 Jiangnan area belongs to the humid climate type in the middle subtropical zone, and the annual precipitation is 1400- 1800 mm, mostly from April to June. The annual precipitation in Sichuan Basin is 1000- 1200mm, mostly from June to July. The west includes Yunnan Plateau and the southeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. At an altitude of 2000m in Yunnan Plateau, the annual average temperature is 15- 16℃, the most Leng Yue average temperature is 9.0℃, the hottest month average temperature is 20.0℃, the annual average temperature difference is only10-1℃, and the annual frost-free period is 20. Due to the high altitude, it is less affected by the cold wave, and it is warm in winter and cool in summer. The annual precipitation is 700-1200mm.

Medicinal plants distributed in the middle subtropical zone mainly include:

1. Roots and rhizomes

Radix Cyathulae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Radix Asparagi, Rhizoma Arisaematis, Rhizoma Pinelliae, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Rehmanniae, Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii, Rhizoma Corydalis, Bulbus Lilii, Radix Polygalae, Rhizoma Atractylodis, Radix Isatidis, Rhizoma Belamcandae, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Ophiopogonis, Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Radix Pseudostellariae, Radix Curcumae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae,

2. Seeds and fruits

Aristolochia, Fructus Chaenomelis, Fructus Arctii, Fructus Crotonis, Trichosanthes kirilowii, Semen Euryales, Evodia rutaecarpa, Fructus quisqualis, Fructus Gardeniae, Coicis Semen, Semen Vaccariae, Plum (Mume Fructus), Semen Euphorbiae, Lime (Fructus Aurantii), Fructus Citri, Vitex negundo, Semen Ginkgo, Fructus Siraitiae Grosvenorii, Fructus Lycii, Fructus Jujubae and Fructus Crataegi.

3. Whole grass

Herba Dendrobii, Herba Schizonepetae, Herba Elsholtzia, Herba Menthae, Herba Ajugae, Perillae Herba, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Prunellae Spica, Herba Epimedii, Asari, Herba Sarcandrae and 4. Skin.

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv , Magnolia Officinalis, Peony (Cortex Moutan), Fructus Toosendan and Cortex Phellodendri (Berberis in Anhui).

5. flowers

Flos Magnoliae, Flos Lonicerae, Flos Carthami, Stigma Croci Sativi, and Flos Chrysanthemi.

6. Rattan wood

Uncaria rhynchophylla and Spatholobus suberectus in Kunming.

7. Fungi

Tremella, Poria, Ganoderma lucidum, Wan Lei, Polyporus.

(6) South subtropical zone (subtropical zone)

This hot zone is subtropical or subtropical, including south of Nanling Mountains, northern and central Taiwan Province Province, southeastern Fujian Province and Guangdong Province, Pearl River Basin, Xijiang River Basin, central Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and central and southern Yunnan Province. The climate is warm and humid with a long frost-free period. The annual average temperature is 20-22℃, the most Leng Yue average temperature is 12- 14℃, the hottest month average temperature is 28-29℃, the annual average temperature difference is 12- 16℃, and the annual average daily temperature is ≥5℃ and ≥/kloc-. Except Jinsha River Valley, which is a sub-humid climate type, the rest areas are all humid climate types. The annual precipitation in the eastern region is 1600-2000 mm, mostly in May-June, the annual average temperature difference is 15-20℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is 0-5℃. The annual precipitation 1000- 1500mm, the annual average temperature difference 10℃ and the extreme minimum temperature of 0-2℃ in the western region (southern Yunnan).

Medicinal plants distributed in the south subtropical zone mainly include:

1. Roots and rhizomes

Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Radix Aucklandiae, Rauvolfia, Radix Asparagi, Rhizoma Arisaematis in Taiwan Province, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Rhizoma Homalomenae, Radix Morindae Officinalis, Lily, Radix Isatidis, Rhizoma Alismatis, Rhizoma Corydalis Decumbentis, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Ophiopogonis, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Radix Curcumae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae and Radix Isatidis.

2. Seeds and fruits

Illicium verum, Fructus Chaenomelis, Croton, Trichosanthes kirilowii, Fructus Piperis Longi, Semen Euryales, Fructus Evodiae of South China, Fructus quisqualis, Fructus Amomi, Fructus Bruceae, Fructus Gardeniae, Coicis Semen, Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis, Fructus Momordicae, Fructus Tsaoko, Fructus Psoraleae, Fructus Amomi and Fructus Alpinae Oxyphyllae.

3. Whole grass

Pogostemon cablin, Dendrobium, Andrographis paniculata, Basil, Coral Grass, Mint, Stevia rebaudiana, Catharanthus roseus, Prunella vulgaris, Solidago and Eupatorium adenophorum.

4. Leather

Cortex Cinnamomi, Cortex Eucommiae, Cortex Magnolia Officinalis, Cortex Erythrinae, Fructus Toosendan, Maytenus yunnanensis, Maytenus Guangxi, Maytenus densiflora and Berberis alpina.

5. Rattan and resin

Catechu, Sanguisorba Draxonis, Lignum sappan, Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae (Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae), Lignum Santali Albi, Borneolum Syntheticum, Flos Lonicerae, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum), and Caulis Spatholobi in Kunming.

6. Flower honeysuckle (honeysuckle), chrysanthemum, saffron and safflower.

7. Fungi

Ganoderma, Poria, Cordyceps, Wan Lei, Polyporus, Tremella.

In addition, some tropical medicinal plants have been introduced and cultivated, such as cardamom, terminalia chebula, areca nut, nutmeg, nux vomica, cinchona tree, clove, storax tree, benzoin from Vietnam, aloe and so on.

(7) Tropical areas

The hot zone includes Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong Province, Hainan Province, southern Taiwan Province Province, South China Sea Islands, valley areas in Yunnan Province and parts of the southeast edge of Xizang Autonomous Region. The annual minimum temperature is above 0℃, and the whole year is growing. The annual average temperature is 22-26℃, the most Leng Yue temperature is 16-2 1℃, the hottest month temperature is 29℃, the annual average temperature difference is 12-8℃, and the annual active accumulated temperature is 8000-9000℃ or above. The annual precipitation in the east of this belt is 1400-2400 mm, while the annual precipitation in the west coast of Hainan Province is below 1000 mm. The western region has a humid climate with an annual precipitation of1200-/except Yuanjiang, where the annual precipitation is less than 1000 mm. ..

The main medicinal plants distributed in tropical areas are:

1. Roots and rhizomes

Yunnan Rauvolfia, Hainan Rauvolfia, India Rauvolfia, Morinda officinalis, Radix Aucklandiae, Caulis Spatholobi, Radix Polygalae, Alismatis Rhizoma and Achyranthis Radix.

2. Seeds and fruits

Long pepper, Hainan hyacinthus orientalis, white hyacinth bean, oleander, Alpinia oxyphylla, Amomum tsaoko, Amomum tsaoko, Trichosanthis Radix from Hainan, Amomum villosum, Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga, Semen Strychni, Semen Strychni leaves, Semen Strychni leaves, and Fructus quisqualis.

3. Whole grass

Pogostemon cablin, Catharanthus roseus, Sargassum hainanensis, Houttuynia cordata, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Dendrobium, Motherwort and Andrographis paniculata.

4. Rattan and resin

Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum, Lignum Santali Albi, Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae, Lignum sappan, Borneolum Syntheticum, Dracaena Draconis, Caulis Sargentodoxae.

5. Leather

Erythrina (Erythrina bark), Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamomum cassia), Maytenum (Maytenum in Yunnan, Maytenum in Guangxi, Maytenum densiflora, etc. ).

In addition, nutmeg, boat-fruited Sterculia, nux vomica of India, hyacinthus orientalis of Thailand, hyacinthus orientalis of India, terminalia chebula, areca nut, nutmeg of Java, senna leaf (senna leaf of India), coca of Java, catnip, stevia, catechu, storax, benzoin of Vietnam, various cinchona, cloves and so on.

(8) temperate and subtropical mountain areas

This hot zone is located on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at 27-40 north latitude, mainly including all of Xizang Autonomous Region, most of Qinghai, northwestern Sichuan, southwestern Gansu and some places in southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Because the altitude is 4000-5000 m, the temperature is much lower than that at the same latitude.

Plateau frigid zone

Located in the northern Qiangtang area, between Tanggula Mountain and Kunlun Mountain, with an altitude of 4800-5 100 meters, the annual average daily temperature is below 10℃, the lowest daily temperature is below 0℃, and the annual precipitation is 100mm, which is the lowest temperature in summer in China.

Subrigid zone of plateau

It is located in the south of Qiangtang area, north of Gangdise Mountain, south of Qinghai Province and Qilian Mountain. The terrain rises from east to west (3400-4800 m), and the days when the daily average temperature is ≥ 10℃ are less than 50 days, making it difficult for crops to mature. The precipitation in the east is 500-800 mm, concentrated in summer and autumn; The precipitation in the central part is 400-700 mm, with much hail; The precipitation in the west of Qilian Mountain is 300-400 mm, and the sandstorm weather lasts for more than 200 days.

Plateau temperate zone

Including Ali, Xizang Autonomous Region, the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, the valley areas in eastern Tibet, the mountainous areas in western Sichuan, the central Qinghai and the Qaidam Basin, the whole belt is horseshoe-shaped. The annual average daily temperature is ≥10℃ for more than 50 days, and the annual precipitation: there is abundant precipitation in western Sichuan mountainous area, reaching 500- 1000 mm, 400-600 mm in eastern Tibet, southern Tibet and Xining, Qinghai, and only 50- 100 mm in Ali, and crops can only grow under irrigation conditions. The Qaidam basin is the driest under 50 mm.

Plateau subtropical mountainous area

Including the mountains and valleys in the southern wing of the Himalayas, the altitude is below 2000m, the daily average temperature is ≥ 10℃, and the annual precipitation is 180-350 days.

Mountainous areas on the tropical northern edge of the plateau

Include that low mountain areas with the out edge of the southern wing of the Himalayas below 1000 meters. In summer, influenced by southwest monsoon, there is abundant rainfall, with an annual precipitation of more than 2500mm, and the annual precipitation of Pasigata is 4500mm, which is the center with the most precipitation in China, with an average daily temperature of ≥ 65,438+00℃ for 350-365 days throughout the year. Crops can be harvested three times a year.

The main medicinal plants in this area are:

1. Roots and rhizomes

Licorice. , Rheum palmatum, Rhubarb Alpine, Fritillaria, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae, Radix Polygalae, Radix Astragali, Radix Astragali Yunnanensis, Radix Codonopsis, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Notopterygii Rhizoma, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, Radix Gentianae, Stellera chamaejasme, Rhizoma Coptidis, Scolopendra, Rhizoma Gastrodiae, Radix Lamiophlomis rotatae, Herba Hedyotidis Diffusae, etc.

2. Seeds and fruits

Schisandra chinensis, apricot, Tibetan papaya, Ningxia Lycium barbarum, Trichosanthes kirilowii.

3. Whole grass

Saussurea involucrata, Saussurea medusa, Cistanche deserticola, Cynomorium songaricum, Casuarina equisetifolia, Dendrobium, cactus, Akebia Akebia, Ribang in Tibet, Ajuga tibetica, Prunella vulgaris and Leymus chinensis.

4. Farfara and Tibetan honeysuckle.

5. Fungi

Cordyceps sinensis, Polyporus umbellatus.

Three. General situation of vertical distribution of medicinal plants

In each hot zone, due to the change of large terrain or local terrain, climate factors such as temperature and precipitation vary greatly. Like the warm temperate zone, the annual average temperature at an altitude of 52.3m in Beijing is 1 1.6℃, the Leng Yue average temperature is -4.8℃, and the absolute minimum temperature is -22.3℃. Wutai Mountain, not far away, is 2894m above sea level, with an annual average temperature of -4.2℃, the most Leng Yue average temperature of-19℃ and an absolute minimum temperature of -44.8℃. Another example is Xi 'an at an altitude of 396.9m, with the annual average temperature 13.3℃, the Leng Yue average temperature-1.7℃ and the absolute minimum temperature-16.7℃. In Huashan Mountain, which is 2064.9 meters above sea level, the annual average temperature is 5.9℃, the highest average temperature in Leng Yue is -8.3℃, and the absolute minimum temperature is -25.3℃. Another example is the subtropical Sichuan Basin, Emei County with an altitude of 448.3m, where the annual average temperature is 17.2℃, the Leng Yue average temperature is 7.0℃, and the absolute minimum temperature is -2.9℃. Mount Emei is 3 127 meters above sea level, with an annual average temperature of 3.2℃, the Leng Yue average temperature of -5.9℃ and the absolute minimum temperature of -20.9℃. This shows that in the same hot zone, with the increase of altitude, the temperature decreases, the heat decreases and the radiation increases. The vertical distribution of mountain vegetation in various places is the result of the joint action of temperature and atmospheric humidity changes. On the contrary, in some mountainous valleys, the temperature is lower than that on the hillside, which is caused by the cold air sinking along the hillside and accumulating in the valley in winter, which is also called inversion. For example, in the valley near Yili, west of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang, the monthly temperature at 11℃ is -5.7℃ while in Qian Shan, where the altitude is 1350- 1529 m. In many mountainous areas of China, due to the existence of inversion layer, the vertical distribution of mountain vegetation types is often inverted or abnormal in horizontal distribution. In addition, in some areas, there will be a very dry and hot "wind burning" phenomenon. For example, Erlang Mountain in the west of Sichuan Basin has a humid climate because Dongpo is the windward slope of the Pacific climate. The west slope is a leeward slope with a dry climate, so the air with different pressures on both sides of the mountain rises from the eastern foot of 600m above sea level to the top of the mountain above 3000m, flows to the west slope, and sinks to the Dadu River valley at an altitude of 1500m, resulting in dry and hot "wind burning", which leads to the emergence of succulent evergreen spiny shrubs reflecting the dry and hot climate of the valley. This "wind burning" phenomenon often appears in the valleys of Hengduan Mountains.

At the same time, in the same hot spot, the precipitation varies greatly from place to place. Seen from the horizontal direction, the precipitation generally decreases from south to north. The annual precipitation in the southeast coast is more than 2000mm, while that in the northwest is only 100-200 mm, or even only 50 mm From the perspective of altitude, the precipitation in general mountainous areas is more than that in plain areas. From the foothills to a certain height, the precipitation increases and then decreases. For example, the foothills of Tianshan Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Altai Mountain have arid climate, and the annual precipitation does not exceed 100mm, while the semi-arid, semi-humid and humid climate appears from the hillside in turn. The annual precipitation can be increased to 500-700 mm, for example, the annual precipitation of Jiujiang at the foot of Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi Province is 1406 mm, and the highest peak of Lushan Mountain can reach 2528 mm; ; The annual precipitation in Tai 'an at the foot of Mount Tai in Shandong Province is 725.7 mm, while the annual precipitation at the top of Mount Tai is 1 163.8 mm. On the same mountain, the precipitation in different slopes is different. There are more windward slopes than leeward slopes. For example, the eastern part of Wuzhishan Mountain in Hainan Island is windward slope with annual precipitation of 2000—2800mm, and the western part is leeward slope with annual precipitation of only1000 mm. As the mountain area increases with altitude, the daily range, heat, radiation, precipitation, atmospheric humidity and other factors change, so different vegetation zones appear. The vertical distribution of medicinal plants in different vegetation zones also has obviously different combinations. For example, the vertical zonality spectrum of vegetation and medicinal plants in Longtang Mountain, Changhua, west of Lin 'an County, Zhejiang Province, in the middle subtropical zone is as follows: below the hillside of 350m, it is mainly cultivated communities, such as tea gardens, agricultural miscellaneous crops and sparse shrubs of Pinus massoniana; At 350-550m, evergreen broad-leaved forest, tung tree forest, bamboo forest and Pinus massoniana shrub are composed of trees and shrubs such as Castanopsis eyrei, ginseng, Schima superba, mangrove, Machilus thunbergii and Linderae. The undergrowth ground cover plants mainly include Lophatherum gracile, Li Bai, Dryopteris lentinus, Ophiopogon japonicus, Akebia trifoliata, Gynostemma pentaphyllum and Pinus massoniana. 550- 1000 m is an evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest. Woody plants mainly include evergreen trees such as Cyclobalanopsis microphylla, Ilex macrophylla, Schima superba and Ginseng, and deciduous trees such as Cyclocarya paliurus, Liquidambar formosana, Albizia Albizia and Cinnamomum camphora. The shrub layer is mainly rhododendron, Rubus trifoliata, Rubus palmatum and hydrangea, and the herb layer is mainly Bai Liu. 1000— 1250m is composed of Castanopsis kawakamii, Quercus acutissima, Castanopsis carlesii, Catalpa bungeana, Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Rhododendron fortunei, Prunus armeniaca, Juglans regia, Pterocarya stenoptera and Crataegus pinnatifida. The main vegetation layers under the forest are Veratrum nigrum and Hemerocallis fulva. At 1250- 1600 m, the deciduous broad-leaved dwarf forest is mainly composed of Pinus taiwanensis, Quercus Huangshan, Alpine Camellia, Crataegus pinnatifida, Paeonia lactiflora, Berberis Anhui, Babylonia Babylonica, Malus persica, etc., and the herb layers are mainly Veronica northeast and Huangshan Fenghuang. This layer is in 1600- 1760 m, and is a meadow and sparse shrub, which is mainly composed of rocks, goldenrod, palm, Ligusticum, veratrum nigrum, indigo naturalis, Saussurea involucrata, hairyvein agrimony, Senecio scandens, Sanguisorba officinalis, purple calyx and pearl hydrangea.

However, the vertical belt spectrum of mountain vegetation in different hot spots is not the same. Strictly speaking, each mountain has its own unique vertical belt spectrum of vegetation. Because, on the one hand, the vertical band spectrum structure of a mountain vegetation is restricted by the horizontal band, on the other hand, it is also influenced by the height, direction, position of hillside in the mountain, topography, soil matrix and local climate (such as the existence of inversion layer). In mountainous areas located in the same horizontal vegetation belt, the vertical belt spectral structure is always similar. For example, the wild gastrodia elata is vertically distributed in the mountainous area at an altitude of 240- 1000 m in the southeast of Heilongjiang Province, and it is most distributed in the secondary forest at an altitude of 300-400 m, and less distributed in the virgin forest. In the mountainous areas of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and other provinces in southwest China, most of them are distributed in high mountains with an altitude of 1200-3000 m, and they are rarely found in low mountains below 1200m, and there are no wild gastrodia elata below 800m m.

According to the investigation in Leshan, Sichuan Province, the vertical distribution of some medicinal plants of Dicotyledonous subclass is as follows:

Distributed below 500 meters are: Asarum oolong, Leng Fantuan, Chimonanthus praecox, Cinnamomum camphora, Chinese cabbage, Potamogeton crispus, Rosa roxburghii, sorghum bubble, Rubus parviflora, marble, Cao Wu, Sophora flavescens, Impatiens balsamina, Shuidongge, Leaflet, Evening primrose and so on.

Distributed below 500 meters are: Asarum oolong, Leng Fantuan, Chimonanthus praecox, Cinnamomum camphora, Chinese cabbage, Potamogeton crispus, Rosa roxburghii, sorghum bubble, Rubus parviflora, marble, Cao Wu, Sophora flavescens, Impatiens balsamina, Shuidongge, Leaflet, Evening primrose and so on.

Distributed in 500- 1000m, Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum hydropiper, Sinomenium sinomenii (Stephania tetrandra), Polygonum hydropiper, Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga, Fennel, Leng Fantuan, Schisandra sphenanthera, Solanum lyratum, Schisandra sphenanthera. Rubus quinquefolius, Rubus palmatum, Rubi Fructus, Gleditsia sinensis, Albizia Albizziae, Maronite, Chuanyunshi, Cinnamomum cassia, Bauhinia Bauhinia, Sophora japonica, Hirudo Cone, Hirudo Langshan, Hirudo Sichuan, Gleditsia sinensis, Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis, and corn.