What are the basic steps of drawing terrain in engineering survey?

Topographic maps shall indicate survey control points, residential areas, fences, industrial and mining buildings and other facilities,

Transportation and ancillary facilities, pipelines and ancillary facilities, water systems and ancillary facilities, boundaries, topography, soil, vegetation and other features, geomorphic elements and place names. And highlights various elements related to the use of mapping.

The expression methods and selection principles of various elements of ground features and landforms shall be implemented in accordance with the current national standard topographic map schema, and shall comply with the following relevant provisions.

1. Surveying and mapping of survey control points

1. 1 survey control points are the main basis for surveying and mapping topographic maps and engineering survey construction lofting, and should be accurately represented on the map.

1.2 Plane control points, traverse points, root points and leveling points at all levels shall be represented by the symbols specified in the drawing with the position of the spreading point or measuring point as the geometric center.

2. Surveying and mapping of residential areas and fences

2. 1 All kinds of buildings, structures and main ancillary facilities in the residential area shall accurately survey the outline of the site and truthfully reflect the structural characteristics of the building.

2.2 The outline of the building shall be based on the external angle of the wall foundation, classified according to the building materials and properties, and the number of floors shall be indicated. When drawing with the scale of 1: 500 and 1: 1000, the houses should be indicated one by one, and the temporary houses can be abandoned; 1: 2000 scale maps can be properly integrated, and hutongs with widths less than 0.5mm on the map can be omitted. 2.3 The outline of buildings and fences is less than 0.4mm on the drawing, and when the simple house is less than 0.6mm, it can be connected by a straight line.

2.4 1: 500 scale mapping, the indoor courtyard should be expressed separately; 1: 1000 scale surveying and mapping, the patio below 6mm2 on the map cannot be represented.

2.5 Surveying and mapping grating should be clearly classified and properly selected. The city wall is expressed in scale according to the outline of the city base, and the towers, gates and gaps should be measured; Walls, fences, railings, etc. They can be considered according to their persistence, regularity and importance.

2.6 Steps and outdoor stairs with a length greater than 3 mm and a width greater than 1 mm shall be shown in the drawings.

2.7 If the permanent pier is larger than 1mm, the center position shall be measured if it is smaller than 1mm, which shall be indicated by symbols. When the center position of an important pier cannot be measured, the eccentricity and offset direction should be measured and recorded.

2.8 The projected position of the outermost range should be measured for the overhanging part of the building, and the main pillars should also be measured.

Surveying and mapping of industrial and mining buildings (structures) and other facilities

3. 1 Surveying and mapping of industrial and mining buildings (structures) and other facilities shall accurately indicate their positions, shapes and properties.

3.2 If industrial and mining buildings (structures) and other facilities are expressed in proportion, their external contours shall be measured, and symbols shall be allocated or used according to the drawings; When not according to the scale, the positioning point or positioning line should be accurately determined and represented by the symbol not according to the scale.

4. Surveying and mapping of traffic and ancillary facilities

4. 1 Surveying and mapping of traffic and ancillary facilities should accurately reflect the types and grades of land roads and the structure and relationship of ancillary facilities; Correctly handle the intersection relationship of roads and the relationship with other elements; Correctly express the navigation signs of water and sea traffic, the situation of rivers and navigation, and the traffic relationship of roads at all levels.

4.2 Elevation of railway rail top (curve section takes inner rail top), middle of highway, road intersection, bridge deck, etc. Measurement and injection shall be made, as well as the elevation at the bottom of tunnels and culverts.

4.3 Freeways and other two-lane highways should be displayed on the map with actual width and proportion. The map should be marked with highway technical grade code every 15~20mm, and the national highway should be marked with the national highway route number. Roads and streets are divided into cement, asphalt, gravel, strip stone or slate, hard brick, gravel and dirt road according to their pavement materials. The pavement in the drawing should be marked with concrete, drainage ditch, gravel, stone, brick, ballast and soil respectively, and the changes of pavement materials should be separated by dotted lines.

4.4 When a railway intersects with a highway or other road plane, the railway symbol is not interrupted, but another road symbol is interrupted; When urban roads are interchanges or elevated roads, bridge locations, ramps and green maps should be drawn; Multi-layer overlap, the part of the lower layer covered by the upper layer is not drawn, the pier or column can be represented according to the drawing requirements, and the vertical retaining wall can be drawn with solid lines without retaining wall symbols.

4.5 Embankment and cutting should draw boundaries according to the width of the site, and measure the elevation at the top and toe of the slope.

4.6 The road through residential areas should not be interrupted, and should be drawn according to its real location. Fences (or fences) and entrances and exits should be drawn on both sides of the expressway, and the name of the highway should be marked. The central partition needs to be represented according to the visual diagram. Urban streets should draw lanes, overpasses, entrances and exits of underground passages, separation zones, roundabout, street gardens, sidewalks and green belts.

4.7 For bridges crossing rivers or valleys, the positions of bridge heads, bridge bodies and piers shall be measured, and building structures shall be filled. The contour line of the wharf shall be measured, with a proper name, and the one without a name shall be "wharf". The buildings on the wharf shall be surveyed and indicated with corresponding symbols.

4.8 Main roads, rural roads and internal roads shall be measured in proportion. When the width is less than 1mm, only the center line of the road is measured, which is represented by the symbol of the path.

5. Pipeline Surveying and Mapping

5. 1 Permanent power lines and telecommunication lines shall be accurately represented, and the position of towers shall be actually measured. When multiple lines are on the same pole frame, only the main line is displayed. The power lines and telecommunication lines in the urban construction area can be disconnected, but the line direction should be drawn on the pole frame. All kinds of lines should be clear and coherent.

5.2 Overhead, ground and pipe dike pipelines shall be measured separately and indicated with corresponding symbols. And indicate the name of the transported substance. When the supports of the straight section of overhead pipeline are dense, they can be properly selected. Underground pipeline maintenance wells should be represented by surveying and mapping.

5.3 Sewage grilles, fire hydrants, valves, faucets, wire boxes, telephone booths, street lamps and manholes shall be measured in the center, symbolized and marked when necessary.

6. Water system mapping

6. 1 Water conservancy facilities such as rivers, lakes, oceans, reservoirs, ponds, springs, wells, etc. shall be accurately mapped, marked and given names. Water injection depth can be measured as required, and can also be expressed by isobath or underwater contour line.

6.2 Water lines of rivers, streams, lakes and reservoirs. It should be determined according to the water level during surveying and mapping. When the projected distance between the water line and the cliff line on the map is less than 1 mm, it should be represented by the cliff line symbol. If the river width is less than 0.5 mm and the ditch width is less than 1 mm (1: 2000 is less than 0.5 mm on the map), it is indicated by a single line.

6.3 The coastline shall be based on the land-water dividing line formed by the average high tide trace. All kinds of dry beaches are represented by corresponding symbols or notes on the map, and the elevation is measured appropriately.

6.4 The water level is high, and the measurement date shall be measured as required. The elevation of the top edge and bottom of the channel shall be measured; The elevation of seasonal riverbed shall be measured and injected; The elevation of the top and toe of the dam shall be measured; The elevation of the top edge and bottom of the pond shall be measured; Springs and wells shall measure the elevation of the outlet of injection springs and the platform of wells, and record the depth from the platform of wells to the water surface as required.

7. Boundary mapping

7. 1 boundary mapping, the map should correctly reflect the boundary category, grade, location and its relationship with other elements.

7.2 Counties (districts, banners) and states at or above the county level shall draw accurately and clearly according to the demarcation agreement and relevant documents, and boundary markers and landmarks shall be displayed in measured coordinates. The boundaries of state-owned agriculture, forestry, pasture and nature reserves at townships, towns and above shall be mapped according to regulations.

7.3 When two or more levels overlap, only the symbols of the higher level are drawn.

8. Topographic and soil quality mapping

8. 1 Geomorphology and soil mapping, and its shape, category and distribution characteristics should be correctly represented on the map.

8.2 Natural landforms should be represented by contour lines, and special landforms such as collapse and residual landforms, slopes and ridges should be represented by corresponding symbols or contour lines.

8.3 All kinds of natural and man-made slopes and ridges are indicated as scarps when their slopes are above 70, and scarps when their slopes are below 70. The projected width of the slope on the map is less than 2mm, which is indicated by the scarp symbol. When the height of the slope ridge is less than 1/2 basic vertical spacing or the length on the drawing is less than 5mm, it does not mean that the slope ridge can be properly selected when it is dense.

8.4 When the width of the terrace top and toe is more than 2mm on the local map, the toe should be measured. 1: 2000 scale mapping terrace ridges are too dense, and when the distance between two ridges on the map is less than 5mm, appropriate selection can be made. When the terrace ridge is relatively slow and the range is large, it can be expressed by contour lines.

8.5 Rocky Mountains and natural slopes with slopes below 70 can be represented by contour lines or contour matching symbols. Independent stones, mounds, pits, steep slopes, slopes, terraces, exposed rocks, etc. Measurement and injection shall be carried out at the top and bottom respectively, or at a higher (or lower) elevation and injection ratio.

8.6 Various soils should be represented by corresponding symbols specified in the diagram, and contour lines should be added to large areas of sandy land.

Express delivery.

9. Vegetation mapping

9. 1 topographic map should correctly reflect the classification characteristics and range distribution of vegetation. The scope of cultivated land and garden should be measured and corresponding symbols should be assigned. The large-scale distribution of vegetation, if expressed clearly, can be explained by notes. When a variety of plants grow in the same area, they can be appropriately selected according to their economic value and quantity, and the number of symbols does not exceed 3 (together with soil symbols).

9.2 Dryland includes fields where wheat, miscellaneous grains, cotton, tobacco, soybeans, peanuts and rape are planted. Variety names should be added to cash crops and oil crops. Dry land with water-saving irrigation equipment should be irrigated with "sprinkler irrigation" and "drip irrigation". Cultivated land planted with different crops in several seasons of the year should be represented by the main crops in summer.

9.3 On the map, ridges with a width greater than 1mm and a width less than 1mm are indicated by single lines. A representative elevation should be measured and injected on site.

10. Notes

10. 1 requires all names, explanatory notes and numerical notes to be marked accurately. All the geographical names of residential areas, roads, streets, mountains, valleys, rivers and other major units on the map should be investigated and verified. If there is a legal name, the legal name shall prevail and shall be correctly marked.

10.2 The elevation annotation points on the topographic map should be evenly distributed, and the distance between elevation annotation points in hilly areas should be 2~3cm on the map.

10.3 elevation marking points shall be measured at the top of the mountain, saddle, ridge, foot of the mountain, valley bottom, valley mouth, gully mouth, concave land, platform, river, lake and marsh shore, water line and other places where the ground is inclined.

10.4 the elevation marking points of urban construction areas should be set at the center line of streets, the intersection center of streets, the foundation of building walls and the corresponding ground, the wellhead of pipeline inspection wells, bridge decks, squares, large courtyards or open spaces and other places with inclined ground.

10.5 When the basic vertical spacing is 0.5m, the elevation marking points shall be marked to cm; When the basic vertical interval is more than 0.5m, decimeter can be injected.

1 1. Coordination of topographic elements

1 1. 1 When the centers of two features are coincident or close, it is difficult to express them accurately at the same time. The more important feature can be expressed accurately, and the secondary feature can be moved by 0.3mm or reduced by 1/3.

1 1.2 When the independent elements overlap with other elements such as houses, roads and water systems, the symbols of other elements can be interrupted with an interval of 0.3mm to draw the independent elements completely.

1 1.3 If buildings above the ground, such as houses or fences, are directly built on scarps or slopes, and the building sideline coincides with the line on scarps, the building sideline can be used to replace the line on scarps; When the line on the slope is close to the edge of the building, the displacement interval is 0.3 mm.

1 1.4 The house suspended on the water surface coincides with the water line, so the water line can be interrupted and the house can be drawn as usual.

1 1.5 The waterline coincides with the scarp, and the edge line of the scarp can be used instead of the waterline; The waterline coincides with the toe of the slope, so it should still be drawn at the toe of the slope.

1 1.6 When the two-lane road coincides with the sideline of buildings above the ground such as houses and fences, the sideline of buildings can replace the roadside line. The joint between the road sideline and the building should be 0.3 mm apart.

When the boundary of 1 1.7 is bounded by one side of the linear feature, the linear feature should be drawn continuously for 0.3mm on the corresponding side. When the center line of the linear feature or the main channel line of the river is bounded, 3~4 symbols should be drawn every 3 ~ 5 cm on the center line of the river or the main channel line of the river. The main channel line is represented by a solid black line of 0. 15mm; When it is impossible to draw the middle line, the symbols of national boundaries should be drawn continuously on both sides, and administrative divisions at all levels in China can draw 3~4 symbols alternately every 3~5cm along both sides. Symbols should be drawn at intersections, turning points and connections with drawing edges to show trends.

1 1.8 The land boundary coincides with the linear symbols with physical objects on the ground and can be omitted. When it coincides with linear symbols (such as overhead pipelines and contour lines) without physical objects on the ground, the property line can be offset by 0.3 mm

Draw it.

1 1.9 contours meet buildings such as houses, and two-lane roads, embankments, cuttings, potholes, scarps, slopes, lakes, two-lane rivers, and notes should be interrupted.

1 1. 10 When the schematic symbol cannot meet the requirements of the survey area, a new symbol can be designed by itself, but it should be indicated outside the outline of the drawing.

Fourth, mapping

1. area meter white paper mapping

1.65438+ Check the orientation with the measured feature points or map points.

1.2 aim at the sight ruler standing on the breaking point with an alidade, read out the sight distance and the number of center lines of the breaking point, and read out the vertical angle.

1.3 Calculate the horizontal distance and vertex elevation with a calculator. The formula (internal focusing telescope) is as follows:

Horizontal distance from the station to the vertical ruler: S=KL? 6? 1 cos 2α；

Elevation of pile point: H=H0+I+ h'-B

Where h' = 0.5 klsin2alpha.

L: the gauge reading difference between two lines of sight;

K: Sight distance multiplied by a constant, usually100;

H0: the elevation of the measuring station;

I: If the instrument is high, H0+I stands for high line of sight;

B: the tangent number of Chinese reading;

α: vertical angle (inclination angle of collimation axis).

1.4 Use caliper gauge and inclinometer to intercept the length of the breakpoint on the map according to the surveying scale, along the edge of the straightedge of the alidade, make one foot of the caliper gauge aim at the measuring place, and prick the other foot on the map to get the breakpoint point on the map, and record the elevation.

1.5 After one point measurement is completed, command the ruler to observe the next point until all the points to be measured on the station are measured.

1.6 After measuring some breakpoints at each station, a sketch should be drawn at any time, and it should be drawn with the measurement as soon as possible to avoid drawing errors or omissions.

1.7 After the features and landforms are outlined on the station, patrol inspection shall be conducted immediately. If omissions, errors or improper comprehensive selection are found, and there is a contradiction between contour lines and elevation notes, they should be corrected immediately. Make the drawing clear and easy to read, with clear priority, proper selection and correct mode application.

1.8 Check the orientation of the drawing board during drawing and before the receiving station.

2. Theodolite with small flat instrument for white paper mapping.

2. 1 Place the theodolite about 2m away from the station, level it, look back at the station and calculate the line of sight height.

2.2 Put the small flat-panel instrument on the measuring platform, after leveling, centering, orientation and checking orientation, aim the vertical ball line of the theodolite with an inclinometer, measure the distance to the theodolite, and determine the position of the theodolite on the map according to the mapping scale.

2.3 aim the sight distance ruler at the breakpoint with an inclinometer, and determine the direction of the breakpoint with the edge of the inclinometer ruler by measuring the position of the location on the map.

2.4 Observe the breakpoint scale with theodolite, read the sight distance and vertical angle, and calculate the breakpoint elevation and the distance from the breakpoint to the theodolite.

2.5 According to the surveying and mapping scale, use calipers to intercept the theodolite from the position of latitude and longitude meters on the map until the breakpoint length intersects with the ruler edge, stab out the breakpoint position, and write down the elevation.

2.6 Repeat the processes of 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5, and measure other fracture points in this part.

2.7 sketch, patrol inspection.

2.8 in the process of mapping, check whether the orientation of the drawing board changes every 20~30 o'clock and before the collection station.

3. Theodolite with protractor for surveying and mapping

3. 1 Place the theodolite on the measuring table, center, level and measure the height of the instrument, and take a control point near the rear view as the starting direction (zero direction).

3.2 Place the small flat panel anywhere near the station, fix the sketchpad, insert the embroidery needle in the position of the station on the map, put the small hole in the center of the protractor on the needle, and draw the direction line from the station to the rear viewpoint.

3.3 theodolite observation breakpoint horizontal angle, vertical angle, sight distance.

3.4 Calculate the elevation of the breakpoint and the horizontal distance from the breakpoint to the measuring point.

3.5 Punch points with protractor and scale according to horizontal angle and horizontal distance, and mark the elevation.

3.6 Repeat the operations in 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 to complete the measurement of other breakpoints.

3.7 Check whether the rear view direction changes, sketch, patrol and check, and the measurement of this station is over.

3.8 When mapping a small area with this method, you can record the field observation data of theodolite and draw a sketch, and you can draw a sketch indoors.

3.9 In order to solve the problem that the reading error of the protractor is too large and the center of the protractor is eccentric, you can calculate the coordinates and elevation of the breakpoint according to the observed horizontal angle, vertical angle and sight distance, and unfold it manually with a triangular ruler, a ruler or a coordinate ruler.

3. When the line of sight of10 is short, replacing the line of sight with a steel ruler or tape measure can greatly improve the ranging accuracy.

3. 1 1 The mapping data measured by theodolite or theodolite with steel ruler (or tape measure) can be calculated, sorted into coordinate data files, and mapped by computer-aided mapping method.

4. Theodolite mapped by rangefinder.

4. 1 put the theodolite on the station, center it and level it, then look back at an adjacent control point and configure the azimuth angle, measure the height of the instrument and calculate the line of sight height.

4.2 Install the ranging head on the theodolite, connect the battery, and set the temperature, air pressure and prism constant.

4.3 theodolite aiming at the mark center at the bottom of the prism, read the azimuth.

4.4 The rangefinder aims at the center of the prism and records the horizontal distance and elevation difference.

4.5 Calculate the coordinates and elevation of the breaking point.

4.6 Use scale to spread points on the drawing board according to coordinates, and add elevation.

4.7 Repeat the operation procedures in 4.3 and 4.4 to complete the measurement of other breakpoints of the station.

4.8 Sketch and patrol inspection.

4.9 When observing, pay attention to check the rear view orientation, or check the coordinates or elevation of known points.

4. 10 When surveying and mapping in a large area by this method, a sketch should be drawn on the spot. When the scope is small, data can be measured and recorded on the spot, sketches can be drawn, indoor exhibitions or computer-aided drawing can be carried out.

4. 1 1 The mapping method of memoryless total station is basically the same as that of theodolite and rangefinder, but the difference is that total station can directly measure coordinates and elevation without calculation.

5. Electronic plane mapping total station.

The workflow of electronic tablet: naming, control point entry, measurement, editing and drawing.

5. 1 hardware inspection: check the battery and plug-in equipment of electronic tablet (notebook computer or PDA) to ensure the normal power supply of digital mapping; On-line inspection of communication cables indoors, whether cable failure or instrument setting error, should be found indoors and dealt with as soon as possible; Check whether the light pen and mouse are normal to ensure that there are no problems in the production process; Prepare a coding table; Bring a soft dog.

5.2 Software operation preparation: set the project name, and determine the file name and storage space of the preparation work; Delineate the measurement area to ensure that the screen display is suitable for measurement; Back up the control point file to the current project name record.

5.3 put the total station on the measuring platform, level it, and the measuring instrument is high; Turn on the machine and set the temperature, air pressure and prism constant.

5.4 Set a workstation on the electronic tablet, and input the workstation number, rear view number and instrument height; The theodolite aims at the rear viewpoint and zeroes the horizontal dial.

5.5 Station inspection: Check the points and elevations of 1~2 control points or actually measured feature points (including the rear viewpoint). When the point difference on the map is not more than 0.3mm and the elevation difference is not more than the basic vertical interval of110, the measurement can be started.

5.6 During measurement, the flat panel operator and the total station operator should cooperate well and command the vertical mirror personnel to set up the mirror; When the prism height changes, the installer shall report the prism height in time.

5.7 After the total station aims at the prism, measure and confirm; The flat instrument reads the data measured by the total station; Enter the code (or inquiry confirmation code); Select the line shape to be connected with the previous point (when connection is needed); For points requiring elevation, enter the prism height.

5.8 After the site work, edit the drawings. The editing operation varies from software to software, and the operator should follow the instructions.

5.9 Use elevation point data file to establish triangulation, generate contour lines, and edit contour lines.

5. 10 Drawing Inspection, Outline Arrangement and Drawing.

5. 1 1 To prevent data loss, field survey data should be input to the desktop and backed up in time.

6. Total station recording method

6. 1 Station setting: centering leveling and height measuring instrument; Input air temperature, air pressure and prism constant; Create (select) a file name; Input station coordinates, elevation and instrument height; Enter the coordinates (or azimuth) of the rear view point, and confirm after aiming at the rear view target.

6.2 Inspection: Measure the coordinates of 1 point with known coordinates and compare them with known coordinates (the tolerance is 0.1mm); On the map); Measure the elevation of 1 point with the known elevation and compare it with the known elevation (the tolerance is110 basic vertical interval); If the first two inspections are within the tolerance range, the measurement can be started; Otherwise, the site will be reset for inspection reasons.

6.3 Vertical mirror: inflection point of the outline of scale feature, center position and positioning point of semi-scale or non-semi-scale feature.

6.4 Observation: Prisms are erected at the outer corner points, boundary points and topographic points of the building, and the return mirrors are high; The total station tracks the prism, inputs the point number and the changed prism height, presses the measure key in the coordinate measurement state, displays the measurement data, and inputs the measuring point type code to save the data. Keep looking at the next point.

6.5 Tape measure: For the points that need to be measured at this station but cannot be seen by the instrument, the tape measure can be used to determine the points; For point objects with radius greater than 0.5m, if the center position cannot be directly determined, the eccentricity should be measured and the eccentricity direction should be indicated on the sketch. The measured distance should be marked on the sketch.

6.6 Sketching: Sketch the terrain on site, and mark the number of vertical mirror points and measuring distance, building structure, elevation, road paving materials, vegetation, place names, pipeline direction and category, etc. Sketch is one of the bases for office preparation, so it should be as detailed as possible.

6.7 Inspection: During the measurement, the rear-view direction should be checked every 30 o'clock and before the receiving station, and the direction or coordinates and elevation can also be checked at other control points.

6.8 Data transmission: connect the data transmission cable between the total station and the computer; Set the communication parameters of the alto to be consistent with those of the total station; Select the file and transmission format to be transmitted in the total station, and press the send command; After receiving the data, the computer saves it as a text file.

6.9 Data conversion: the measurement data is converted into a format recognizable by drawing software through software.

6. 10 Compilation: The topographic map is compiled under the professional software platform, and the specific operation is carried out according to the software instructions.

6. 1 1 Establish the survey area library, connect the maps, and output the maps when necessary.

6. 12 note: the data of each field observation should be input into computer days to prevent data loss; The field draftsman and the indoor draftsman should be the same person, and the interval between field and indoor work in the same area should not be too long.

Five, all-digital ground photogrammetry mapping topographic map (applicable software)

1. Preparation:

1. 1 Check the instrument, tripod and instrument base;

1.2 Install the photographic plate;

1.3 Prepare at least 6 image control points.

2. On-site work

2. 1 Arrange the number of photographic images according to the specific terrain conditions, photographic range and photographic distance; Calculating the length of the photographic baseline and selecting the baseline;

2.2 put a camera station at both ends of the baseline, and the camera station must be horizontal, otherwise it is difficult to complete one image pair at a time during indoor processing; Increase the difficulty of model splicing;

2.3 In the photographic image pair, arrange image control points and arrange personnel to measure the coordinates and elevation of each image control point. When measuring the coordinates and elevation of image control points, mirror reflection must be carried out to ensure the elevation accuracy; When shooting on the photography station, we must make a good record of each image pair, that is, the sequence of image pairs, the left and right images, the sketch of image control points, the coordinates and elevation of image control points;

2.4 When each photo pair is taking photos, the image control point mark must remain motionless.

2.5 The overlapping part of adjacent image pairs shall not be less than 1/3, and the number of image control points shall not be less than 3.

3. Indoor data collection

3. 1 Dry plate is washed and dried, then scanned, and then processed in the office;

3.2 First, the survey area is established, and the parameters of the survey area are generated when the file name is input. Fill in the survey area directory, control point file name, model control point file name, original image type, photographic scale, mapping scale, orthographic image output resolution, etc. In the pop-up parameter interface. A survey area can be composed of multiple models, and each model needs to establish a model parameter file, which is generated when the file name is input. Fill in the model directory, left and right image names, temporary file directory and product directory in the pop-up parameter interface.

3.3 Select the input image control point file in the file menu of the software;

3.4 Select automatic internal orientation in the processing menu of the software. After computer processing, the image control points are determined in the computer according to the traditional method, and then the absolute orientation is selected. In this process, we must adjust the parallax, align the image control points, and then save and exit;

3.5 After doing the above work, define the working area of the current image pair, that is, the effective area of the image pair to be mapped, then automatically generate the epipolar image, and select Exit from the pop-up menu;

3.6 In the main interface of the software, select image matching, and then enter the matching editing state. The places that need to be edited include: image discontinuity, occlusion and shadow, shrub patch, interference, large area of flat land, etc.

3.7 In the main interface of the software, select products to generate DEM, orthophoto and contour lines. If there are multiple models in the survey area, the models need to be spliced to regenerate contour lines;

3.8 In the digital image mapping interface, establish the mapping vector file, open the model, input contour lines, and then measure and edit the ground features and landforms.

4. Edit the outline and output the topographic map.

Six, GPS underwater topographic survey (southern software)

Underwater topographic survey with GPS should be carried out according to the following steps:

1. Fixed radio settings:

1. 1 Connect the radio antenna, GPS antenna and power cord according to the port mark on the GPS.

1.2 Connect the computer with the RS232C serial port of GPS with a cable, first turn on the power of GPS, and then

Start the computer.

1.3 Run the "Sheet Table" program of "Ocean Survey Software" and set an appropriate sheet range according to the area to be measured.

1.4 Run the "Setting of Reference Station" program of "Ocean Survey Software", select the map sheet set in the previous step, input the coordinates of control points into GPS, click "Update", then quit the program, turn off the GPS power supply, unplug the cable, then turn on the GPS power supply and select the radio channel.

2. Mobile station settings:

2. 1 Fix the transducer sounding rod on the survey ship, and the draft of sounding rod is generally about 50 cm, so as to measure the water level elevation of the measured waters. Measure the water depth with a hammer or a flower pole through a transducer, and check it with the water depth measured by a sounder.

2.2 Portable computers should be placed on the workbench of the survey ship's cab to facilitate navigation.

2.3 Place the sounder (SDH- 13D) near the computer, and connect the data transmission line of the sensor with the sounder. Calibrate the zero line and waterline of the sounder.

2.4 Place a GPS antenna on the sounding rod and a radio antenna at a suitable position on the ship, and connect the GPS antenna, radio antenna and power cord with GPS.

2.5 Insert the PCMCIA serial port card into the portable computer, and then connect the two serial ports on the card to the "test II" port of the sounder and the "Computer" port of the GPS respectively.

2.6 turn on the GPS power supply and select the same channel as the fixed station GPS radio station.

observe

3. 1 Insert the dongle into the parallel port of the computer and start the computer.

3.2 Run the "Survey" program of "Ocean Survey Software", select the map sheet defined in Fixed Station Setup 3, set the data sampling rate, and press the "F2" key to start the survey.

3.3 At work, start time, end time and water level data should be recorded, which is the basis of the industry.

3.4 In the process of sounding, the sounder should pay attention to the change of water depth and replace the sounding file in time.

3.5 After the measurement is completed, the water depth shall be measured again with a flower pole or measuring hammer, and the depth error of the sounder shall be checked. Then turn off the computer power supply, sound generator power supply and GPS power supply in turn, unplug all kinds of connecting cables, and remove the sound bar. Don't leave the survey ship until all the equipment has been checked.

3.6 Return to the fixed station, turn off the GPS, retract the antenna and put it in the instrument box.

4. Edit and output the underwater topographic map in the office.

Seven, hand drawing

1. Put the field base map (pencil map) in order first.

2. According to the size of the measured graphic range, framing is carried out according to actual needs.

3. If the field base map is drawn on general computing paper (commonly known as centimeter square paper), it can be directly covered with tracing paper and drawn in ink according to topographic map schema. If the field measurement drawing is drawn directly on the polyester film, the drawing should be cleaned first, and after the drawing is dried, ink should be directly applied on the polyester film.

4. After the splicing of adjacent sheets is completed, the topographic map can be cleared. The general topographic map is drawn according to the following steps: drawing outline, coordinate grid, survey control points, independent features, residential areas, pipelines and fences, water systems and ancillary buildings, roads and ancillary buildings, boundaries, vegetation, boundaries, landforms, notes and contours.

5. Self-inspection and mutual inspection.

6. The outline is modified.

7. Acceptance.