What happened to polar explorer Amundsen?

Some people have been exploring all their lives. They take it as their duty to discover every unknown corner of the earth until their last breath. Nobody knows where he died. The polar explorer Rouard Amundsen is such an explorer.

1928 June 18, Amundsen, who had a brilliant exploration experience, was unfortunately wrecked in the Barents Sea and died in the Arctic ice sea in order to rescue his partner, Italian explorer umberto Nordby. A few months later, Amundsen's seaplane wreckage was found in northwest Norway, but Amundsen could never find it again. He dedicated his soul and body to the North Pole, one of the most mysterious lands on earth.

His old friend Nansen wrote: "He (Amundsen) found a grave without a tombstone under the silent ice. His name will undoubtedly shine like the Northern Lights. He came to us like a star that suddenly appeared in the night sky, and then the star suddenly disappeared, leaving us staring blankly at the empty place. "

1872 16 In July, Rouard was born on an island at the entrance of Oslo Bay. His father Jens Amundsen is a ship owner and shipyard owner with rich sailing experience. He often tells young Amundsen about his experiences at sea, but his father opposes Amundsen becoming a sailor when he grows up.

Later, when my father died, my mother sold the shipyard and all the boats. Mother said to him eagerly, "You must become a doctor." But he said to his friends on the dock, "I must be a sailor in the future."

At that time, the Arctic explorer Nansen crossed Greenland for the first time, which caused a sensation in Norway. After attending Nansen's triumphant rally, Amundsen announced in public: "I'm going to the North Pole." He knows that exploring the North Pole requires perseverance and a strong body, so he often plays football and does skiing. As long as it snows, he insists on skiing for 20 kilometers every day.

At the age of 2 1, Rouard Amundsen finally got his wish and became a sailor on the Magdalene. Magdalena's active area is the sea area of Spitsbergen Island. Being a sailor on an animal-catching ship is a disgusting occupation. His job is to kill marine animals with a big stick, then peel them, pickle them and put them in the cabin. After a brutal massacre, the blood on the ship must be washed clean. Nevertheless, Amundsen was very happy, because he realized his long-cherished wish to live in the sea after all.

At that time, ocean exploration was a hot topic. Through acquaintances, Amundsen found people who were going to explore the sea and put forward a strong desire to explore with them. However, no matter how he begged, no one would take him to explore.

Later, Amundsen heard that the whole city was talking about the news that a Belgian named Gracci was going to buy the ship Patricia and prepare to explore around Antarctica. Amundsen's heart can't help pounding. This is a good opportunity. Don't miss it!

Prior to this, james ross, an Englishman, led an expedition into the Antarctic Circle/KOOC-0/84/KOOC-0/year/KOOC-0/month/KOOC-0/east longitude/KOOC-0/sea area. In this expedition, Ross discovered an active volcano at an altitude of more than 4000 meters, and the flame burned in the blue sky. Ross named it "Erebus" volcano and named the dead volcano next to it "Troll" volcano.

Then Ross sailed south along the unfrozen waters until he reached a glacier. The glacier stands vertically on the water, 60 meters high and extends to both sides with no end in sight. No one had been here before Ross. Later, people called this glacier Ross Ice Barrier, and the sea in front of the glacier was called Ross Sea.

Gracci told Amundsen, "We want Brass to go further south. But going to the South Pole is not that simple. You have only been a sailor. What I need are experts and navigators. If you can get the certificate of lieutenant or navigator, I will take you on an adventure. "

"I will definitely get the certificate." Amundsen said firmly.

A race against time has begun. Gerace bought the "Patricia" three-masted sailboat and changed its name to "Bielie Hot Card Number". Amundsen, on the other hand, is eager to learn courses such as ball science, elementary astronomy and ocean computing. A year later, he finally got the certificate of naval lieutenant. At this time, the preparations for "not listing hot card numbers" are not ready.

"The required funds haven't been raised," Baron Gracci said, "but things are going well, and I have already started to choose the crew. You can be my assistant navigator if you like. We are going to set sail next spring. "

1897 August 16, all the ready "Bielie Hot Card Number" set sail for the Antarctic expedition. Captain Gerlache is an artillery officer, the first mate Kuhnt is also a sailor, Amundsen ranks third on the ship, and almost all the other sailors are Norwegian.

After half a year's voyage, the "Bielie Hot Card Number" sailed near Cape Horn. This sea area is sinister and abnormal, with high winds and waves all the year round. Due to the rotation of the earth, hurricanes raged on thousands of kilometers of open sea, raging wildly from west to east. As soon as the "Bielie Hot Card Number" entered the waters of Cape Horn, it was hit by a strong hurricane.

"Someone fell into the water!" A crew member shouted in the storm. A life buoy was thrown into the sea and the crew caught it. However, in a short time, only a small black spot could be seen on the sea surface and soon disappeared.

"Don't change course!" Gracci ordered loudly. Yes, the spacecraft must not have the slightest deviation at this moment, otherwise the consequences will be unimaginable. In order to save the life of the crew, Gracci had to sacrifice the unfortunate sailor. After a long time, the rough sea subsided, and the "Bielie Hot Card Number" bypassed south shetland islands and came to a completely different sea from Cape Horn. Huge and steep icebergs are everywhere, and dark blue icebergs are colorful and beautiful under the sunlight. Sometimes, the sea is covered with dense fog for several days, and ships have to carefully avoid icebergs and sail forward bit by bit.

During the voyage, Amundsen is not only responsible for drawing the coastline map, but also on duty on time. The "Bielie Hot Card Number" went south along the Antarctic Peninsula and came to Alexander I Island. Gerace turned the rudder and sailed west, trying to reach the west longitude 130. At this time, the "Bielie Hot Card Number" has sailed between 70 and 71south latitude. By the end of February, 1898, the ship was wandering in the iceberg maze, and the icebergs gradually gathered around. The crew felt as if they had fallen into a deep well and watched the wellhead close overhead.

At the beginning of March, the "Bielie hot card number" was completely frozen in the sea of ice, and the crew had to spend the winter on the spot. This is the first time that humans have spent the winter in Antarctica. The crew knew that as long as the ice floes crushed the ship, they would be in a desperate situation and never survive.

When winter comes, Amundsen hunts seals with the ship doctor. They killed seals, cut off meat and stored them in warehouses made of ice. Gracci tasted the seal meat and thought it was inedible, so he ordered the sailors not to eat it. This puzzled everyone, because for two centuries, all polar explorers agreed that in order to prevent scurvy, fresh meat must be eaten.

In winter, the crew began to observe the weather and measure the position of the ship and the speed of iceberg movement. They don't worry about food, because there is enough food on board for two years. However, with the arrival of the long night, they found that the ship lacked enough lighting equipment and had to save fuel. The sailors who had nothing to do were wrapped in leather from head to toe and paced up and down the ship. Gracci said with great anxiety: "The days ahead are full of dangers and the future is unpredictable."

June is the coldest day in Antarctica. The crew who stayed in the polar cold night for several months became more and more sick and the disease began to spread. An officer died of illness. Soon, a sailor jumped off the deck at night and disappeared into the vast sea because of the illusion of "walking home" Scurvy afflicted many people, and Gracci and the first mate fell ill one after another.

Later, Gerlache finally agreed to let everyone eat seal meat, and scurvy was controlled. One day in late July, a glimmer of light appeared on the horizon. Although this light soon disappeared, it indicates that the long polar night is about to pass.

The next day, the sun rose lazily and hung on the horizon for a long time. Seeing the sun, the crew wept with joy and looked forward to the "Bielie Hot Card Number" breaking through the encirclement of the ice floe and returning to their hometown as soon as possible.

Who knows, after several months, the ice showed no signs of moving, and the ship was still trapped in the ice. People once again fell into fear, depression and anxiety, and some crew members even got violent diseases.

1899, the "Bielie hot card number" finally returned to Oslo, and the crew was warmly welcomed.

1899 In the summer, in a small garden on the outskirts of Oslo, Norway, two people sat in an easy chair and chatted leisurely. One is Frith Nansen, and the other is Rouard Amundsen. Although Nansen is only 38 years old, he is world-renowned and a famous Arctic explorer.

At present, Amundsen is consulting Nansen. He told Nansen that he didn't plan to explore the Antarctic any more at present, and he planned to concentrate on studying the displacement of the north magnetic pole and try to get through the northwest passage connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

When Nansen learned that Amundsen knew nothing about the North Magnetic Pole, he wrote a letter to Naimeyer, director of Hamburg Observatory and professor of geology, and sincerely recommended this young man to him.

With the help of Nansen, Amundsen rented a humble old house to live in. In the next six months, Professor Naimeyer taught him all the knowledge related to the North Magnetic Pole. Subsequently, Amundsen worked as an intern at the Observatory for a period of time.

/kloc-in the summer of 0/900, Amundsen paced up and down the dock at Trance Port in northern Norway. There are many fishing boats and animal-catching boats parked here, and he wants to choose a boat from them to go to the North Pole. Between the masts, Amundsen finally took a fancy to a ship. This old ship, 22 meters long, is a single-masted ship, with a low mast, a diagonal mast and three small sampans.

The hull of this ship is round, which is exactly what Amundsen needs. Because the ship should sail smoothly and nimbly in the floating ice in the Arctic, once it is squeezed by the ice, it will automatically jump on the ice, which can only be done by a round ship.

Amundsen bought the ship for 60,000 francs and named it "Joya". Exploring the North Pole is different. The cabin must be full of food. Amundsen immediately prepared enough food for five years. He selected six crew members. Gottfried Hansen is a navigator, astronomer, geologist and photographer. Anton Lund is the first mate; Heiner Hansen is the second mate; Peter Stevens is a mechanic and meteorologist; Gustav Guy wilkie is an expert in magnetism; Adolf Henrik Lintstrom is a chef.

Amundsen explained his plan to the team members, with special emphasis on: "In the future, all the work will be undertaken by seven of us. We will be on duty in two groups. When it is calm, we will change shifts every three hours, and we can move freely at other times." This wise decision was unanimously approved by everyone, and Amundsen's prestige doubled. Then, Amundsen began to repair and equip "Joya" and installed a 9.6 kW (13 HP) engine, which was the most advanced internal combustion engine at that time and had very good performance. In addition, Amundsen also bought spare sails, rigging, navigation equipment, guns, ammunition and fuel, as well as six Eskimo dogs.

On June 1903, the "Jo? o" set sail. Amundsen stood by the cabin, waving his arms and saying goodbye to the people on the shore. On September 20th, the ship docked at a small port on Prince William Island.

Amundsen decided to stay in this small port for the winter and named it Port Joa after this ship. He learned the experience of wintering in Antarctica and decided to build a house on the shore for the winter.

They set up kennels first, and then built houses, fuel warehouses and ice warehouses for storing fresh meat. After all the arrangements were made, they began to work. They spent two winters here. Amundsen found that the north magnetic pole moves in an elliptical way at any moment, moving 50 kilometers northeast from 183 1.

On June 1905, Amundsen ordered the closure of the land camp and prepared to board the ship. They are lucky because the climate in the Arctic is particularly pleasant this summer and the glaciers have melted. After completing the investigation mission of the North Magnetic Pole, they continued to sail on the "Jo? o" on August 1905, and started the second investigation mission-looking for the northwest channel.

The ship moves very slowly in the vast white world, except for the sound of the engine and the occasional barking of a dog or two, there is silence around. No one has ever been to this polar sea full of ice floes. "Jo? o" walked intermittently for four days and four nights, and the coastlines on both sides of the ship continued to extend and disappeared into the haze. In front of it is an open ocean. At this time, they have come to the southwest of Victoria Island.

In order to commemorate Amundsen's achievements, later generations called this ice sea Amundsen Bay.

Then the Jo? o sailed all the way along the coastline to the mouth of the Mackenzie River. On September 2, the wind was blowing hard, and the "Joya" was forced to take shelter in Bonn's Golden Bay. Here, they accidentally saw ice floes. The ice froze early this year, and by early autumn, the sea water had already frozen. Amundsen knew it was too late for them to cross the Bering Strait, so he decided to spend the winter here.

This is their third winter in the Arctic. The "Joya" docked next to the American whaling ship "Bonanza". The rich mine was damaged by the storm and was in trouble. There are also some whaling ships here. Amundsen led the team to build houses and observation decks on the shore. When winter comes, people from other ships often gather in their houses, and Eskimos are often invited to be guests. People sat around the table, chatted, warmed themselves, drank delicious tea and had a lot of happy time.

On one occasion, the captain of the Rich Mine, Mo Ke, inadvertently said that the Americans had set up a radio station in Yukon, which could send telegrams to all corners of the world. "We are only 500 kilometers away from Yukon Castle!" Amundsen was overjoyed after hearing this. He decided to go to Yukon Castle and tell his motherland the results of their expedition.

At the end of 10, Amundsen set off with Captain Mock and two Eskimos. Mock took one sleigh, the Eskimo and his wife took the other, and Amundsen took the sleigh to lead the way. From the mouth of mackenzie river to Yukon Fort, we have to cross 500 kilometers of barren land, as well as the Cote Mountain, Rocky Mountain and Mackenzie Mountain in Schi. They braved the cold and trudged through the dense fog with extremely low visibility.

It was not easy for them to reach Yukon Castle. At that time, Yukon Castle was just a humble village composed of several cabins, and there was no radio at all. Only Fort Egbert, 400 kilometers from here, has a radio. Amundsen decided to go there.

Captain monk said he didn't want to go again. He came back alone. Amundsen and two Eskimos finally arrived at Fort Egbert on February 3rd, 65438. There, Amundsen sent an urgent telegram to Norway, reporting their findings. Then I rested for three months.

On February 3rd, Amundsen bid farewell to Fort Egbert and arrived in Puntland Island at the end of March. Upon his return, Amundsen learned that Gustav wilkie, a magnetic expert, was bedridden with pleurisy. At that time, there were no antibiotics. Despite careful nursing, wilkie's condition became worse and worse, and he died on April 4th.

When summer came, the "Jo? o" set sail again for the Bering Strait. On this voyage, they almost died in the ice sea. That was in August 1906, 1 1. The sky is as black as the bottom of a pot, and there are many tornadoes on the horizon. In less than four hours, the main mast and some sails on the "Joao" were damaged by the strong wind, and the mast rattled. The ship rolled wildly up and down between the peaks and valleys. It was not until after the hurricane that they found that the rudder was blown off and the mast was split in half.

On August 30th, the Jo? o staggered into the Bering Strait. At this point, Amundsen finally completed the task of finding the Northwest Passage and connected the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean with the help of the Arctic Ocean.

The laborious "Joao" arrived in San Francisco. They were given a grand welcome. The whistles and whistles of ships moored inside and outside the port came one after another, paying tribute to "Jo? o" one after another. On the blue water, hundreds of colorful flags fluttered in the wind, and the scene was very moving. All walks of life in the city held celebrations, and "Jo? o" became the pride of San Francisco.

Amundsen was also the first Norwegian in the world to reach the South Pole. He started from the base on 19 1 1 0, 19, and returned to the base on 19 12, 65438+25, which was completed in only 99 days. This is due to his perseverance and indomitable spirit, but his success also lies in his excellent organizational ability and serious work attitude. His plan is based on complete science. He estimated in advance all kinds of unpredictable difficulties that may occur and made sufficient material preparations before he completed his pioneering work so well. During the expedition, only 1 1 dog was left, severely frostbitten, and some of them suffered from snow blindness, all of which were exhausted. However, their hearts are filled with happiness, because this is the first time they set foot on the South Pole, and the silence that has enveloped the South Pole for hundreds of millions of years was broken by their cheers and laughter for the first time. They are successful explorers, and Amundsen is a well-deserved adventure hero.

After the end of World War I, Amundsen commanded the ship Maud to conduct a coastal inspection along Eurasia. 1926, he led the expedition to fly over the Arctic for the first time on the airship "Norway" and lowered the flags of Norway, the United States and Italy over the Arctic. They flew 33,965,438+0 miles in 72 hours, setting a record for flying from Europe to North America. This is the last major adventure in his life. He was the first to reach the South Pole and the first to fly over the North Pole, leaving a magical stroke in the history of human exploration.

Although Amundsen was buried in the unknown Arctic waters, his brilliant exploration achievements and indomitable exploration spirit will always be praised by the world.