Hu Shi's reading and scholarship: how to read?

Reading well, reading well, reading well, learning, taking books as friends, and opening books is beneficial. These philosophies will not be forgotten by the years, but with the deepening of people's reading practice and the accumulation of reading experience, generate is even more dazzling. Even in today's era of e-books, "opening books is beneficial" remains unchanged, and being a "scholar" is the basic role recognition of the new era. Li Gongpu felt: Although seeking knowledge is not just reading, reading is always an important part in the process of seeking knowledge. Throughout the ages, no matter which great thinker or scientist, there is no one who has not read many books. Zheng Zhenduo warned readers that it is always good to read more and often. You don't have to "read from the book", but you don't have to "read". When talking about the benefits of reading, Jiang Zilong said: Books can transplant life, retain memories, stimulate thoughts, spread knowledge, exchange information and express inspiration. Yu Dafu compared books to "the fetus of a mother who inspired human thoughts", which produced the meaning of life and provided milk for knowledge hunger. Liu described the book sea as "a vast world, a vast ocean and a vast universe" ... They understood that only books can make such a distant history a cable, unite such a huge nation and make the fire of civilization on such a vast land last forever (remainder). Books, connecting ancient and modern times, are the elders of history and the messengers of civilization; It spreads knowledge, accumulates culture, stimulates thinking, communicates emotions, and accommodates eventful years, social changes, human vicissitudes and infinite feelings. Scholars should also be literate people. With the discerning eye of a literate person, reading will get twice the result with half the effort. Famous sayings: There are so many books that life is very limited. Only by choosing books can we fully appreciate excellent works. The ancients said: take the law, only get it; Take the law and only get it. Spending time on second-and third-rate books can only stay at the level of third-and fourth-rate books. Choosing books is an art, reading is not rich, but exquisite. Instead of reading 10 unimportant books, it is better to read a book worth reading with the time and energy of reading 10 books. It is better to read a book once than to read it several times 10. The so-called "old books are never tired of reading, and you are familiar with your bosom friends." Read too many books inappropriately in a period of time, for example, a person is seriously ill in bed, many doctors are mixed together, and all the medicines have been handed in, so there is no reason to be effective. If you don't try your best to read a book again and again, you might as well read it again and again. As a cultural person, reading will seek the phased goal of reading. For scholars, reading methods are always accompanied by reading practice consciously or unconsciously: learning from the ancient reading methods, learning from others' reading methods, understanding the reading methods in different cultural backgrounds, summing up and exploring their own reading methods, creating expansion laws, not sticking to one method, learning from each other's strong points, and increasing efficiency by laws. Under the background of interdisciplinary, big culture and big culture, we can consciously stretch the knowledge chain and advocate serial combination reading and network scrolling reading. With the help of holography, we can extend our reading space from specific reading objects, supplement holographic knowledge, adjust the angle and prepare the way, which is called holographic reading method. For a specific research object, reading by selecting books, studying in reading, repeating in research, step by step, and driven by spirit is called tracking research reading method. Some reading methods, seemingly simple and clear, but persist in using and persevere, but benefit endlessly. For example, according to the actual reading method, that is, according to the rolling of research topics, we should regularly prepare for reading and focus on theoretical difficulties, read for research, help research with learning, and solve doubts with research. Reading methods are guided by scientific methods and ways of thinking. From the hierarchical structure, from technology to method, from method, methodology and way of thinking, philosophy is progressive in turn, forming a system. Method is the way of behavior in any field, and it is the sum of the means used to achieve a certain goal. Scientific method is the way, means, tools and ways to evaluate and select scientific achievements and develop scientific theories under the guidance of correct theories. It is of methodological significance and a higher logical starting point to sort out and discuss the reading methods in the overall structure of scientific methods, and summarize the reading methods at the level of scientific methods, ways of thinking and even philosophy. Under the theoretical traction of scientific method and scientific methodology, reading method rises to methodological thinking. The coordination and unification of reading methods, scientific methods and ways of thinking will form some new comprehensive reading methods, and pay attention to the organic combination of time art and space art in reading practice. First, the application of logical reading depends on whether we can grasp the essence of the topic under discussion, whether the definition put forward by the author is systematic, whether the established principles are based on facts, and whether the facts described are guided by principles. If so, we can judge the academic value of this book. At the same time, when reading a book, we should also try to grasp the essence or essence of the book, ask questions, make assumptions, limit the scope according to principles, and try to understand the content of the book with various rational activities. Second, the application of experiential reading method is to give up subjective preconceptions, not to be sloppy, and to find ways to help quickly. We should immerse ourselves in books, put ourselves in other's shoes, observe ourselves and enjoy playing and swimming with an open mind. We should study with some feelings and thoughts, and with an aesthetic and artistic attitude. To feel the coke of books and the cuteness of wisdom. Reading contemporary books is regarded as making friends, finding teachers, exchanging ideas with authors or international friends, and communicating academic culture in the academic circle of the whole country and even the world. Take reading ancient books as the spiritual life of Shang You's eternal encounter with the ancients, meditate in the treasure of ancient books, and communicate with the sages in spirit, that is, pay attention to it, reflect on it, learn from it, appreciate it gracefully, experience the true meaning of the ancients, expound their unique knowledge and give play to their own experience. This is experiential learning, which can also be said to be experienced from the life of reading. Reading in this way is actually a kind of self-cultivation kung fu. From this, you will gain something in further study. The theories you have established and the arguments you have made will have a profound and simple peaceful atmosphere, and will not be limited to superficial and extreme floating. Third, the application of the whole group's "partial reading method" can be said to be a way for teachers to follow the appointment from the metaphysical method of partial viewing. For example, reading someone's book, then involving other works of this person, and then involving the works of people related to this person (such people's teachers and friends and the most convincing works in their lives), can be said to be the application of the method from part to whole. Then, from the works of this person's teachers and friends, we can refer to the evidence to explain this person's own works and get a deeper understanding, which can be said to be a holistic approach. In addition, if we observe individual works with the culture of the whole era, explain the trend of the whole era with individual works, understand the position of a certain school with the position of a certain school, represent the purpose of a certain school with the works of a certain school, explain a chapter and a section with the gist of the book, and invent the essence of the book with a chapter and a section, we can all say that it has been applied to reading. I also want to say a few words about the value, sacred right and fighting spirit of reading. Lu Xun believes that reading should not be read indiscriminately, and all books should be read; Even if it is the same book, there is no need to treat every chapter equally. On one occasion, when he instructed Xu Shiying, the son of Xu Shoushang, a student of Tsinghua University Literature Department, to read "Bao Lin", he pointed out: it is wrong to advocate immortal prescriptions and ghost superstitions in the "inner chapter" of the book, so it is unnecessary to read it; There are many correct statements about the gains and losses of the world and the obscurity of the world in Waipian, which is the focus of reading. The reading method directed by Lu Xun is called "key attack". The average use of strength will waste time and energy. Only by adopting the method of "key attack" will it be much better than the general use of power. Five-character formula reading method: a reading procedure, that is, reading through five steps: reading, asking questions, reciting and reviewing. This process can be abbreviated as "reading, reading, asking, remembering and learning". Browsing is to browse the outline of the content first according to the requirements of learning to understand whether this book is suitable for your own needs. Reading is to read the required books quickly and roughly, understand the main points of the books, and then read them carefully, asking for thinking and research, and deeply understanding the contents of the book. Asking questions refers to finding problems through thinking after reading and trying to solve them. Reciting refers to reciting repeatedly to achieve proficiency, which is a reliable method to consolidate reading effect. Review is to review frequently, so as to reduce forgetfulness and play the role of "reviewing the past and learning the new". Analytical reading method: The so-called analysis refers to the learning method of analyzing the theme and theme of the book, expounding the diversity and unity of all parts of the book, as well as the logical internal connection, and clarifying the author's writing intention and viewpoint. By analyzing and reading, we can make a correct judgment and discussion on the theme of the book. The notes made in analytical reading are conceptual notes, including both the author's concept and the reader's concept. Through reading, these concepts have been deepened and expanded. Xia Gaizun's reading method: "From a masterpiece to all directions" is a reading method advocated by the famous linguist Xia Gaizun. That is, starting from intensive reading of articles or books, and then developing in all directions, reading more books from intensive reading of an article effectively expands the knowledge. For example, The Peach Blossom Garden was written by Tao Yuanming, a Jin Dynasty man. If you want to know the status of this article and the writing situation of Jin Dynasty, you can refer to the History of China Literature. This article embodies a utopian thought. Moore in Britain wrote a book called Utopia. You can read it against it. Besides, if you want to know about the life experience and personality of the author Tao Yuanming, you can also read Jin or's Biography of Tao Qian. In this way, you can get a series by reading a book. Zhu Xi, a famous thinker and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty, epitomized China's ancient learning theory. He not only teaches students directly, but also arranges and compiles teaching materials, and never gives up educational activities all his life. He attached great importance to the research methods. He said in Mencius Justice ... that everything must have laws before it can be realized. Teachers can't teach when they are teachers, and disciples can't learn when they are teachers. "That everything has certain methods, teaching methods and learning methods. Without specific methods, teachers have nothing to teach and students have nothing to learn. Regarding the importance of reading, he put forward the principle of "step by step, read carefully and think carefully", which has a great influence on future generations. His students summed up his reading method as "Zhu Reading Method" from six aspects, namely, step by step, reading carefully, swimming modestly, observing oneself, studying hard, and being respectful and firm. Step by step means that reading should be carried out systematically and step by step according to the logical system of books and the intellectual level of learners. Familiar reading and careful thinking mean that reading should follow the principle of combining memory with thinking. Swimming with an open mind means reading carefully, polishing repeatedly and experiencing repeatedly. Introspection means that reading depends on your own efforts and attaches importance to the kung fu outside the book. Being nervous and working hard means that you should be energetic, work hard and make great efforts in reading. Respect and ambition refer to a quiet and pure state of mind and a firm long-term ambition in reading. Zhu's reading method is still enough for people to learn from today. Fast reading: an efficient reading method. Since the 1940s, speed reading as a reading method has been studied in the West. Experiments show that when people read a word, they don't need to see every stroke and letter clearly, but they can recognize it through the whole image. So are words and sentences. As long as several main words are reflected in the brain, the brain can combine them into meanings by experience. The essentials of fast reading are as follows: (1) Read silently, don't read aloud, and try not to go back and reread; (2) Expanding the breadth of visual reading and changing word-for-word reading into line-by-line reading; (3) From sequential reading to skip reading, skip the irrelevant or familiar contents such as transitional words, quoted materials and reasoning process, and only look for the main arguments, fresh ideas, debate focuses or materials you need; (4) master more vocabulary; (5) Always consciously study, form habits, step by step, and gradually accelerate. Predictive reading method: also called forward thinking method or pause reading method. In the face of articles or books on topics you are familiar with or studying, you can study the topics carefully without reading their contents first, and then close your eyes and meditate. Imagine that this topic is written by myself, divided into several chapters and sections, how to organize the structural system, where to start with the key points, what materials to sort out, and write down your own ideas, and then compare them with the original text to see where they coincide, where their views are different and which ones. Happens to coincide, just browse. For those who disagree, it is necessary to find out who is right and who is wrong and why. We should be willing to work hard, not only to master other people's views, but also to master other people's ideas and methods. This is predictive reading. Reading in this way can strengthen the impression of the ideological content in the book, understand the author's thinking, understand his own thinking deficiency and weak links of knowledge, and deepen the understanding of book knowledge. Extensive reading: a reading method, also called rough reading or browsing, corresponds to intensive reading. Tao Yuanming's saying that "reading without seeking great understanding" also belongs to this law. For some books, when reading, you don't need to master all the contents (at least you don't need to read them for the first time). For example, if you read an English book extensively, you can skip new words and difficult sentences without looking up new words like intensive reading; The first time I read the Book of Changes, I only need to understand a small part, even if it is only 1%. With the expansion of my knowledge and experience, I will increase my understanding every time I read it. Through extensive browsing, we can expand the amount and scope of knowledge, so that we can have a general impression of the materials we browse, and then consult various materials according to the impression when necessary in the future, so that future learning activities can be more purposeful; You can also collect knowledge through browsing, and then sort it out one by one to establish a wide range of knowledge links. Lay a foundation for future learning activities and problem solving. The combination of extensive reading and intensive reading can achieve better learning results. Lu Xun introduced four reading methods: first, adding a line of Zhu, that is, marking the book at any time. Some people will mark it with different colors. The second is the extraction method, namely the extract. Qian Zhongshu mainly uses this method in reading. But Lu Xun seems to disagree, thinking that this method is easy to reduce reading interest, make reading difficult, and reduce the speed by about a quarter. The third method is repetition, that is, repetition of those underlined parts. Lu Xun is in favor of this method. Especially implicit and profound books, especially need to be reread repeatedly. The last kind of reading is more difficult, and non-ordinary people can do it. That is, the "introspection method" (I casually named it according to the meaning of the text). Before reading a book, first understand the structural framework of the book, look at the table of contents, then reflect on what will happen if you write it yourself, and then see how the author writes it. This is too much trouble. Finally, Lu Xun himself didn't explain how to read. Probably because he thinks everyone has his own habits and it is difficult to make hard and fast rules. When Hu Shi talks about reading, there are only two words: "quiet" and "broad". Up to now, these two words are still advocated by many scholars. I think the metaphor he used to explain these two words is better. Now the excerpt is as follows: "People who specialize in one skill and one art know only one thing and know nothing else. Such people have little influence on society. It is better than a flagpole, just a lonely crutch, lonely and pitiful. And some people read widely, but have no advantages. Although you can be welcomed by a group of bitches everywhere, it is actually a waste. This kind of person is worse than a large piece of paper and can't stand the wind and rain. " "The ideal scholar can be profound. ..... broad to almost omniscient, deep to almost exclusive, no one can. ..... such scholars are also better than the pyramids in Egypt. " Finally, he concluded that the goal of reading is "to be like the pyramid of learning, to be wide and high". Xia Mianzun advocated that reading should be refined, instead of reading Tao poetry today, painting tomorrow and Zeng Guofan's letters the day after tomorrow, he should read a book first until he was tired of reading it. He cited an example, saying that there was a Japanese writer named Ping Nai Xiaoyao who lived for 80 years but studied Shakespeare for more than 50 years. In fact, I taught my students how to read in the first class, that is, I have to read a person for a period of time and then practice writing. After half a year, I have written with this person. Hehe, that's very tempting. But this one is suitable for teenagers who haven't finalized yet! Zou Taofen thinks that reading should be planned, and reading without a plan is inefficient. In addition, the reference books behind the famous books are like a gold mine. She tells you a lot of treasures that can be excavated, and you will definitely have a deeper understanding of a certain subject. Zou also suggested that it is very important to cultivate your foreign language reading ability! I'm confused about reading now. I want to read history books, famous books and music appreciation books for a while. What a mess. I just think there are many books to read, but I have no plans. It seems that we should seriously consider what kind of books to read this year. Mr. Lu Xun's "Skip Reading" Method: "If you only look at that place when you are in doubt, you won't understand it no matter how long it takes, so jump over and move on, so that even the place ahead will understand." This method is the further development of Tao Yuanming's reading method of "not asking for a very good solution". Its advantage is that it can save time, improve reading speed and focus on the overall understanding of the original text and the most important content. Lao She's "Impression" method Lao She said: "I seem to be seeking only a little inspiration when reading. A good impression is a good book, so there is no time for careful analysis. Impressive' is sometimes not the whole book, but the paragraph that interests me the most; Because this passage made me feel good about the whole book; In fact, the beauty of this paragraph is enough to ruin all the beauty, but I don't care; There is a saying that I like for two days and am grateful. Hua's "thick" method advocates that the first step of reading is "from thin to thick" In other words, reading should be down-to-earth, and every concept and theorem should be thorough and clear. In this way, a thin book becomes "thicker" because of a lot of content, that is, after the step of "from thin to thick", there is a more important step, that is, on the basis of the first step, analyze and summarize, grasp the essence, grasp the whole, and achieve mastery. After such a careful analysis, you will feel that there are not many things to remember. This is a process of "from coarse to fine" to really improve efficiency. Einstein's three-step reading method of "total, minute and combination" is to form an overall impression of the whole book first. On the basis of browsing the preface, postscript, editing and other general things, read the table of contents carefully and get a general understanding of the structure, system, clue content and main points of the book. The so-called "score" means reading the full text page by page on the basis of overall understanding, rather than word by word. In skimming, we should pay special attention to the key points in the book and the contents closely related to our own needs. The so-called combination is to sort out and systematize the impressions obtained from reading the whole book, so that the viewpoints and materials can be organically combined. After careful thinking and synthesis, the internal relations of the whole book are clarified in order to achieve the purpose of summing up, deepening and improving. Jack London's "Hungry Wolf" Reading Method Jack London, an American writer, has experienced hardships and cherished reading opportunities. When he came across a book, he didn't use a sleigh to pry open its lock secretly, and then stole some contents. Instead, he is like a hungry wolf, putting his teeth into the throat of the book, sucking its blood violently, swallowing its meat and biting its bones! Until all the fibers and muscles in that book became a part of him. Mao Mu's "Fun" Reading Method British writer Mao Mu put forward the viewpoint of "reading for fun". He said, "I don't advise you to read one by one." Personally, it is more reasonable to read five or six books at the same time. Because we can't keep the same mood every day, even in one day, we may not have the same enthusiasm for a book. " Yang Zhenning's "Infiltration" Reading Method Professor Yang Zhenning believes that since knowledge permeates and expands each other, the method of mastering knowledge should also be adapted to this. When we concentrate on studying a course or delving into a subject, if we consciously extend the tentacles of wisdom to the adjacent knowledge fields, it will inevitably produce a different artistic conception. As a link in the familiar knowledge chain, unexpected new discoveries are likely to be made. For those books of related majors, if time and energy permit, you might as well read them. It doesn't matter if you don't understand them for a while. Some valuable revelations may come from semi-communication. Infiltration learning will broaden our horizons, activate our thinking and greatly improve learning efficiency. Bai Shouyi, a famous historian of "learning" law in Bai Shouyi, believes that "reading reading should be understood as the reading of calligraphers' stickers and paintings, rather than general reading or reciting." Feng said: "When I read a book, whenever I see the benefits, I can't help but enter the' role' in the book. It seems that the actors who perform on the stage can't help but be influenced by the characters in the play. " Yu Yu's reading essay "Afraid of friends" puts forward: "We should focus on finding" Afraid of friends "above ourselves, and make reading a friendly and enterprising activity that requires a lot of brain power. Try to reduce the reading level that is basically the same as your current level, and be willing to accept the shaping of yourself by good books. There may be different grades of books on our shelves, which are suitable for intensive reading. They should not be books that we can ignore and look up to, but books that we need to look up to "read more and praise more", so that we can form a good sense of language when writing articles and use grammar and other people's good sentences naturally and flexibly when writing articles.

Here, thank you. ...