Walking board principle

The first stage: technological invention period (1832- 1895)

1832, Belgian physicist Joseph Prato and Austrian university professor Dempfer used the principle of "visual residue" to invent the "trick tray" one after another. This toy consists of two circular cardboard trays fixed on a shaft. A certain number of spaces are carved in the middle of the circumference of the front paper tray, and a continuous action picture of a person is drawn on the back paper tray. Rotate the back paper tray by hand and observe it through the space, so that toys can be made.

1834, the Englishman Halner invented "Zou Ma Pan". This "walk" is a series of images painted on hard paper, which indicates the embryonic form of future movies.

From 185 1, after many experiments, British Archer, French Dubosk and others finally succeeded in turning a single still photo into a "moving photo", that is, in a very short time, a group of consecutive gestures were decomposed and photographed one by one. Its appearance means that you can directly shoot the image of the event.

1877, emile reynaud improved the "walking horse wheel" and made it a "moving mirror". By using "deep view" and "close-up", people can see moving images.

1878, British photographer Edward Maybellich shot continuously with 24 cameras, vividly showing the dynamic images of running horses. A great leap in the history of photography, the first focal plane of mankind was born.

1882, French physiologist Marie invented a new camera called "camera gun". One camera gun replaces the shooting function of multiple cameras to reproduce smoother decomposition action.

1888, male and emile reynaud created the "optical film machine", people began to see a few minutes of moving movies on the curtain, and made the first cartoon with a slide show.

From 65438 to 0889, george eastman, the founder of Kodak Company in the United States, made a successful film, which revolutionized the photosensitive materials.

189 1 year, Edison invented 35 mm film, so far, the invention and production of film cameras have been completed.

1892, Edison invented the "movie mirror". Single viewers can watch the moving movie pictures on the film in the box through the magnifying glass at the top of the box and through the peeping window.

1894, Edison made the first commercial demonstration in the film history with 10 film lens in new york, USA. The film Mirror not only marks the birth of American film culture, but also has a great influence on Europe.

The second stage: silent film period (1895- 1927)

1895, French Lumiere brothers developed a "film machine" based on Edison's "film mirror" and their own "continuous camera". "Movable film machine" has three main functions: photography, projection and printing. It shoots and shows movies at the speed of 16 frames per second, and the images are clear and stable. On March 22nd, 1895, their first film, The Gate of Lumiere Factory, was a success at the French Science and Technology Conference in Paris. In the same year, on February 28th, 14, they officially released a batch of short documentaries made by themselves to the public, including 12 films such as Train Arrives, Watered Gardener, Baby's Lunch and Factory Gate. The Lumiere brothers were the first people to show films on the screen. Historians believe that the filming and screening of Lumiere brothers have been divorced from the experimental stage, so they set the world film's first release date189565438+February 28th as the film's birth date, and Lumiere brothers naturally became the "father of movies", and Lumiere created the earliest film styles such as news films, travel films, documentaries and comedies.

From 65438 to 0896, Mei Li 'ai perfected the props, stunts, scripts, acting and other key factors needed for the film, and the silent film was officially started.

1903, Potter first composed a film with 14 scenes in great train robbery.

19 12 years, David Griffith created a "parallel montage" in "Lonely Villa", which marked that the film completely got rid of the shackles of stage play and the time and space of the film were greatly expanded.

19 15 years, Griffith filmed the classic silent film "The Birth of a Country" in the world film history, 19 16 years, and he also filmed "The Party". These two classic films are regarded as the foundation works of film art, marking the beginning of film becoming an art, a milestone in the history of American film, the highest level of film at that time, and two classic films in the history of world film.

Charlie Chaplin, an American comedy, was born at the same time. He created classic silent films such as Parents Seeking Immortals, The Great Dictator, Mr. Waldo, Modern Times and The Gold Rush.

1924, Sergei Eisenstein directed the first film "Strike", and creatively used the montage of vaudeville to connect the scenes of Russian military police killing workers with the scenes of camera groups killing livestock, so that they appeared alternately, resulting in a shocking metaphor. 1925, he directed the most outstanding epic silent film battleship potemkin, which successfully represented the Russian revolution in 1905. 1927 also directed October. Eisenstein's contribution lies in the theoretical exposition and artistic practice of montage, making it a complete aesthetic system.

The third stage: development period (1927- 1945)

1927 is an epoch-making year in film history. The birth of the film "The King of Jazz" marks the arrival of the era of sound movies and the maturity of movies. The sound makes the film develop from a simple visual art to an audio-visual screen art, which realizes a revolution in the film history, greatly develops the essence of the film and opens up a new world for the film art.

After 1933, due to the progress of technology, synchronous recording in film production was changed to post-recording, and film photography became flexible and dynamic. At the same time, the theory and technology of montage have also developed greatly.

1935, mammals produced the world's first color feature film, The Vanity World. The appearance of color film marks the development of film from birth to a perfect and mature development period, and the film art has entered a new development stage since then.

In less than 20 years, the film has acquired sound and color, and has all the expressive elements necessary for the film art. People began to sum up the experience of opposing silent films, and conducted serious research and experiments in using sound and color and exploring the potential of film image expression.

Stage 4: Maturity (1945 till now)

After the end of World War II, the world film showed a tortuous development period, and the film technology has reached a perfect level. Since then, technological development has no significant impact on artistic expression. Since then, the film has entered the stage of fine art, and the film is no longer a simple entertainment, but an art with great social influence.