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Lijiang is located in the northwest of Yunnan Province, China, in the middle reaches of Jinsha River. Its geographical coordinates are: east longitude 99 degrees 23 seconds-10 1 degree 3 1 second north latitude 25 degrees 59 seconds -27 degrees 56 seconds. It is bordered by Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in the north (Diqing is another place suspected of Shangri-La besides Lijiang) and Lijiang, one of the four major tourist attractions in Yunnan, in the south. Lijiang West is Nujiang Yi Autonomous Prefecture, which was once under the jurisdiction of Lijiang Commissioner's Office. The state is named after the Nujiang River flows through this area and flows into the Indian Ocean through Myanmar (Nujiang River, another international river, Lancang River (Mekong River) and Jinsha River flowing through Lijiang constitute the Southwest Three Parallel Rivers Scenic Area planned by China Municipal Government).

The county seat is 2400 meters above sea level.

Lijiang is located at the junction of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. It is mountainous, mainly including Yulong Snow Mountain and Laojun Mountain. There are two major water systems: Jinsha River and Lancang River. The highest elevation is that the main peak of Yulong Snow Mountain is steep, with an altitude of 5,596 meters, and the lowest point is the Jinsha River exit at the foot of the river slope in Qihe District, with an altitude of 1, 2 19 meters, forming a three-dimensional climate of cold, warm and hot. Most of the towns here are located in a small mountain basin called Daba in Yunnan, while Old Town of Lijiang is located at the southern foot of Lion Mountain in the middle of Lijiang Dam.

Scenic spot elevation

Yulong Snow Mountain ... 5596 meters

Old Town of Lijiang 24 16m

Yunshan Ping ............ 3205 meters

Baishui River, ............, 2950m.

Ganhaizi ............ 3100m

............ of Yufeng Temple is 2760m.

White sand mural ... 2500 meters.

Tiger Leaping Gorge ............1800m

The first bay of the Yangtze River ...1850m

Lugu Lake ............ is 2685 meters.

............, Maoniuping, 3800 meters.

The main peak of Laojun Mountain ... 4247 meters.

Yulong Snow Mountain Four Seasons Ski Resort ... 4500 meters

Bingtalin ............ 4600 meters

climate

mean annual temperature

Lijiang is located in Hengduan Mountain area in southwest China, with obvious vertical climate distribution. Although it is located in the plateau, snow-capped mountains can be seen all year round, but the rainfall is abundant and the dry and wet seasons are distinct. The annual average temperature is between 12.6 ~ 19.8℃, the hottest monthly average temperature is 18. 1 ~ 25.7℃, and the average temperature in Leng Yue is 4 ~ 1 1.7c, with only temperature in most places. Spring and autumn are connected, and Changchun has no recovery, forming an obvious dry season and rainy season. The average annual rainfall in Lijiang is about 65,438+000 mm, and the rainy season is from May to 65,438+00, accounting for more than 85% of the whole year, especially in July and August. Because it is located in the low latitude plateau, the solar radiation is strong all year round. The annual sunshine hours of Lijiang Dam are 2530 hours, with sufficient light energy, and the annual solar radiation is 146.5 kcal/cm2, which is the highest value area in Yunnan Province.

culture

Lijiang culture became a combination of Naxi culture and Han culture after the Qing Dynasty implemented the policy of returning to the motherland in 1723. Compared with the Naxi people in Zhongdian Bai Di (the birthplace of Naxi Dongba) on the west bank of Jinsha River and the Mosuo people in the east Lugu Lake area of Jinsha River, the Naxi community in Lijiang dam area is more influenced and assimilated by the Han culture in the Central Plains. This assimilation process gradually accelerated in the 1996 earthquake and the development of tourism since then.

Such cultural characteristics affect all aspects of the life of the Naxi community in Lijiang today, such as clothing. As early as the first half of this century, Naxi men have abandoned sweatshirts and changed into Hanfu instead of knee-length shorts. Today, the clothing of the Naxi elderly women in Old Town of Lijiang is also the result of improvement on the basis of the whole set of clothing. (Among them, sheepskin jacket, dotted Dai Yue and apron retain traditional features. ), in Zhongdian Bai Di (the birthplace of Dongba religion of Naxi nationality), the clothes rented by Naxi nationality are relatively pure, and the Mosuo people in Lugu Lake are close to Tibetan clothes. Moreover, in Lijiang today, most Naxi women born after World War II no longer wear such traditional costumes.

Traditional costumes of Naxi and Mosuo people

This cultural evolution is particularly evident in Old Town of Lijiang, which has the highest degree of China. 1996 After the earthquake, with the rapid development of tourism, China Yunnan dialect gradually replaced Naxi spoken language as the mainstream language in the ancient city community, and young Naxi couples began to educate their children in Chinese. Before 1990 in Lijiang, Naxi spoken language was the default social tool in the ancient city. Even if children receive Chinese education at school, the communication between Naxi families and Naxi teenagers is in Naxi language. 1996 The vigorous development of tourism has brought confidence to Lijiang people. Driven by commercial interests, Chinese dialects have replaced Naxi spoken language as a communication tool in Lijiang (the ancient city), which makes the future of Naxi traditional culture more severe.

Gender status

Like the patriarchal society of Han nationality today, Naxi families in Lijiang dam area are mostly male. In sharp contrast to the female parents of Mosuo in Lugu Lake, Naxi women bear more family and social obligations than Han women.

In Old Town of Lijiang, it is very common for men in their forties to keep flowers and birds, which gives people the impression that Naxi people are too complacent and not enterprising. In fact, besides mastering the family, this is also related to Lijiang's traditional commercial economy rather than handicraft economy. Naxi women should not only undertake housework, but also earn money to support their families. In the original Sifang Street vegetable market in the ancient city, most of them were middle-aged women, while men were collecting money and watching the fun. 36860 . 68868888686

1253 Before the Mongols conquered Lijiang, the Naxi people in Lijiang and the Mosuo people in Lugu Lake were both in matriarchal society. After 1253, the Mu family in the Central Plains favored the Han culture and gradually influenced the Naxi nationality with the patriarchal clan system of the Han nationality. 1723, the floating officials of the Han nationality replaced Mu to rule Lijiang, and a large number of Han values, including the norms of patriarchal society and the marriage system arranged by parents, began to prevail. Naxi women not only lost control of their families, but also the number of Naxi girls who died in love rose sharply due to the conflict between freedom of love and sexual freedom. Some men and women who are determined to live for life have crossed the Jinsha River and moved to Mosuo community in search of free love.

Young Naxi men and women born after 1970 no longer follow traditional values. They, like the new and new human beings on the mainland, look for the free spirit that Naxi ancestors once had from the influx of western culture.

religion

Naxi people once believed in Buddhism, Lamaism and Taoism in history. However, unlike some ethnic groups whose lifestyles are deeply influenced by religion, Naxi people do not believe in a certain religion. In Lijiang today, even among the old Naxi people, it is difficult to find very devout believers. Dongba religion is the primitive religion of ancient Naxi nationality, but it is more elite than civilian religion.

language

Naxi spoken language is the main language of Naxi community in Lijiang and Baqu. Yunnan dialect of Han nationality is the most widely used language in Old Town of Lijiang, but it is used among Naxi family members in the ancient city. The younger generation in Lijiang can speak Mandarin, while some young people engaged in tourism can speak fluent English. Because some of the Naxi elders of the older generation have received western-style basic education in missionary schools, it is not surprising to see the elderly and foreigners communicate freely in English on the streets of Old Town of Lijiang.

geography

Yulong Snow Mountain is located at15km north of Old Town of Lijiang, 27 degrees 03'20"-27 degrees 40' north latitude and 0/00 degrees 04'-10 "-100 degrees 16' 30" east longitude. It is the southernmost modern marine glacier near the equator in the northern hemisphere.

Introduction of scenic spots

The fan of the main peak of Yulong Snow Mountain is as steep as 5596 meters, which goes straight into the blue sky. The thirteen peaks of Yulong arranged in the north-south direction are like a dragon. It is not only magnificent, but also beautiful, tall and exquisite in shape. With the alternation of seasons and sunny days, the landscape is changeable, sometimes misty, sometimes jade dragon suddenly appears, sometimes the sky is like water, and Wan Li is cloudless. The peaks are like jade, glittering, silvery and dazzling; Sometimes the cloud has a waist, with snow peaks above and green hills below. The east wants to dawn, and the peak catches the morning light early, and the colorful morning glow is reflected on the snow peak, and the white snow is flushed and shimmering; The evening glow dyed the Xuefeng into a piece of red yarn, and the clouds flew back to the valley between the peaks with the colorful sunset glow. For an instant, it was unusually gorgeous.

Yulong Snow Mountain is famous for its danger, beauty and wonder. There are mainly "Yunshan Ping, Baishui River, Ganhaizi and Bingtalin". It is a multifunctional tourist attraction integrating sightseeing, mountaineering, exploration, scientific research, vacation and outing.

Yunshanping scenic spot

Yunshanping is a meadow of about one square kilometer, located at the eastern foot of Yulong Snow Mountain. The snow-capped mountains stand on one side and are surrounded by the Millennium spruce forest. On the flat land, the grass is lush and the pastoral songs are melodious.

Baishuihe scenic spot

Baishuihe scenic spot is a deep valley, where trees are shaded, clear springs flow, some ponds and some waterfalls, with different movements and unique tastes. At present, there are parking lots, restaurants, shopping shops and ropeway stations in the waterfront of Baishui River entering Yunshan Ping.

Ganhaizi

This is an open grassland at the eastern foot of Yulong Snow Mountain. This is a natural pasture. At the turn of spring and summer every year, a hundred flowers blossom, forming a huge garden, and the whole meadow is full of vitality. At present, Ganhaizi has built an ice and snow holiday villa and a large cableway near the Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier. Visitors can take the cableway to the snow field to watch the ancient snow, the wonders of the ice tower and skiing.

Tiger Leaping Gorge

Jinsha River splits Yulong Snow Mountain and Haba Snow Mountain, forming the deepest grand canyon in the world-Tiger Leaping Gorge. Tiger leaping gorge is17km long with a drop of 200m. The snow peaks on both sides of the river are more than 3000 meters higher than the river. Its great potential is breathtaking. At the entrance of Jinsha River in the upper reaches of Tiger Leaping Gorge, there is a huge stone lying in the middle of the river, and the rapids pass through both sides of this huge stone, which is only 30 meters wide. The waves are rough and the white waves are rolling. It is said that tigers often jump to the other side through the boulder in the middle of the river, hence the name Tiger Leaping Gorge.

On the Wang Xia platform, the whole canyon is vividly visible. Down to the stone beach by the river, the high cliffs on both sides of the river squeezed the high sky into a crack, and the river was squeezed only 30 meters wide. The river is 5 meters square and the water is as urgent as an arrow. This is a tiger jump. There are ancient rock paintings on the east side of the big cave, mostly animal images.

Looking at the top of Yulong Mountain from the top and bottom, it is a cool paradise battlements. The river is gentle, like a gentle girl, but as soon as it enters the gorge, it becomes a violent angry man. The first step is to pounce on the tiger. The first step is to make people look down upon it. On both sides of the ridge, there are two huge stone gates, among which stands a triangular tiger leaping stone. Since then, the Jinsha River has surged, leaped over the high ridge and poured down with thunderous momentum. Under the high ridge, thousands of Wan Tao waves are buzzing and rolling. Look at that scene, it's terrible. Going forward, you will soon see the starlight beach, which is half a mile long and dotted with reefs. It set off a river full of silver waves, and the sound of the waves was deafening, like the stars of the Milky Way, hence the name. There are 18 such shoals in the whole gorge, with an average of less than one mile. To Achang Valley in the middle of the Grand Canyon, there is a simple hostel in taoyuan village. The houses of dozens of families are all made of bluestone slabs, and the mountains hanging on the walls are like maps. When you leave the village and walk to the river, you will jump into that very dangerous and strange tiger. I saw many rocky reefs and four dangerous cliffs, which covered the sky and covered the sun, and the rugged tiger leaping stones were like ghosts playing in the water. The rapids hit the rocks, the crystal flowers flew, and the stormy waves roared like thunder.

At the cliff head of Gaijiang River, there is a half-mile ramp in the middle. Among pedestrians, spring water gushes from the top of the head and weaves into a beautiful bead curtain, which is unique. In addition, 12 precious ancient rock paintings were found on the rock wall along the Tiger Leaping Gorge, adding wonders to this world grand canyon.

Many famous explorers tried to conquer this dangerous canyon. It is said that American geographer Locke visited here in the 1930s. Yao Maoshu, the pioneer of Jinsha River drifting, was killed in 1985 when he drifted alone to the Yangtze River and took off the source. From 65438 to 0986, the China Luoyang Yangtze River rafting team successfully drifted the Tiger Leaping Gorge for the first time without motivation, but two members were martyred. Up to now, no more than 150 explorers have successfully drifted through this canyon in the world.

Old Town of Lijiang is located in Lijiang County, northwest of Yunnan Province, China, with an altitude of 2,400 meters and an area of 3.8 square kilometers. At present, the population of * * * * is 25,379, of which Naxi nationality accounts for 66.7%, and 30% of the residents are engaged in traditional ethnic handicrafts. This ancient city was built in the early Yuan Dynasty. When Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu invaded Dali, Yunnan, he crossed the Jinsha River with his leather bag and came to Lijiang, where he was stationed in Old Town of Lijiang. The name of the street in the north of Dashiqiao is "Aying" in Naxi language, and "Aying" refers to the Mongolian army. Chang is the village.

Old Town of Lijiang started in the Southern Song Dynasty and has a history of 8900 years. Since the Ming Dynasty, Old Town of Lijiang has been called "Dayan Township", hence its name, because it lives in the center of Lijiang Dam, surrounded by green hills, and there is clear water between green fields, just like a big jade inkstone.

history

Old Town of Lijiang was built by the ancestors of Mu family. Tracing back to the architectural history of "Lijiang people", it has developed from the ancient cave house, tree nest house and dry well wooden box house to the ancient city residential model of "three squares and one wall", "four entrances and five patios, and riding attic". The plane feature of the ancient city dwellings is the courtyard-centered, introverted courtyard combination, and Xia Zi is an important part of the Naxi nationality dwellings.

In A.D. 1254, the ancestor of the Mu family in Lijiang joined Kublai Khan and set up three official posts in the ancient city. Its organizational system is subordinate to Chahan Zhang Guanmin's official position. In A.D. 1276, it was changed to Lijiang Road Military and Civilian Headquarters. In A.D. 1382, A Jia, the magistrate of Tongan, joined the Ming Dynasty and established Lijiang Military and Civilian Mansion. The military residences in Old Town of Lijiang and Lijiang (Mujiayuan) are unique and magnificent, and they are also the symbols of the politics, economy and power of the Mu family at that time. Xu Xiake, a famous traveler in China in the Ming Dynasty, once wrote in Lijiang Travel Notes: "The beauty of the palace is the king" and "the residential quarters are full of tiled houses". It is a true portrayal of the prosperous landscape of Old Town of Lijiang in those days. Naxi people are good at absorbing and drawing lessons from foreign cultures, because Lijiang is located at the port of the Southern Silk Road, on the ancient tea-horse road. It is a distribution center for Yunnan-Tibet trade. From A.D. 1253, Kublai Khan stationed in Lijiang brought foreign culture, and was later influenced by Tibetan Buddhism, Taoism and other Central Plains cultures, and until the beginning of the 20th century, he was also influenced by Christian culture. In addition, the ancient Dongba religion, Dongba Sutra, Dongba hieroglyphics, Dongba paintings and the ancient music of Naxi Cave Sutra known as the remains of Yuan people were added. All these can be eclectic and developed. These cultural influences have added the connotation of Old Town of Lijiang.

The beauty of the ancient city lies in the nature and harmony of its geographical environment. 30 kilometers northwest of the ancient city is the Yulong Snow Mountain and the remains of the fourth glacier, with an altitude of 5596 meters, which has not been conquered by human beings. Yuquan has three main streams: west, middle and east. It flows into the ancient city and divides into several tributaries, so that the water network and the road network paved with flowers and stones are intertwined, which is really wonderful. Many Chinese and foreign architects admire it, and it is known as "Gusu on the Plateau" and "Venice in the East". For a long time, countless tourists at home and abroad have been attracted by ancient cities and snow-capped mountains, lingering in the quaint, natural, elegant and quiet ancient cities.

Lugu Lake

Lugu Lake is located between Yongning Township, ninglang county City, Yunnan Province and Zuosuo Township, Yanyuan County, Sichuan Province, 76 kilometers away from Ninglang County. The local Mosuo people call it Xie Nami, which means Mother Sea. Because the shape of the lake is like a gourd with a bent neck, it is named Lugu Lake.

Lugu Lake is a plateau lake formed by fault collapse, with an altitude of 5685 meters, which is the highest lake in Yunnan. The average depth of the lake is more than 40 meters, and the deepest point is 73.2 meters, second only to Fuxian Lake, ranking second in the province. The whole lake is like a horseshoe, long from north to south and narrow from east to west. It is remote, with inconvenient transportation, less damage to the natural environment and relatively clean water.

To the east of the lake, there is a winding ridge.