Paper on photography skills of man and nature

First, the harmonious coexistence between man and nature is a common problem faced by ruling parties in various countries.

With the development of human industrial civilization to a new historical stage, the contradiction between society and nature of human environment is accumulating day by day, and the pressure from population, environment, resources and ecology is increasing day by day. How to realize the harmonious coexistence between man and nature has gradually become a major issue facing the ruling authorities in various countries. In fact, environmental problems have developed into social and political problems, which not only determines a country's ability to achieve sustainable development, but also has a closer relationship with party politics. No matter developed countries or developing countries, no matter what kind of political party is in power, it is impossible to avoid the problem of how people get along with the environment.

First of all, the rise of "green politics" has changed the traditional party structure and brought environmental protection issues into mainstream politics. The Green Party is a new political force, and its main goal is to protect the environment, expand democracy and maintain human peace. 1972 The New Zealand Value Party, the first national green party organization in the world, appeared. After that, the influence of the Green Party developed rapidly in various countries, especially in Western Europe, and entered the local, national and European parliaments one after another, becoming an important ruling party and participating party. At present, the Green Party has spread all over the world on five continents, and there are about 70 green party organizations around the world. Driven by the Green Party, the awareness of ecological priority and environmental protection has been deeply rooted in the hearts of people all over the world, and some mainstream political parties have also made theoretical innovations. The old ruling parties such as the German Social Democratic Party and the British Labor Party have written the concept of "green politics" into their party programs, and some right-wing governments such as the British Conservative Party government have also introduced new environmental protection regulations. The development of "green politics" makes the relationship between man and nature finally get rid of the marginal position and enter the mainstream politics.

Second, environmental security has become an important part of international social security, and the ruling parties in all countries pay attention to safeguarding their own environmental interests. At present, there are four main types of environmental security problems recognized by the ruling parties in various countries: First, conflicts and instability caused by scarce resources such as oil and water are important reasons for conflicts in many regions. In the Middle East, Africa, West Asia and South Asia, water resources have become an important factor affecting the geopolitical pattern; Second, social unrest caused by the threat of environmental degradation to human survival, such as the emergence of a large number of "environmental refugees" in many countries in Africa and Asia due to environmental degradation and food shortage, which caused local unrest and social instability; Third, international disputes and conflicts caused by cross-border pollution and hazard transfer; Fourth, the biological and genetic threats brought by the development of economy and science and technology and the international movement of goods and people, such as mad cow disease, avian flu and SARS, are difficult to control and often lead to global panic.

Third, the attitude towards environmental issues has become an important factor affecting the image of the ruling party and the country. The Republican administration in the United States has been strongly criticized for withdrawing from the Kyoto Protocol, which limits greenhouse gas emissions. The EU authorities took the lead in proposing a quantitative goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020, forcing the Republican administration in the United States, which has been inactive on climate issues, to make some compromises at the G8 Summit. Although western developed countries are mainly responsible for exporting environmental problems and ecological crises, the ruling parties in these countries have been actively fighting for the right to speak on environmental issues and attacking the environmental policies of developing countries.

Second, the main measures taken by the ruling authorities in various countries to achieve harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

First, abandon "anthropocentrism" and establish the concept of green economy and sustainable development. The ruling authorities of Sweden, Finland, Norway and other Nordic countries first called for understanding and handling the coordinated development of man and nature from a global perspective. 1972, the Swedish ruling authorities took the initiative to host the United Nations conference on the human environment, and put forward the slogan "There is only one earth", and in the Declaration on the Human Environment adopted by the conference, they called for "mankind has reached a historical turning point that requires concerted action by the whole world and more prudent measures to deal with environmental problems". In 2003, the international member parties of the Socialist Party, which were in power in many countries, put forward a "new development view" in the S? o Paulo Declaration, holding that environmental issues are as important as economic and social development issues, and advocating the combination of ecology, economy and society to achieve "sustainable development". In recent two years, the ruling authorities in some developed countries have stopped using the traditional national economic accounting system and adopted a new "green accounting system", which includes the loss of natural resources and the cost of environmental protection, so as to reflect the relationship between economic development and natural environment more reasonably.

Second, comprehensively use legislative, administrative, taxation and other means to supervise environmental protection. Finland is the first country in the world to enact environmental protection laws. The ruling authorities promulgated the first forest law as early as 1886, and its forest coverage rate has now exceeded 70%. In March 2000, the Finnish government began to implement the new Environmental Protection Law, which collected relevant laws and regulations such as air pollution prevention, noise elimination and environmental protection permit system, and revised relevant laws and regulations such as water saving and garbage disposal to strengthen the preventive protection of the environment. In recent years, the ruling parties in India, Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos and other countries have also enacted relevant laws to protect their own forest resources, strictly restricted the export of logs, and the export tax on wood products has also risen sharply. The ruling parties in African countries have formulated severe punishment measures to crack down on illegal hunting and trafficking of wild animals.

Third, give play to the role of the government and the people, force and encourage a two-pronged approach, promote enterprises and society to save energy and reduce consumption, and actively develop new and renewable resources. The ruling parties in more and more countries generally regard energy conservation and environmental protection as the important contents of their governance. The ruling parties in Singapore, Japan, the United States and other countries promote energy conservation through fiscal, taxation and administrative means. Singapore's ruling authorities have set up an environmental sustainable innovation fund of S $20 million to encourage enterprises and individuals to develop and innovate in energy conservation, environmental protection and resource recycling. Through the reform of the tax system, the Japanese government stipulates that enterprises that meet the energy-saving standards or use energy-saving products will enjoy preferential tax reduction and exemption within a certain period of time, and those that fail to meet the energy-saving standards and cannot be improved on schedule will be fined 6,543,800 yen. Both the United States and Germany have enacted relevant laws and regulations to encourage the public to buy new energy vehicles by reducing or exempting sales tax.

Fourthly, through scientific and technological progress and industrial upgrading, extensive economic with high consumption, high pollution and low efficiency will be transformed into a new circular economy with low consumption, low pollution and high efficiency. Since the 1970s, due to the lack of resources and energy crisis, the ruling authorities in many countries have vigorously developed circular economy. Driven by the policies of the ruling authorities, circular economy has become the daily behavior of Japanese enterprises, and many large companies such as Panasonic, Sony and Toyota have basically achieved "zero industrial waste". Germany's circular economy has developed into a new industry, and the proportion of garbage in all production industries after treatment is as high as 50%. Other countries in the European Union have also vigorously advocated circular economy and formulated specific methods and targets for recycling, utilization or reuse. Britain stipulates that the utilization rate of renewable energy will increase by 10% in 2065, and by 438+00% and 20% in 2020. Dutch authorities stipulate that the recycling rate of waste should reach 60%; France stipulates that the recycling rate of packaging waste is 80%.

Fifth, pay attention to various forms of publicity and education, and constantly enhance the environmental awareness of the whole society. Austrian authorities stipulate that primary and secondary schools must offer environmental protection courses, hire environmental experts to teach environmental protection and garbage recycling knowledge on a regular basis, and the news media often publicize new environmental protection knowledge and inventions. The Swedish government vigorously promotes energy conservation and environmental protection as a part of social culture, and actively promotes its energy conservation experience to foreign countries, making the whole people feel proud of environmental protection. The United States designated165438+1October 15 as "American Recycling Day", and the Environmental Protection Agency set up a website to publicize the knowledge of recycled products. After years of unremitting publicity and education, a good social atmosphere has been formed in some developed countries that is proud of saving environmental protection.

Third, some enlightenment.

Looking at the theories, policies and practices of the ruling parties in various countries in dealing with the problems of man and the natural environment in the past 40 years, especially some new ideas and measures since the beginning of the new century, we can draw the following enlightenment:

First, it is in line with the trend of the times to abandon the old concept of development, adhere to Scientific Outlook on Development and take the road of sustainable development in which man and nature coexist harmoniously. The traditional one-sided development view, which simply pursues economic growth and ignores social justice and environmental harmony, has shown various drawbacks in the development process of some countries. With the rapid development of economic globalization and the severe challenges faced by human living environment, it is the only correct choice to adhere to Scientific Outlook on Development, coordinate economic and social development and environmental protection, and adhere to the road of sustainable and harmonious development.

Second, to build a harmonious society between man and nature, we must proceed from the national conditions and not blindly follow them. On the issue of promoting the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, we should learn from the successful experience of foreign countries, but we should not put forward excessive demands on environmental protection and other issues, especially we should not be bound by some concepts that are not in line with the national conditions. Developing countries in the primary stage of industrialization must proceed from the national conditions in dealing with the relationship between man and environment, focusing on controlling excessive population growth, ensuring food security and resisting natural disasters, and cannot blindly advance.

Thirdly, the work of promoting the harmonious coexistence between man and nature must be integrated into the whole construction of a harmonious society and closely combined with other links in the construction of a harmonious society. To establish a harmonious relationship between man and nature, we should comprehensively use various means to mobilize the enthusiasm of all sectors of society and avoid becoming a unilateral act of the government or enterprises; To build a harmonious relationship between man and nature, we should not only attach importance to the transformation of traditional industries, but also consider the combination with the construction of new countryside, improve social atmosphere and stabilize social order, so as to improve the natural environment, improve the quality of population and change the mode of economic growth.

The relationship between heaven and earth is the relationship between man and nature. The relationship between man and nature is a hot topic today. The relationship between man and nature is a big, wide and deep topic. If we want to reveal their relationship concisely, we must rely on the theory of ecosystem and ecological balance developed in recent decades. ...

Ecosystem and ecological balance only spread widely in 1970s, and the speed of spread and acceptance was amazing. The attractive "ecological balance" was discussed by scholars, promoted by officials and shouted by actors. The reason why the ecological balance is attractive is that the stable state of the ecosystem that people expect is beautiful. Although people think it is a bit abstract and unpredictable, it is kind and concrete. Understanding the ecological balance requires understanding the ecosystem. However, since it was put forward by western scholars, there are more than ten definitions of ecosystem by authoritative people, some of which are hundreds of words, some of which are crosses, but there is no recognized and unified written expression. From their common essence, ecosystem is a specific combination of life system and inorganic environmental system. Life refers to all life groups of plants, animals and microorganisms, including human beings; Inorganic environment refers to the inanimate components of nature; Specific combinations refer to various biota created in different regions-that is, different ecosystems. Every biota on land has formed its own ecosystem, which is called terrestrial ecosystem. Similarly, marine biota form a marine ecosystem. Marine ecosystem and terrestrial ecosystem constitute the whole life world-biosphere. The biosphere usually reaches a height of 100 m above the ground and a depth of 100 m below the water surface. This is people's home. Therefore, people have long known that they worship heaven and earth, food is the most important thing for people, and good weather is needed for the prosperity of six livestock. Man depends on nature and is subordinate to it.

Where is man in the biosphere? Who does the inorganic environment work for? For grasslands, forests and crops-a green world. Who do all kinds of animals live on? Directly and indirectly rely on green plants. What do thousands of people live on? For eating, take animals or plants, or both; For drinking, take the water of heaven and earth; The oxygen necessary for life comes from the atmosphere. Food, water and gas, which are indispensable life elements, all come from the inorganic world of heaven and earth. Ecologists divide the life in the ecosystem into three categories, but the names are different: (1) plants-producers; (2) Animals-consumers; (3) Microorganisms-decomposers. Who is the most capable of comparing the three life groups? It is undoubtedly a producer, because it supports itself and the latter two. Where are people? In animals. According to the order of ecological food chain: there are herbivores first, and then there are first-class carnivores; Second-class carnivores ... where are the people? People are "advanced" (most dependent) consumers of omnivores, eating grass (grain) and meat. Therefore, ecologists have long concluded that without plants, there would be no animals, and there would be no human beings.

Noble people should not be unconvinced. This does not deny that people have dexterous hands and developed brains. It just means that human existence depends on other creatures and environment in the ecosystem, which requires people to respect nature and act according to the laws of nature.

History has proved that the blind arrogance of human beings has destroyed the ecological balance and has repeatedly attracted ecological disasters that destroy human beings themselves. The causes of destroying ecological balance can be summarized into three categories: First, destroying the environment: as the environment is one of the components of the ecosystem, its changes will affect the stability of the ecosystem. There are many examples of destroying the environment and breaking the balance of ecological environment, such as: the formation of eutrophication in lakes and swamps; Mercury poisoning in Japan; Fluoride destroys the ozone layer; The ecological environment of Aswan Dam has deteriorated; Adverse consequences after the application of "HCH" and "DDT"; The "wet room effect" of the earth, etc. The second is the destruction of vegetation. Vegetation with forest as the main body is the lever of land ecological balance, and the destruction of vegetation on the earth causes the most ecological disasters, such as 1934, the black storm in the western United States, which destroyed more than 45 million mu of cultivated land; 1963, heavy rain occurred in the former Soviet Union agricultural reclamation area, destroying more than 300 million mu of land; Because of the destruction of forests, the ancient Babylonian civilization perished; Talpin between India and Pakistan has become a desert due to forest destruction, with a desert area of 650,000 square kilometers; The deterioration of the ecological situation of the Yellow River Basin in China stems from the destruction of forest vegetation in the upper reaches, and the Yangtze River will become the second Yellow River today. The deterioration of ecological conditions in northeast forest areas is mainly due to unreasonable logging and excessive logging in southwest forest areas and northeast forest areas. Third, destroy the food chain: examples of destroying the food chain and breaking the ecological balance are: excessive killing of natural enemies of pests, causing forest pests and diseases; India once killed a large number of otters, which increased the number of sick fish and decreased the fish production. In Australia, where animal husbandry is developed, the dung beetle rescue case caused by cow dung covering grassland is more fresh. Of course, in the biological world, there are often several incentives.

China is a country with frequent ecological disasters. The earliest and deepest ecological disasters in China are soil erosion, land desertification, climate deterioration, flooding and reservoir dam siltation. In recent years, water pollution in China has intensified: small mesh and less fish and shrimp. Scientists predict that "the ecological crisis will become the biggest crisis faced by mankind in the 2 1 century." This tells people that with the development of industrialization and the increase of population pressure, human beings must learn to live in harmony with nature.

The first part talks about the harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

Today, I would like to take the opportunity of the Eighth National Congress of the Chinese Society of Water Conservancy to talk about some understandings.

After the CPC Central Committee put forward the idea of adhering to people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, all walks of life in China are discussing how to establish and implement the Scientific Outlook on Development under the new situation and promote the faster and better development of all work. As far as the water conservancy industry is concerned, I think it is necessary to seriously review and summarize the experience and lessons of water conservancy work in the past five years and further clarify the ideas, objectives and tasks of water conservancy work in the future.

1in March, 1999, I made a report entitled "Realizing the Transformation from Engineering Water Conservancy to Resource Water Conservancy, Doing a Good Job in China Water Conservancy in the 2 1 century", which caused a great discussion in the whole industry and even inside and outside the industry. In view of the different opinions in the discussion, 1999 165438. When I talked about the changes in people's understanding of nine aspects of water at the communication report meeting of China Water Resources News, I first proposed that "man and nature live in harmony". Since then, on the one hand, we have been exploring the theory of water conservancy, on the other hand, we have done a lot of work in practice, and the achievements are obvious to all. The exploration and practice of water conservancy work, especially the concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, has been fully affirmed by the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. In September, 2002, at the expert committee meeting of China Water Conservancy magazine and the high-level seminar on water resources management and sustainable development, I made a report entitled "Essential characteristics, theoretical basis and institutional guarantee of resource water conservancy", which further clarified that the essential feature of resource water conservancy is that people live in harmony with nature. In the transition period of water conservancy development, the harmony between man and nature, as a scientific concept, has gradually been deeply rooted in people's hearts. In recent years, the central leading comrades have fully affirmed the exploration and practice of water conservancy departments in guiding water conservancy and promoting the sustainable development of water conservancy with the concept of "harmony between man and nature".

Summarizing the theoretical innovation and practical exploration of water conservancy in recent years, we can clearly see that the harmony between man and nature is the core issue of sustainable development. Therefore, in the future, we should adhere to the concept of harmony between man and nature as the core concept to guide various water conservancy work and push the water conservancy cause to a new level. This is the concrete embodiment of Scientific Outlook on Development in water conservancy work.

First, it is an inevitable requirement for the high development of economy and society to put forward that "man and nature live in harmony"

Water is the source of life, and human survival and development cannot be separated from water. The four ancient civilizations in the world were born of rivers: Chinese civilization originated in the Yellow River valley, ancient Egyptian civilization in the Nile valley, ancient Indian civilization in the Ganges valley, and ancient Babylonian civilization in the Tigris River and Euphrates River valley, all of which have the common characteristics of abundant water, abundant sediment and frequent floods. On the one hand, floods have brought disasters to mankind, on the other hand.

In the development of human history, the relationship between man and nature has experienced four periods: dependence, development, plunder and harmony. In each period, people have different understandings of nature and adopted different attitudes when dealing with the relationship with nature.

In the first period, in the primitive society with extremely low productivity level, man and nature were interdependent and man was attached to nature. On the one hand, human beings get everything they need from nature directly or through simple production tools. On the other hand, human beings have to bear all kinds of threats brought by nature to human survival. During this period, human beings passively adapted to nature, and the relationship with nature was in a primitive and harmonious state. With the improvement of productivity, the use of bronzes and ironware and the emergence of agriculture and animal husbandry, human beings began to develop and utilize natural resources and change nature, which made this relationship enter a development stage. During this period, due to the limited ability of human beings to develop and utilize nature, it did not cause great damage to nature. However, with the progress of science and technology and the further improvement of productivity, after the emergence of modern large-scale industrial production, human self-confidence and dissatisfaction with the living environment drove them to "conquer" and "rule" nature, and they demanded and plundered nature without restraint, and the relationship between man and nature entered the third period. The predatory exploitation of resources in this period, on the one hand, caused a devastating disaster to nature, on the other hand, caused nature to retaliate and punish human beings. However, human beings are rational after all. When this predatory development is unsustainable, the relationship between man and nature has entered a new state.

The four stages of the development of the relationship between man and nature are a process of negation and spiral rise in the philosophical sense. In primitive society, people were attached to nature and were in a primitive harmonious state of "harmony between man and nature". In the plundering stage, people take "man can conquer nature" as the leading factor and deny the primary relationship between man and nature. Now we pursue the realm of "harmony between man and nature", which is to deny the idea that "man can conquer nature". "Harmony between Heaven and Man" is different from "Harmony between Heaven and Man". It is an ideological sublimation after human beings reflect on the evil consequences caused by over-utilization of resources and ecological destruction, and it is an initiative for human beings to live in harmony with nature at a higher level.

Looking at the development history of the relationship between man and nature, the concept of "harmony between man and nature" put forward at present is the inevitable result of the continuous development of economy and society, and also the inevitable requirement of the high development of economy and society. In particular, it needs to be emphasized that a full understanding of the development history of the relationship between man and nature is of great practical significance for us to consciously establish and implement Scientific Outlook on Development in water conservancy work. With the continuous development of human economy and society, the level of productivity has been continuously improved. When dealing with the relationship between man and nature, we should give full play to our subjective initiative, consciously pursue the realm of harmony between man and nature, and realize harmony with nature, instead of seeking immediate development at the expense of the development conditions of future generations. This is the true meaning of sustainable development.

Secondly, the harmony between man and nature is the core idea to solve the water problem in China.

Practicing the concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature is to use this concept to solve the water problems faced by China for the water conservancy cause in China.

At present, water conservancy work is faced with four major tasks, namely, solving four major water problems faced by China, such as flood disaster, drought and water shortage, soil erosion and serious water pollution. On the surface, these problems are the harm of water to people, but in essence they are the consequences of people's harm to water. Therefore, while preventing people from harming water, we should pay more attention to preventing people from harming water. The core idea of solving the four major water problems in China is to live in harmony with nature.

According to the concept of harmony between man and nature, there are four key points to solve the four major water problems in China.

First, give the flood a way out. This is the key point to solve the flood in China.

We have learned many lessons in dealing with the relationship between man and flood, and the most important one is to give the flood a way out.

Last year, the flood control and flood fighting work in Huaihe River Basin concentrated on this guiding ideology. Last year, there was a big flood in the Huaihe River Basin. In flood fighting and disaster relief, according to the requirements of the central authorities, we adhere to people-oriented, scientific prevention and control, implement effective government social management, make early deployment, make full preparations, make full use of all kinds of advanced forecasting technologies and means, make scientific dispatch, give full play to the role of water conservancy projects, and make timely use of flood storage and detention areas and flood diversion channels, thus achieving reasonable arrangements of "blocking, dividing and dividing", strict defense and scientific rescue, and keeping the flood under control all the time. Careful organization and proper placement of the affected people have effectively safeguarded the interests of the people and social stability. Although the flood magnitude of Huaihe River is greater than 199 1 year, the flood situation is heavier than 199 1 year. Disaster prevention investment and disaster loss are less than 199 1 year. No one was killed or injured in the whole flood control dispatching and evacuation. Of course, an important condition for the success of Huaihe River flood control practice is to have the necessary engineering and technical means. Without these foundations,