What are the basic characteristics of X-rays?

Penetration of 1: X-ray wave length is short and penetration is strong. It can penetrate all kinds of substances with different densities that ordinary visible light can't penetrate, and it is absorbed or attenuated to some extent in the process of penetration. The penetration of X-ray is closely related to the voltage of X-ray tube. The higher the voltage, the shorter the wavelength of X-ray and the stronger the penetrating power. On the contrary, the lower the voltage, the longer the wavelength of X-rays generated, and the weaker the penetration. On the other hand, the penetrating power of X-rays is also related to the density and thickness of objects. X-ray penetrability is the basis of X-ray imaging. \ x0d \ x0d \ 2 Fluorescence effect: X-rays can excite fluorescent substances (such as cadmium zinc sulfide, calcium tungstate, etc. ) produces visible fluorescence. That is, X-rays act on the fluorescent substance, so that X-rays having a short wavelength are converted into fluorescence having a long wavelength. This conversion is called fluorescence effect. This feature is the basis of fluoroscopy. \ x0d \ x0d \ 3 Photographic effect: After X-ray irradiation, the film coated with silver bromide can be exposed to produce a latent image. After development and fixing, silver ions (Ag+) in the exposed silver bromide are reduced to metallic silver (Ag) and deposited in the film. This metallic silver particle is black on the film. The unexposed silver bromide is washed off from the X-ray film during fixing and developing, thus showing the transparency of the film base. According to the amount of metallic silver precipitation, a black-and-white image will be produced. Therefore, the photographic effect is the basis of X-ray imaging. \x0d\\x0d\4 Ionization effect: X-rays passing through any substance can produce ionization effect. The ionization degree of air is directly proportional to the amount of X-rays absorbed by air, so the amount of X-rays can be calculated by measuring the ionization degree of air. X-rays entering the human body will also produce ionization, which will cause biological changes in the human body, that is, biological effects. It is the basis of radiation protection and radiotherapy.