What country did the first person from Beyond the Arctic come from?

The first person who fought for the North Pole and finally won the victory in life was robert edwin peary of the United States. His influence on the Arctic is an immortal chapter in the history of Arctic exploration.

1856, Piri was born in a wealthy family in Pennsylvania, USA. Unfortunately, his father died when he was young. His mother lived as a Victorian widow in her early thirties. She spent all her energy on her only darling, little Piri. She brought him up and taught him to sew. When playing in the sun, be sure to make him wear a girl's hat to make his skin fair. Little Pi Li's inarticulate speech often embarrassed him in front of his classmates. So many students call him a "wimp", and his insults to others are always silent.

However, Piri has grown into a calm young man. During his college years, he was studious and got excellent grades. He is also good at all kinds of sports activities, with strong body, big arms and round waist, and finally changed from a wimp to a real tough guy. Maybe mother's special love has the opposite effect. Piri didn't yearn for that kind of comfortable life, but chose a terrible adventure.

After graduating from Piri University, he joined the US Navy as an engineer and began his exploration career. He held many positions in the navy until he retired with the rank of major general.

From 65438 to 0885, Piri went to Nicaragua for three months. Although the climate there is not as cold as the North Pole, it is a rare exercise opportunity for Piri. The expeditions he led often trudged through knee-deep water or even lakes overhead. I don't know how many barren forests and swamps they walked through, and finally found a route through the isthmus of China and the United States (there was no Panama Canal at that time).

Impact the North Pole

1886, Piri took a leave of absence for six months and used the $500 lent by his mother as his first trip to explore Greenland. Together with a Dane he met on the road, he crossed the ice sheet over 100 miles and climbed an ice peak as high as 7000 feet. No one has pushed this far north before. This strengthened Piri's belief in exploration. In fact, Piri's ambition to hit the North Pole began to take shape before he saw the iceberg. Although he is a first-class engineer, he is not interested in scientific research. Nothing attracts him more than his undivided attention to the North Pole.

189 1 year, Piri completed his second Greenland expedition. The expedition consists of six people, including his beloved wife Josephine, the amiable Dr. Cook and the slave Henson. The expedition planned to visit Greenland from the inside, and the journey experienced an incredible disaster. The ship had an accident before landing. A huge ice floe collided with the bow, overturned Piri at the helm, and the rapidly rotating tiller hit him hard on the right leg. The doctors of the expedition rushed to the scene, quickly boarded his right leg, took him to the shore by boat, and then escorted him to the mainland for treatment. Piri, who has been in bed for more than six weeks, has gradually recovered. Unexpectedly, Piri and his rescuer Cook later became explorers' highest honor-competitors who reached the North Pole.

During this expedition, Josephine gave birth to their 1 child in the Inuit village in the Arctic. Piri invited the Inuit to his home and asked them how to survive in the most remote areas of the world and how to drive away dogs, so as to decide his way to the North Pole.

On a dangerous trip across the ice sheet, he found the north shore of Greenland, which completely confirmed that Greenland is a big island without connection with the North Pole. This discovery won him a high honor. On his way home, he was warmly welcomed by people, and Mr. Nansen, who contributed to Greenland exploration, also sent a warm congratulatory message.

After the third Greenland expedition from 1893 to 1895 failed, Piri realized that the road from Greenland to the North Pole was not feasible. He decided to change his strategy, set up a base in ellesmere island, and then enter the North Pole. If one year fails, he will continue the next year until he wins.

1898, he sailed northward on the steam engine yacht "Xiang Feng" provided by Baron Norcliffe, a British publishing house, and was bitten by sea ice, so he couldn't get away and had to set up a temporary camp. At this time, it was already the middle of winter, and I didn't see the sun all day, so I traveled by moonlight. It took them nine days to cross the ice floe, but they only walked halfway. After two days, the moon disappeared, and it was dark everywhere, so it was inconvenient to walk. They endured the biting cold wind and limped for another eight days. Along the way, they crossed the sea ice hit by the waves and waded through the loose ice area like a quagmire. Two dogs died on the road, and the others were exhausted. 1899 65438+1October 6th, just when they were cornered, they met a small house. When they went in, they saw cans and rags everywhere on the ground. Obviously, the owner of the small house left in a hurry not long ago. Although the house is not very decent, it is safe and can keep out the cold. It was a great help to have such a hiding place at that time.

The hut brought them warmth. When Piri's whole body thawed, I only felt that my legs were numb, which was undoubtedly a sign of frostbite! Dr. Dedrick (Dr. Cook refused the invitation of Piri's third Greenland expedition) saw that he was seriously injured and his toes were in danger. He immediately had an operation and had seven toes removed. After the operation, Piri endured great pain and lay down for six weeks. He kept thinking, "can't I go on forever?" What if you are disabled? Finally, he wrote on the wall of the hut in Latin: "I won't stop until I reach my goal!" " "

Due to the severe frostbite in Piri, the expedition could not move on, so it had to return to look for the ship. Piri couldn't stand and walk, so the players tied him to a sleigh and dragged him forward. When he passed the formidable ice mound, the sled bumped badly, but he stubbornly endured it, and even when the sled ran out of control and rushed into the bottom of the ditch, he never complained.

On the first 1 1 day, they returned to the ship. The doctor examined Piri's injury and had another operation, so that there was only one thumb left on each foot. A month later, before the wound healed, he began to practice walking with crutches. During the whole summer in the Arctic that year, he completed a long journey and mapped the long coastline of northern Greenland. Although his feet were very painful and sometimes his eyes sparkled, he endured it with amazing perseverance.

At the northernmost tip of Greenland, he carefully observed icebergs and ice floes on the ocean surface. He believes that he can go directly to the North Pole with the support of the reserve team.

Unfortunately, his second child died young, and the news of his mother's sudden death made him extremely sad. He decided to return to his hometown immediately to deal with the aftermath. After five years of exploration, he never surpassed Nansen's record of 84 degrees north latitude 16 minutes, which made him very helpless.

During his home visit, relatives and friends came to see him in an endless stream, and the "Piri Arctic Club" spoke highly of him and expressed its continued support. At the same time, he also found that senior White House officials were very appreciative of his impact target, and even President Roosevelt was happy to hit the North Pole. However, his wife and eldest daughter begged him not to leave them again. That year, Piri was 56 years old and retired, but the fire in his heart to seize the North Pole was burning even more brightly. He said: "I am more confident than ever at this time. As long as I cross the Smith Strait, the North Pole is at my fingertips. " US Navy officials also encouraged him: "Reaching the North Pole is your main task. We will give you everything you lack ... This glorious mission involves the honor of the country. " In this way, despite the obstruction of his wife and daughter, Piri pulled himself together, shouldered the heavy responsibility and set out for the North Pole again.

He regards the North Pole as a strong fortress to conquer. Transportation, food and equipment are three key factors, which need a lifetime of wisdom and experience to make proper arrangements. A ship specially modified for this expedition is not only powerful, but also resistant to ice and pressure. It was named after President theodore roosevelt. He carefully formulated the aid plan of the support team and the plan to capture the North Pole. In order to reach the splendid North Pole, he made thorough and orderly arrangements.

Roosevelt set sail.

1On July 6th, 905, the Roosevelt set sail from new york on time, and entered the ice drift area to break the ice a few days later. Before winter, the ship was often bitten by ice and squeezed by collision, but it was not damaged. After winter, many Inuit young men, women and children on board 100 were arranged with various beneficial activities, such as hunting, making fur coats and trousers. The winter life on the ship is full of cheerful atmosphere.

190665438+1October19, the first backup team set off. Their task is to build a warehouse every 80 kilometers on the way to the North Pole to store some food and fuel for the Arctic expedition to use when they return. This measure is not bad, it is very suitable in the Antarctic continent, but it is not easy in the Arctic. Because the road to the North Pole is ice floes, not land, and it is impossible to estimate the drift distance of the ice floes to the east at that time, it is difficult to ensure that the storage bin does not deviate from the scheduled route, so it is difficult to find it when returning. Shortly after the expedition began, there was a violent snowstorm, which made the support team unable to move forward. Although Piri ordered the team to move forward again and again, the weather was not good, and it took a lot of manpower and material resources to delay because of the snowstorm, so we had to give up. In this way, arctic blue suffered another setback for the second time.

Piri came back depressed again, and she was over sixty years old. Although he lost the opportunity to win the highest honor again and again, he was not strong enough and decided to make the last expedition.

At this time, his wife Josephine unexpectedly supported and encouraged him.

Everything is ready. 1September, 908, Piri boarded the "Roosevelt" again and set sail, soon arrived at Cape sheridan, found the last wintering base, and began to transfer materials to Cape Columbia in the north.

1909 On February 28th, the sun was shining in the Arctic, and Piri's March to the Arctic officially began. Bob bartlett, the captain of Roosevelt, took the lead in escorting the motorcade, and George Borup led the 2nd Commando for support, followed by Piri and his slave Henson. This time, we marched into the North Pole and learned the last lesson. Everyone stays in the warehouse and moves forward at the same time, which can avoid the danger of being washed away by ice floes.

Soon after the procession moved forward, due to the warmer weather, a wide waterway appeared on the ice, blocking the way of sledding and had to camp temporarily. In March 1 1, the temperature dropped and the water surface froze like a mirror. They continued on their way. Arriving at 85 degrees 23 minutes north latitude, the second commando team was ordered to return. At this time, Piri made rapid progress, advancing northward for about 15 to 16 miles every day, and soon caught up with the bartlett advance team. On March 28th, they camped on a big ice floe. Unfortunately, the ice suddenly cracked at night. Piri and Hansen quickly jumped over the ice cracks and moved to a bigger ice surface. However, bartlett stayed on the small ice because of his late action, and his situation was in jeopardy. Fortunately, not long after, the small ice cubes miraculously moved closer to the big ice cubes, avoiding a catastrophe.

At the end of March, they reached 88 degrees north latitude. Captain bartlett walked so far at an amazing speed, of course, hoping to win the North Pole with Piri, but Piri insisted on a white man reaching the North Pole, so bartlett had to return.

Piri, Henson and four Inuit, with five sledges, chose 40 good dogs and started a sprint to the North Pole. The weather is fine, and it has been sunny for several days. They are progressing very smoothly. On April 5th, they crossed the 89th parallel, and the next day,1April 6th, 909, Piri successfully captured the North Pole! At this time, he excitedly wrote in his diary: "I finally arrived at the North Pole! For more than 300 years, the brilliant goal of the Explorer Competition and my 23-year dream have finally come true. I didn't expect the North Pole to be such a monotonous and ordinary place ... "

After camping in the Arctic, Piri made a series of observations, especially the measurement of the sun's altitude angle. He measured 13 times in two places, three different directions and four different times, which fully confirmed that they did reach the North Pole. Piri said confidently, "I have been close to the North Pole again and again, where east, west, north and south converge at one point." On April 7, they left this mysterious place and returned to the Cape Columbia camp on April 23. On the way, they skate an average of 26 miles a day, sometimes more than 30 miles.

Cook and Piri

On the way back to Roosevelt, Piri met two Inuit who went to explore the Arctic with Cook. They told him how Cook took them across the ice sea, without even seeing any signs of land along the way. However, Piri's mind was filled with the joy of victory, turned a deaf ear to it and continued to March south. Along the way, he hunted walrus for the Inuit for the winter as usual. Arriving at Labrador port, he immediately telegraphed the United States: "The American Stars and Stripes are planted in the North Pole!" " "However, Peary never imagined that five days ago, Cook sent a telegram from Shetland saying that he arrived at the North Pole on April 2 1908, which was nearly a year earlier than Peary. Therefore, the hero of the American people celebrating the conquest of the Arctic is Cook, not Piri.

Since then, Piri has made an unforgivable mistake. He published many articles in the newspaper to mislead people and attack his competitor Cook. He accused Cook of being a liar, saying that he had never been to the North Pole at all, but made a short trip on the edge of the mainland. Nevertheless, in this large-scale debate sweeping across the United States, the public still leans towards Cook's side. According to a poll in Pittsburgh newspaper, 73,238 people think Cook is the hero of Beyond the Arctic, while only 28 14 people support Piri.

After Piri suffered an unexpected and unbearable humiliation, his followers, especially members of Piri Arctic Club (although few in number, but rich and powerful) immediately organized a propaganda network aimed at framing Cook and defending their hero Piri. Piri personally went to Congress to "answer" the questions raised by fatuous members, and as a result, he was officially recognized and awarded the glorious title of Arctic hero. However, the American public is firmly opposed to him, and many modern Arctic experts, including Wally Herbert, do not recognize Piri. So all Piri got was a eclipsed reward. After synthesizing various materials, Peter Fletcher commented on Piri and Cook with an ironic sentence: "Cook is a liar and a polite person, but Piri is neither."

In his later years, Piri spent the rest of his life with his family on an island that Maine bought when he was young. He suffers from anemia. 1920 In February, he stopped breathing and was buried as a regular soldier in Arlington National Cemetery.