The experience of living in the wild

Field survival skills: finding and collecting water

Life is inseparable from water. Normal people can live for three weeks without food and three days without water, so water should be given priority. Here are some tips to help you find or collect water quickly in the wild.

1. The first choice for finding water is the bottom of the valley. In order to find water on the high mountain, we should find it along the rock cracks and dry up the river.

Spring water is often dug in bed sand and gravel areas.

2. On the coast, if you want to dig a pit above the highest waterline, it is likely that a layer of leached water with a thickness of about 5 cm will float on the dense seawater layer.

3. When drinking concave water, be sure to disinfect the precipitate before boiling.

4. Collecting rainwater: Digging a hole in the ground, spreading a layer of plastic and enclosing it with clay can effectively collect rainwater.

5. Condensed water: put plastic bags on twigs with dense leaves, and leaves will produce condensed water by transpiration.

6. Follow the trail of animals, birds, insects or humans to find water.

7. Draw water from plants: hollow plants such as bamboo often have water in internodes, vines often have drinkable juice, and the fruits and stems of palm and cactus plants are rich in water.

8. Solar distiller: In arid desert areas, water can be collected by digging a pit with a width of about 90 cm and a depth of 45 cm on the relatively humid ground, placing a water collector in the center of the pit bottom, and hanging an arc-shaped plastic film on the surface of the pit. The light energy raises the temperature of the moist soil and air in the pit, and evaporates to generate water vapor, which condenses into water drops when contacting with the plastic film and slides down the container.

Wildfire of survival skills in the wild

What can fire do? Cooking food. That's right. It also has many uses: the flame releases heat to produce warmth, which will save the heat loss in the body; You can dry clothes; Bacon can keep fresh for a long time; Can scare away dangerous beasts; Its smoke can drive away pests and forge metal tools ... awesome, I'll teach you a few tricks and learn to survive in the wild.

The first thing is to find flammable kindling: such as hay, dried leaves, birch bark, pine needles, turpentine, twigs, paper, cotton and so on.

Secondly, choose dry wood: dry wood should choose dry and uncorrupted trunk or branch. Try to choose hardwood such as pine, oak, oak, birch, locust, wild cherry and wild apricot. Burning for a long time, big fire, more charcoal. Don't pick up firewood near the ground. The firewood near the ground is wet, not easy to burn and full of smoke.

The next step is to clear a flat clearing away from the wind, away from hay and dry wood. Put the kindling in the middle, and gently add fine pine branches, fine dry wood, etc. On it, put up a bigger and longer firewood and light the fire. According to local conditions, the setting of the fire can be designed as cone, star, parallel, side by side, roof, pasture and so on. You can also support dry wood with stones under the rock wall or lean against the rock wall, and then place a leader below and light it. Generally, a pit with a diameter of about 1 m and a depth of about 30 cm is dug in the air-raid shelter. If the ground is hard enough to dig a hole, you can also find some stones to form a circle, and the size of the circle depends on the size of the fire. Then put the team leader in the middle of the circle, put some dry wood on it, and light the team leader to light the dry wood to form a bonfire. If the fire is about to burn out before the dry wood is lit, you should continue to add fire from the gap of the dry wood until the dry wood is burned out, instead of re-igniting the wood.

Finally, it is best to light a bonfire at the water's edge, or prepare some dirt, sand, moss, etc. By the campfire, so as to put out the fire in time.

Application of sleeping bag in field survival skills

Sleeping in a sleeping bag is tricky. People who "can't sleep" will feel cold at low temperature (MINUS 5 degrees), even if they use cold sleeping bags (MINUS 35 degrees). So how can they sleep warmer? When using sleeping bags, there are many external factors that will affect the performance of sleeping bags. It should be noted that the sleeping bag itself is not hot, it only effectively reduces the loss of body temperature, and the following situation will help you sleep warmer.

▲ Shelter from wind and moisture

In the wild, sheltered tents can provide a warm sleeping environment. When choosing a camp, don't choose the valley bottom, which is the gathering place of cold air, and try to avoid the ridges or valleys that bear strong winds. A good damp-proof pad can effectively separate the sleeping bag from the cold and wet ground, and the inflation effect is better. You need two ordinary moistureproof mats in the snow.

▲ Keep the sleeping bag dry.

The water absorbed by sleeping bags mainly comes from the human body instead of the outside world. Even in extremely cold conditions, the human body will still expel at least a small glass of water during sleep. Thermal insulation cotton will stick when it is wet, lose its elasticity and reduce its thermal insulation ability. If the sleeping bag is used for several days continuously, it is best to dry it in the sun. Frequent cleaning of sleeping bags can keep the elasticity of thermal insulation cotton.

▲ Wear more clothes.

Some soft clothes can also be used as thick pajamas Filling the gap between people and sleeping bags can also enhance the warmth of sleeping bags.

▲ Warm up before going to bed

The human body is the heat source of sleeping bags. If you do a short warm-up exercise or drink a hot drink before going to bed, your body temperature will rise slightly, which will help shorten the heating time of your sleeping bag.

Standing first aid kit for field survival skills

No one can predict what will happen in the wild. First aid kit can prolong your life, so be sure to carry it with you.

The first aid kit contains the following basic first aid items:

① bandage

Different widths and materials are used to deal with different areas and different types of damage.

Generally speaking, there are:

Gauze roll bandage: suitable for treating common wounds, mainly used to fix dressings.

Elastic scroll bandage: elastic, not only can be used to treat wounds, but also can be used to treat common injuries such as strain, sprain and varicose veins, which can fix injured limbs and reduce swelling.

Triangle towel: Triangle towel can be used in full width or folded into bandages with different widths. Usually used as a hand hanger to support upper limbs.

② dressing

Made of several layers of gauze, the texture is flexible. Mainly used to cover wounds and absorb secretions; Wounds with more bleeding and secretions can be thickened and covered.

③ cosmetic bag

The dressing bag consists of a cotton pad and a bandage roll. Cover the wound with a cotton pad (dressing) and then fix it with the attached scroll bandage.

(4) Disinfectant

This paper introduces the uses of several commonly used disinfectants:

1. gentian violet (purple potion): accelerates wound scabbing and wound healing.

2. Mercury chloride (mercuric chloride): it protects the wound and has antibacterial effect.

3. Alcohol and iodine: used for surface disinfection of non-mucosal wounds. Can not be used for disinfection of broken wounds.

4. Hydrogen peroxide: used for basic disinfection of contaminated mucosa or broken wounds.

⑤ Clean cotton balls

Used for cleaning wounds, dipped in disinfectant when using.

⑥ Disinfection belt

Usually used to treat small wounds. Before sticking the tape, make sure that the skin around the wound is dry and clean, otherwise it will not stick firmly.

⑦ Tape

Used for fixing dressing, roller bandage or triangular bandage.

8 all kinds of pills

Such as Contac, Ganmaotong, Berberine, Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet, Bilitong, Huoxiang Zhengqi Pill, stomach medicine, etc.

Pet-name ruby snake medicine

Vacuum extractor, Shanghai snake medicine, Ji Desheng snake medicine.

Join others.

Eye drops, flower oil, hemostatic paste, cooling oil, expelling wind oil, etc.

Survival skills in the wild-how to find the right way

The skills of finding the right route must be accumulated through the usual field activities. For example, I usually get into the habit of consulting maps and compasses at any time, and at the same time actively observe the surrounding terrain and surrounding plants to judge the correct position.

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, which is the most basic way to tell the direction. You can also use the stick shadow method to measure. When the sun is enough to form a shadow, erect a straight stick (1 m or more) on the flat ground and put a stone (or other mark) on the shadow of the wooden stick. The shadow of the stick will move with the sun. After 30-60 minutes, put another stone on the shadow top of the stick again. Then draw a straight line between the two stones, and draw a straight line perpendicular to it in the middle of this straight line. Then step on the first mark with your left foot and the second mark with your right foot. At this time, the front of the standing person is due north, the back is due south, the right hand is east, and the left hand is west.

If you get lost on a cloudy day, you can know your position by the growth of moss on trees or stones. As far as the trees in the northern hemisphere are concerned, the leafy side is the south. If you cut down a tree, the side with wide rings and wet moss is the north.

Use stars: In the northern hemisphere, Polaris is usually the target. The key to using Polaris to identify the direction at night lies in finding Polaris accurately in the vast sea of stars. There are many ways to know Polaris. Here is a simple and effective method:

First, look for the Big Dipper (A) in the shape of the Big Dipper, and extend the interval between the two stars on the handle of the Big Dipper by five times, and you can find the Polaris (D) on this straight line. Generally speaking, the stars on these two handles are called key planets. If you can't see the Big Dipper, go to the opposite constellation (B), which is made up of five stars. They look like the shapes of English letters M or W leaning to one side. Draw a straight line from a star in Hou Xian constellation, and you will find that the distance from Polaris to Polaris is almost the same as that from the Big Dipper. The direction of Polaris is due north.

Look at the direction with a watch: I want to know the direction but I don't have a compass in my hand. In this case, as long as there is the sun, you can find the position with your watch.

Put the matchstick vertically on the ground, then put the watch horizontally on the ground and overlap the shadow of the matchstick with a short needle. The middle between the surface 12 point direction and the scale indicated by the short needle is south, and the opposite is north.

If there are no matches, you can also use twigs to make the shadows more accurate. Remember to wear a watch if you are engaged in challenging survival activities. At this time, an ordinary watch is more valuable than an electronic watch. Because the hour hand and minute hand on an ordinary watch will become an important survival tool when necessary. Choose a camp

The first thing to consider is safety. In the wild, many accidents will happen. At low altitude, the danger is much less, but the basic principles of camp selection must be followed.

1. Before putting up a tent, you must carefully survey the terrain. There should be no rolling stones, logs and weathered rocks above the camp. Once there are signs of scattered rocks nearby, never set up a tent again, especially the place closer to the rock wall, and try to avoid camping in a concave place. If you find a rolling stone, you should immediately shout and inform your peers.

2. Don't camp in the place where the debris flow is frequent. Many stones have traces of being wrapped in mud, which is the main sign to identify the occurrence of debris flow. Don't choose a camp that is too close to the debris flow passage.

Don't camp at the top of the mountain or in the open space in thunderstorm weather to avoid being struck by lightning.

4. Don't camp in the floodplain, riverbed, stream side and valley area during thunderstorm, so as not to be washed away by sudden flood.

Many times, the camp will be chosen on the ridge or on both sides of the river to enjoy the scenery. The ideal camping place is nothing more than the terrace on the river bank or the wide river bank. The sand is flat and dry, and there is clear water and driftwood that can be used as firewood at the edge of the valley. When the weather is good, it is a very good campsite. However, if it rains cats and dogs, the water in the valley may suddenly surge, flooding the river banks and washing away hiking shoes, food and so on. Even people will be washed away.

Before camping in the rainy season, we must pay attention to the climate and hydrology of local campsites and the upper reaches of rivers. When camping, you should pay attention to setting up tents on high ground several meters above the water surface. Don't choose rain channels, choose places with good drainage, and choose escape routes when in danger. When all the dust settles, you should always pay attention to the flow and turbidity of the water source and the sound of running water. Once you feel abnormal, you should run away quickly. Late at night or when you are tired, it is the main cause of disaster. Don't be careless in observation.

pitch a tent

1. Try to set up tents on hard and flat ground, and don't camp on river banks and dry river beds.

2. The tent entrance should be on the leeward side, and the tent should be far away from the hillside with rolling stones.

In order to prevent the tent from being flooded when it rains, a drainage ditch should be dug just below the top edge of the tent.

The four corners of the tent should be held down with big stones.

5, tents should keep air circulation, cooking in tents to prevent fire.

6. Before going to bed at night, check whether all the flames have been extinguished and whether the tent is firmly fixed.

7. To prevent insects from entering, sprinkle a circle of kerosene around the tent.

8. It is best to look at the morning sunshine facing south or southeast, and try not to camp on the ridge or the top of the mountain.

9. At least there should be grooves, and don't build them by the stream. It won't be too cold at night.

10. The camp is selected in sandy land, grassland or ruins with good drainage.

Near water

The camp should be close to the water source, which can not only ensure cooking and drinking water, but also provide washing water. If you stay away from the water source, it will bring a lot of inconvenience and even danger to the camp. However, in the deep mountains and forests, you will encounter wild animals near the water source, so be extra careful.

take shelter from the wind

The wind will quickly take away the heat of the human body, create cold for people, and even cause diseases. At the same time, the strong wind will take away the tent, at least it will make people unable to rest, and it is even more difficult to light a bonfire. Cooking and heating are also difficult to guarantee, and the camp must be sheltered from the wind. It is best to be in the lee of hills, in open spaces or forest edges, in caves, on the sides of ridges and under rocks, and so on.

Animal prevention

When building a camp, carefully observe whether there are footprints, feces and nests of wild animals around the camp. Don't build it in the place where snakes and rats haunt, so as not to hurt people or damage equipment and facilities. There should be drugs and protective measures to repel mosquitoes, insects and scorpions. Scattering some plant ash around the camp will be very effective in preventing the invasion of snakes, scorpions and poisonous insects.

sunlight

The camp should be located in a place with long sunshine time as far as possible, which will make the camp warmer, drier and cleaner, and facilitate drying clothes, articles and equipment.

level

The ground of the camp should be flat, without roots, grass roots, sharp stones, bumps or slopes, so as not to damage the equipment or stab people, and also affect the rest quality of people.

Finally, please pay attention to: protect the natural environment in the wild, do not harm wild animals, do not cut down indiscriminately, do not destroy natural vegetation, and do not pollute water sources. When we leave the camp, we must put out the fire completely, take out the garbage as much as possible and throw it in the designated place. Under special circumstances, we can dig a hole and bury the garbage that we really can't take away.

How to cook without a cooker?

In times of distress, it is best to have a hot meal every day. Cooked food has the characteristics of regulating the stomach, disinfection and sterilization, and easy absorption of nutrients. But in many cases, the survivor often doesn't have a cooker to cook food, so he has to change his cooking habits. The following method is simple and effective, so try it.

(1) Bake food with charcoal fire

Tubers of plants, fish, birds, freshwater mussels and many other foods can be roasted directly on charcoal fire. You can wrap a layer of clay or a layer of leaves before baking, which will never burn the food.

Using this method, there is no need to pluck hair, remove internal organs or scrape fish scales. When the food is completely cooked, just peel off the mud wrapped outside, and the hair and scales can be removed.

(2) Bake food with a bonfire

Put small pieces of wild animals, small fish, birds and plants on wet sticks or twigs and bake them directly on the bonfire.

(3) Steamed vegetables with hot stones

This is an ancient "clam steaming method", and the effect is good. The method is to bake the shelled food directly on the hot stone or in the middle of the stone (some meat materials should be wrapped in leaves or grass), and then cover it with a layer of sand or soil. When the food is cooked, clams, oysters and other things will open their mouths as soon as they are opened, and they can be eaten.

(4) into the pit baking.

First, dig a pit 30 ~ 40 cm deep in the mud pit, put meat, eggs, tree roots and shellfish at the bottom of the pit, and put leaves of green plants, grass or cloth that can keep food clean in the pit. Then cover the pit with a layer of 2 cm thick sand or soil and set fire to it. But don't burn the meat in the leaves, it will produce a smoky smell.

5]. Crock cooking

Make a clay earthenware pot to cook food, line it with a foil, then put clean water and food to cook in it, and then add hot stones until the water boils. Cover with large green leaves for at least 1 hour until the food is completely cooked.

This year is really a disaster year for outdoor sports. There are always accidents and accidental factors, but more misfortunes come directly from recklessness, arrogance and inexperience. I can't afford to climb the snow mountain, and I can't climb it. I just wandered around the Qinling Mountains for a while. My courage is getting weaker and weaker, and I feel more and more that I have no superhuman powers and no god's blessing. I'm just an ordinary person, and I'm not sure when the hounds will eventually die in the mountains.

Spring, summer, autumn and winter, rain, snow, wind and frost, I have a superficial understanding of this mountain, and some experiences are written. These things are very general in the survival manual on the street. Here, I hope novices can read more mind-reading and help me correct, improve and supplement.

Generally speaking, the danger of outdoor sports in Qinling is very small, which is nothing more than backpacking and camping picnics. However, in rare cases, something unexpected will happen. By survival in the wild and self-help, I mean the necessary measures in this extraordinary situation.

The Qinling Mountains in a broad sense are over 0/600 kilometers from east to west and tens to 200 kilometers from north to south. They are sparsely populated, with abundant vegetation and frequent wildlife activities. The overall terrain and weather conditions are very complicated, and it is a paradise for low-altitude mountaineering.

Generally in distress, there are the following situations: 1. Getting lost From the past mountain accidents in Qinling area, outdoor tragedies directly caused by getting lost account for more than 60%, which is far from being solved by compass.

First of all, the compass must be used in conjunction with large-scale military maps. For reasons of confidentiality, it is difficult for ordinary people to obtain it.

Second, the specific use of the map field positioning compass must have a certain theoretical basis and rich practical experience, which is difficult for novices to master.

Third, even if you determine your position, how to get to the safe area or the supply point is a complex problem, far from being as simple as taking it for granted.

Starting from reality, we should first try to avoid getting lost, and pay attention to multi-angle observation at obvious terrain points along the way (such as river bends, conspicuous trees or strange rocks, etc.). ) so as not to be recognized when you go back. Pay attention to the approximate time spent between feature points. Mark every fork in the road. Self-painting is conspicuous, but not very environmentally friendly. You can use red wool about 10CM long and hang it on the branches of the roadside, which is conspicuous and convenient. In the Shihai area above 3200, once the weather is bad, the visibility is greatly reduced, and it is very easy to get lost, and there are no branches to hang wool. It is suggested to mark the arrow with self-drawing at 10 meter.

Second, how to find the road, we often encounter some bifurcation points and don't know which way to take. At this time, we should not only mark well, but also pay attention to the analysis of road conditions, and judge the choice of road simply according to the relationship between terrain and target points. Specifically, the place we want to go is in the north, and we generally don't choose the fork road to the south. We want to go up the mountain, don't choose the fork in the road. At some forks in the road, the direction of the road is roughly the same. It is necessary to mobilize your eyes to carefully analyze which road may be frequented by people, analyze the branches hanging from the roadside, the growth of weeds on the roadside, whether there are obvious human footprints on the ground, and how many leaves are left. I believe it is not difficult to make a judgment. Really can't. Pick any one, explore a few hundred meters, and you will usually get the result.

Third, what to do once you get lost. Here are two concrete examples. In May of 20001year, five students of Tianjin University got lost on the southern slope of Taibai. Two boys went down the mountain to find their way after dark, and one unfortunately fell off a cliff and died. In May 2002, a man in Shanghai got lost on the southern slope of Taibai, and left his equipment to find his way. As a result, he couldn't find the road or the equipment, and he died of hunger and cold in a snowstorm.

And 198? Five people in Xianyang Blower Factory got lost on the southern slope of Taibai, and three people died.

Once you get lost, remember to be calm. All the equipment necessary for survival must be carried with you, and you must never find your way alone. First find a suitable dry and sheltered camp or rest point nearby, carefully analyze the possible location, and never lose your way in the dark. When the visibility of rain, snow and fog is extremely poor, you should rest on the spot, keep your body temperature, and camp on the spot when necessary, waiting for the improvement of bad weather.

200 1, 10, a Nanjing man got lost on the southern slope of Taibai, camped on the spot, and found the right path safely after dawn. After the weather improves, if you still can't find the way back, pay attention to find a valley to retreat. Generally, there are streams in the Qinling valley, so go down along the streams. First of all, you don't have to worry about water supply. Second, it's much easier than the jungle. Third, you won't take detours, so don't worry about getting lost again. Fourth, if you go downstream, you will meet villages or highways.

Of course, the stream is not so easy to walk sometimes, but if you walk along the stream, you can definitely go out. Generally, the normal speed ranges from one day to no more than three days. Remember, once the evacuation route is selected, it must be strictly carried out to the end, and changing the plan halfway will only bring more accidents. All employees must also be firm in their determination and never waver. Generally speaking, a person's physical endurance is much stronger than his psychological endurance. People are desperate, and death is not far away. 2. The wild animals generally mentioned the danger of Shan Ye, which gave people a difficult problem. In fact, as far as today's environment is concerned, the chance of being injured by wild animals is no greater than the chance of racing on the highway. Nowadays, wild animals are generally shy and too lazy to make enemies. However, if they do meet, they should be prepared in case.

Specifically, one pig, two bears and three tigers, this is the ranking of mountain people according to the degree of danger, but there is a special product in Qinling-antelope, which is called a super killer.

Ordinary people can hardly imagine the ferocity of wild boar. In fact, in Shan Ye, you can often see overturned ground and fallen trees. That's what wild boars do, and the number of wild boars is quite objective. There is a great possibility of meeting them. Groups of wild boars are not terrible and have a sense of security. You can sit back and relax even if you are surrounded in the middle. A single wild boar is extremely fierce. It regards human beings as natural enemies and needs big fangs to get rid of it. So, once you meet this lonely killer, don't panic and stay put. Generally, wild boar will be manic at this time, do nothing and can't squat. This means an attack signal for it. Don't stimulate it, slowly retreat to the wild boar until it withdraws from its sight. Don't expect to use any weapons against it except guns.

Bear, everyone knows the power of this. If you slap it, you will lose your face. Generally, you live at an altitude of 1000m-2000m, but compared with wild boar, it is not aggressive, and will give you early warning and give you enough time to escape. However, the mother bear with her cubs, the mother killer, will instinctively kill people who break into her field of vision. Unless it doesn't intend to clean you up at all, once it comes after you, I haven't heard of any other way to save my life except climbing trees. 1998, a peasant woman in zhouzhi county was attacked by it and pretended to be dead. As a result, she was tossed for a long time and almost bled to death. So, don't try this method unless you have to. There are no tigers in Qinling Mountains, unless one runs out of the zoo.

The takin looks the most docile, and it is the most dangerous in the Qinling Mountains. It looks like a sheep and a cow. It is a smiling killer. There are activities at all altitudes in the Qinling Mountains. Basically, a very small number of mountain people suffer from this disease every year. In spring, due to the lack of food in mountainous areas, they often go to the valley around 1 500 meters for food, which is also the most vulnerable time. Herds of takins are not dangerous, but the trouble is that almost all of them are injured and defeated. Judging from the limited experience gained, it seems that it is the only feasible way to calm down, slow down and leave it alone. There is another legend that has never been true or false. The takin is known as the "forest guardian", and it will trample out the bonfire as soon as it is seen, but I think it is necessary to make a fire. Other wolves, jackals and leopards, these little guys can only protect themselves these days, and generally can't hurt anyone unless you walk alone in the dark, but I believe few mountain friends are so brave. All these situations can happen on the road. Unless you are stupid enough to put a tent in a wild animal's nest at night, the animal will never attack the tent instinctively, and turn around the tent twice at most, because the food scraps from dinner may attract it. So, you must remember to put the backpack food in the tent, and don't be eaten by it before you can sleep peacefully. Putting a knife on the pillow will probably only hurt yourself or your partner. This happened in Xinjiang in August of 200 1 year. People who sleep nervously regard the wind as the roar of wild animals, and when they are confused, they plunge into the same kind of people next to them (fortunately, they are not dead). This shows that people are the fiercest!

3. Floods bully mountains, not water. You must remember the flash floods that happened in Qinling Mountain in early June this year. June-September is the rainy season in Qinling Mountains every year, and overnight rainstorm may lead to flash floods. So the chances of being trapped in the mountains by floods are still very high. Specifically, the problem of mountain disasters in Shenzhen 5 19 lies in the campsite. Compared with the Qinling Mountains, it is generally safer to camp more than three meters above the water surface, and the farther upstream, the closer to the water surface. Of course, it is necessary to analyze the campsite in detail to see if there are any signs of flooding. Once there is a rainstorm at night, we must be vigilant and pay attention to the changes in water conditions. In the event of a flood, the most likely situation is to be trapped in a campsite near the valley, and the river surface that can be waded through is obviously impassable. At this time, it is necessary to analyze the specific situation. If the water is still rising, it may threaten your nest. Don't say anything, just act quickly. You can stay there for two days if it clears up. Generally speaking, it takes about one or two days for water to return to its original state. Cultivation is. If it's still raining, we'll be in trouble. It is normal that it rains continuously for 3-5 days in rainy season. Calculate your food and fuel and your physical fitness. If you have enough fuel and food, just stay put. If it is not enough, you must consider leaving quickly. You must rush out of the danger zone while you still have enough physical strength. Waiting with luck will only lead to physical decline and loss of confidence. If you go down the river and take the hillside by the stream, you can definitely go out and play it by ear. You can always go if you want to get up and come down. If you encounter a detour or detour on a cliff, you can always go on as long as you keep your confidence. However, sometimes crossing the river is inevitable. At this point, at least two people can cross the river safely. One person ties the rope and the other protects it. Note that water is mixed with rapid flow, and water with slow flow is clear. The crutches will be much more stable. The water depth is waist-deep, and the river width 10 meters, 99% can't cross the river. Choose a narrow river to cut trees and bridge, the water depth is knee-deep, and choose the river bed. Sometimes, you can choose the Great Leap Forward. It is difficult to choose a big stone that is easy to climb in the middle and lower reaches of the water, arrive obliquely with the help of the current, and pay attention to paddling with your hands and feet, and then go down in turn. Take small steps and walk slowly, but pay attention to the sudden drop of body temperature after being in the water for too long. Pay attention to the preparation for bathing and pay attention to waterproofing in advance. Generally, water can't enter the backpack within 10 second after falling into the water, so pay attention to the balance of the center of gravity. It must be noted that sleeping bags and spare clothes that keep out the cold at night must not get wet. You can consider sealing them with strong plastic bags and tape. Of course, a waterproof bag is better. Finally, be careful not to cross the river barefoot. If the shoes are wet, they can be dried. It's too bad to walk if the soles of your feet are scratched.

4. Loss of temperature is the most direct cause of death in Shan Ye, that is, the sudden drop of body surface temperature leads to individual death. It's simple to say, you can eat well and dress warmly, but in the complicated environment of Shan Ye, you need to pay attention to this from time to time. Specifically, in winter and spring, the probability of being hit by a snowstorm during the mountain climbing in Qinling Mountain is not small. It is not difficult to shelter from the wind and camp at low altitude. In the rocky sea area above 3000 meters above sea level, once trapped, no matter how good the windbreaker is, the body temperature will still be mercilessly deprived by the mountain wind. Everyone knows this terrain, and it is almost difficult to find a place to set up a tent. And the wind resistance of the tent is not very good. So just drill into the tent. There is no need to set it. There is no tent. The villagers' practice is to replace it with large tarpaulins or military raincoats, and the effect is similar. So there is at least a space for snow and wind, and then we can get into the sleeping bag or put on all the clothes and put all the plastic bags on the inner layer of the clothes. However, if all the equipment like Hua is lost, there is really nothing to do. In summer and autumn, the temperature in the mountains at night is still very low. If you accidentally get wet when crossing the river or when it rains heavily, it will be very difficult at night. Suppose the fire can't be started because of the heavy rain, then, first of all, build a shelter, even if there is a tent, we should consider the tiny leakage. After all, most tents on the market are not particularly rain-proof. Therefore, it is best to pull a rope based on the trunks of several trees in the forest and put the twigs, preferably bamboos, neatly. So it's safe to set up a tent below, and there are some activities outside the tent. If it is not convenient to dig drainage ditches, it is also effective to put several layers of bamboo under the tent. Then, never get into the sleeping bag in wet clothes and take it off. Ordinary vacuum cotton sleeping bags can keep warm as long as they are not particularly wet. In a tent, you can burn gas or alcohol stove to raise the temperature, but this is only a stopgap measure. Never again, in the most primitive way, holding my peers naked to keep warm. Don't be shy, the effect is generally good. Making a fire is almost the most important skill that every outdoor enthusiast must master. The best way to deal with temperature loss is to make a fire. Mountain people can easily light a pile of wet wood with a few matches, which is impossible for most people. The solution is to prepare a small plastic bottle of alcohol or a bottle of sawdust soaked in kerosene, which is very light and easy to use. Also pay attention to the fire source, bring more disposable lighters, prepare a box of sealed matches for emergencies, and don't be superstitious about ZIPPO. After lighting, pay attention to the way firewood is placed. If you need an unattended "overnight fire" for a long time, the way is to put the big logs neatly above the fire, leaving only a small gap, so that you can usually see a weak charcoal fire the next morning. The climbers who collect herbs have no tents and sleeping bags, and basically sleep by "overnight fire".