Writing methods of scientific research papers

A research article, as its name implies, is a theoretical article written after investigating a certain problem. A research article, based on investigation, focusing on research and aiming at discussion. It is not just a simple comment on the right and wrong, advantages and disadvantages, advanced and backward facts. Some people regard the investigation report as a research article, which is wrong, because the investigation report only pays attention to investigation, not research, and only shows the facts and data of the problem. There is no further analysis and reasoning on facts and data, and no constructive exploration and practical results are obtained, so the investigation report is not a research article. Some people regard work summary as a research article, which is even more wrong, because work summary is a summary of past work achievements and experiences, not a special investigation and demonstration of a certain problem, let alone a research article. Similarly, materials such as news reports and advanced deeds are not research articles. Research articles mainly reflect problems, and often report more worries than good news. The purpose is to explore, innovate and solve problems, and exchange the worries of ancestors for the happiness of future generations.

The "tone" of the research article is to investigate and understand, that is, to go deep into the grassroots, practice and problems, and to collect information and data. "Research" is to analyze and study the problems found in the investigation and put forward suggestions or measures to control the development and changes of the problems. Since it is a research, it is necessary to carry out research on those frontier, marginal and emerging issues or the key, difficult, hot or focus issues in the work. It's not just a casual question. The research article is written on the basis of investigation and study, not hearsay, behind closed doors and thinking hard.

Second, the choice of research topics.

The research topic refers to the problems that researchers investigate, analyze and discuss, and also the problems reflected in the research articles. There are three forms of research topics: the first is propositional research, that is, the research topics are determined by superiors in advance, and researchers can only carry out research according to the topics determined by superiors and write research articles with the title of research topics; The second is semi-propositional research, that is, the superior only stipulates the scope of the research topic, and the topic of the specific research article is selected and determined by the researcher according to the research work; The third is free research, that is, the superior does not specify the research scope or specific problems, and the researcher chooses his own research topic and the title of the research article according to his own work practice and his own hobbies. There are a wide range of problems that can be investigated in practical work, taking tax work as an example. Tax management, tax collection and management, tax law publicity, tax inspection, tax information construction, cadre team construction, quality construction of tax collection and management, and clean government construction are not perfect, and there are still problems that need to be further solved. These problems can be used as our research topics. So, facing many topics, how should we choose? There are several methods for reference: first, choose familiar and exposed problems; The second is to choose questions that you are interested in or have thought about; The third is to choose the key, difficult, hot or focus issues in the current work. The reason for this choice is that the topics selected by these methods can reduce the difficulty of investigation, reduce the workload of investigation, collect information more easily, write articles that are more suitable for practical work, have higher reference value and are more likely to be adopted.

Third, study the stylistic format of the article.

Although a research article has many paragraphs, large and small titles and distinct serial numbers, its format is nothing more than three parts: the beginning (introduction), the body (theory) and the end (conclusion).

At the beginning, it mainly explains the writing background, motivation or purpose, that is to say, under what circumstances this article was written, why it was written, what role it hoped to play, what purpose it achieved, and so on. This part is usually written in dozens to hundreds of words, clearly expressed, so that readers or editors can see the main contents as soon as possible. It is not necessary to talk about the situation, tasks and work development, nor to describe the investigation process, but it must be written from a certain height and reflected.

The main part is mainly to ask questions, analyze problems and solve problems, occupying the largest space, generally thousands of words. When you ask questions, you should look at the specific situation. If the problems are common, you can list them directly without going into details. If the problem is not common, it is necessary to explain the conditions of the problem or the process of finding the problem, so as to have a sense of reality or credibility. Second, the status quo and impact of the problem. The present situation should be illustrated by the facts and data of the investigation. The influence includes favorable influence and unfavorable influence, both of which should be based on facts. The good aspects should be worth learning, and the bad aspects must be solved. Solving problems refers to putting forward suggestions or measures to solve existing problems, which should be simple, reasonable and feasible. Simple means easy to operate and implement without creating special conditions; Rationality means that it meets the needs of the work and is conducive to the development of the work, and most people are willing to accept it; The feasibility is less investment, high efficiency and quick effect, which is in line with national policies.

At the end of the paper, the main contents of the article are summarized comprehensively, and some implementation requirements are put forward for the suggestions and measures put forward by the main part. Some make prospects and predictions about the development and changes of the problem; Some re-emphasized the purpose and significance of writing this article and echoed the beginning. As for which ending is better, it depends on the discussion and structure of the specific article.

Fourth, the preparation work before writing a research article

When we decide to write a research article, the first thing is to determine the research topic, that is, what to write and what to write. Be sure to decide in advance and have a clear writing purpose and direction. The second thing is to collect research materials, including investigating the causes, development status and impact of the problem, consulting relevant materials and records, and understanding the views or opinions of relevant personnel on the problem. At the same time, we should also be familiar with laws and regulations or policies and regulations made by higher authorities on such issues. Only by in-depth investigation can we have a more objective, true, accurate and comprehensive understanding of the problem, obtain first-hand information and have a perceptual understanding. The third is to analyze the essence of the problem, that is, to classify, screen, summarize and summarize all the information and data obtained from your own investigation, to get rid of the rough and the fine, and to get rid of the false and keep the true. Find out the ins and outs of the problem, its causes and its influence on the work, and find out the inevitable trend and law of the development and change of the problem. Fourth, put forward countermeasures, that is, according to the results of analysis and research, put forward suggestions and measures to control the problem in a favorable direction. The suggestions and measures put forward must be based on reality and long-term, which should not only be practical and feasible to solve current problems, but also be macroscopic and strategic to adapt to reform and development.

Fifth, study the writing steps of the article.

Writing research articles, like writing other long articles, has certain steps. First of all, we should draw up an outline, that is, how many parts to write in this article, what contents to write in which parts, what facts and data to quote, etc. All these must be designed and planned in advance, and written or drafted in the form of an outline to enhance the rationality and artistry of the article structure. Second, we must choose materials. According to the requirements of the outline, the materials obtained from the investigation are classified, screened, summarized and refined, and the useless parts are eliminated and the useful parts are retained. The third is writing, that is, according to the requirements of the outline, the selected materials are "combined" through certain forms and methods to form a research article with rich content, complete form and reasonable structure. The fourth is to modify and refine, that is, to modify the words, grammar and other errors in the articles that have been basically written. Further verify the data materials, further adjust the paragraph level, and further refine the theme ideas. The purpose of revision is to make the article clear, with appropriate wording and details, Zhang Chi. The revision must be repeated many times until it is completely satisfactory. A valuable research article should be novel in conception, rigorous in wording, exquisite in content and thorough in reasoning, so that people will be inspired and improved after reading it, instead of not wanting to read it after reading the previous page.

Common problems and avoidance methods in intransitive verb research articles

I often read the research articles written by comrades, and most of them have some problems more or less, which can be summarized as follows:

1, the title is not properly written: the main problem is that the generality is not strong, and the main content and main points of the article cannot be seen from the title; Second, the proposition is too big or too small, which is not commensurate with the main content of the article; Third, it is not novel enough to attract readers' attention; Fourth, lack of research characteristics, unlike research topics. The problems in the topic, except proposition research, are all caused by insufficient thinking or inability to put forward a proposition. We can't change the topic of propositional research, we can only find a way from the breadth and depth of research or the theme of the article. One is to conduct supplementary investigation to obtain more detailed and targeted information, and the other is to further modify, adjust and refine the content of the article. For free research or semi-propositional research, the title can be redrafted according to the content of the article, and the content of the article can be modified and adjusted according to the outline requirements.

2. Weak analysis and demonstration: the main problem is the lack of examples to illustrate the existing problems; Second, there is too much empty talk, insufficient analysis and weak argument. Third, the thinking is unclear, and the proposed measures are unreasonable or lack of operability. Fourth, people follow suit and lack original ideas. For the problems existing in the analysis and demonstration, first, we should conduct in-depth investigation and master a large number of first-hand information and data; Second, we should seek truth from facts, stand firm and dare to expose and analyze problems; Third, raise awareness, clarify ideas and clarify the purpose of research and writing; Fourth, we should read more articles on similar topics in newspapers and periodicals, understand other people's views and ideas, analyze problems from different angles, and put forward distinctive measures and suggestions.

3. The stylistic format is not standardized: the main problem is that the introduction is too long or there is no introduction. The lengthy introduction is written in 500 or 600 words, without talking about the main content, which reduces the reader's or editor's interest in reading the following. An article without an introduction directly talks about the problem, which makes people feel at a loss, confused with the author's purpose and intention, and difficult to agree with the author's analysis and argumentation. Second, anticlimactic, with a high starting point, but the main part did not raise weighty issues. In other words, although questions were raised, the analysis was not profound. Third, bloated and lengthy, and sloppy, not closely related to the theme. Fourth, inconsistency. Some lack the analysis of problems, while others fail to put forward suggestions and measures. The solution to the style problem has been discussed in the previous part, and it will not be repeated here.

Seven, methods to improve the writing level of scientific research articles

There are many ways to improve your writing. As far as our cadres are concerned, there are usually the following methods: First, read more books, that is, read more official articles. Reading other people's articles will not only help us learn writing, thinking, structure and argumentation methods, but also help us understand the research situation of similar topics. The second is practice, that is, more investigation, more research and more writing. Practice makes perfect, only by increasing the number. Including the analysis and research before writing, the layout of the article in writing, the modification and refinement after writing, etc. Need in-depth thinking, thorough analysis, accurate judgment and novel ideas. Fourth, ask more questions, that is, ask people with writing experience for advice, ask them to help you find problems, make suggestions, or help you process and modify your own articles.

In short, to write a valuable and level article, we must go through the process of in-depth investigation and understanding, careful analysis and research, careful layout of the article, repeated revision and refinement. Without severe cold, there would be no fragrant plum blossoms. Although each author's way of thinking and writing habits are different, investigation, research, drafting and revision are all necessary steps, as long as you are willing to study hard, read more books, practice more and think more.