What is impressionism? The origin of impressionism?

Impressionism is an epoch-making art school in the history of western painting. From 19 to the peak in the 1970s and 1980s, its influence spread all over Europe and the world, but it made the most brilliant artistic achievements in France. /kloc-From the second half of the 9th century to the beginning of the 20th century, a large number of impressionist artists emerged in France, who created a large number of classic works that are still familiar to people. Apart from the famous paintings exhibited in China this time, Manet's Lunch on the Grass, Monet's Impression of Sunrise and Van Gogh's Sunflower are even more famous paintings.

Impressionism is a painting school that was born in France in the second half of19th century. Its representatives include Monet, Manet, pissarro, Renoir, Sisley, Degas, Mo Lisuo, Bazjo and Paul Cézanne. They inherited the tradition of Courbet, a French realist painter, to make art face contemporary life, and further liberated their creation from the dependence on historical, mythical, religious and other themes, and got rid of the procedural constraints of traditional painting and storytelling. Artists walked out of the studio and went deep into Yuan Ye, villages and streets, putting their fresh and vivid sense of nature in the first place and carefully observing the natural scenery bathed in light. Seek and grasp the cold and warm changes and interaction of colors, accurately grasp the object with seemingly random methods, record the ever-changing light and shadow and color effects on the canvas, and leave an instant and eternal image. This way of sketching directly from the outside light, the vivid impressions captured, and the various styles presented by it can not but be said to be the pioneering work and revolution of impressionist painting. Impressionist art movement has influenced all countries and made brilliant achievements. To this day, their works are still the most popular artistic treasures of mankind.

Impressionism, also known as impressionism, is a painting school that rose in France in the 1960s and 1990s. It was named after claude monet's oil painting Impression of Sunrise and was ridiculed by a reporter. 1874 the first impressionist painting exhibition was held in an apartment on Capucine avenue, with 3 1 impressionist painters participating.

1874, a group of young painters organized an exhibition of their own paintings in Paris to challenge the official salon. Painters including Monet, Renoir, pissarro, Sisley, Degas, Cezanne and Mo Lisuo not only have different personalities and talents, but also have different ideas and tendencies to some extent. However, they were born in the same era, had the same experience and fought against the same opposition. They readily accepted the title of "Impressionism" given to them by satirists in some magazines. The boy who plays piccolo, also known as the boy who plays piccolo, 1866, 160x98cm, oil painting, painted in the Musee d 'Orsay, Paris. Edward Manet's French painting "The Boy Playing Piccolo" depicts a portrait of a boy playing piccolo in a Guards band. When exploring the unity of form and color, painters pay attention to the characterization of characters. Pursue a stable, almost unchanging bright side in color, then suddenly turn dark, depict people in a light gray, almost flat bright background, and show the body with more general color blocks. There is no shadow, no obvious horizon and no outline in this painting. The painting is completed at the lowest subject level, which denies the profound sense of three-dimensional space. Du Miai said MANET's portrait was as flat as a poker. Zola, a naturalist writer, once praised the boy playing piccolo: "I believe it is impossible to achieve a stronger effect than this by simpler means than him." Although it seems that the shock brought by this painting is not as strong as it is now. However, in MANET's time, the advantage of this painting was precisely that it was rebellious and incompatible with the moral standards at that time. One is that there is no content, and the other is that there is no deep meaning. He is just a little boy, with no meaning and no explanation. Moreover, Manet painted quickly, completely changing the previous painting method! At that time, the judges of the official salon exhibition were unwilling to accept this painting. Who would have thought that 100 years later, the market value of this painting would be 800 million RMB? Authoritative evaluation: In the 1960s from 65438 to 2009, Manet, who just got rid of the authority of the first teacher Kutour, was not understood by his contemporaries. He experienced several failures at the salon. His indoor paintings with life-size figures give a strange impression and have been criticized by many people. For example, this "The Boy Playing Piccolo" was rejected by the 1866 official salon exhibition judging committee. This painting shows a young hussars of the Royal Guard playing piccolo, a small wooden flute with a sharp voice, which is used to guide soldiers into battle. The name of the flute became the title of this painting. A musician played by a child in the painter's studio occupies the center of the painting. He clearly appeared on the gray background with a slight change in tone. The background of the painting did not give an exact space, but gave people a feeling that air was flowing around him. The neutral and intangible background that painters often use in his portraits is inspired by Spanish painters in the golden age, especially Velazquez and murillo. Manet praised them during his recent trip to Madrid. Manet didn't add any anecdotal background elements, because he wanted the painted object to look isolated and avoid giving people the impression that it was created at a parade or military training site. Children, costumes and piccolo constitute the only theme of this painting. This painting was completed in the cold light of the studio, which can be confirmed by the short shadow cast on the ground. Manet joined the army very early. He is a sailor. He looked at the child soldier with pity and was proud that he was wearing a painting costume. All his attention was focused on the perfect uniform decorated with red, black, white and gold, and the gold metal sleeve of piccolo. The music tube with white cloth belt glitters on the dark woolen cloth of men's tight jacket and the crimson woolen cloth of trousers, and the jacket is decorated with copper buttons. Tightening the cloth belt of the child's upper body forms bright light, which sets off the white shoe cover. Only the child's face and hands are alive, which is in sharp contrast to the silhouette that is a little stiff and can't see the details clearly. Manet's contemporaries accused it of lacking thickness and being too simple to handle, just like a naive portrait of the people printed in Binal City. There is no connection between the background and the characters, which also makes the characters appear unreal. Characters are treated with large color dots, much like the heads on playing cards and Japanese copperplate prints. Manet's The Boy Playing Piccolo is now widely praised. This painting is Manet's challenge to military themes rarely painted by impressionist painters, ignoring traditional concepts.

The simplicity of this painting proves the artist's modernity. He is the enemy of all stereotypes, and he expresses a new world view through his works. "I believe that it is impossible to achieve a stronger effect than this by simpler means than him." Zola, a naturalist writer, praised the piccolo boy. Introduction of MANET: Adouard Manet (1832-1883) is a famous French impressionist painter, and he is the man in the middle of Henri Fantine latour's Studio of the Parthenon. He made an important contribution to the development of European painting. Although he has never participated in the joint exhibition of impressionist painters, he is still regarded as the founder of impressionist school and has long been regarded as a master by later impressionist painters. These painters are about 10 years younger than MANET. Although MANET got this title, although he kept friendly relations with these young painters and went out to sketch with them, he always refused to participate in the exhibition organized by Impressionism. Hoping for official approval, he regularly sent his paintings from 1859 to the salon review committee for review. His luck in attending the salon was mixed: sometimes he was successfully accepted, for example, he exhibited a painting called Guitarist in Salon 186 1 (now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, USA), and sometimes he was contemptuously rejected, for example, he submitted a painting called Playing Piccolo to Salon on 1866. Manet's achievements are mainly reflected in figure painting. He was the first to introduce the light and color of impressionism into figure painting, and created the impressionism painting style. Manet received six years of academic education in his early years, and then he studied the works of many masters of past dynasties. His paintings not only have the three-dimensional modeling of traditional paintings, but also have the bright, lively and sensitive colors of Impressionism. It can be said that he is an important painter connecting the preceding with the following. His works (especially portraits) naturally reflect the character and psychology of the characters. The piper boy shows the truth of the characters almost without shadow, from which we can see Monet's talent and conceit. This painting is obviously influenced by Japanese ukiyo-e prints. Impressionism Impressionism (1874- 1886): painting with instant impressions without reliable knowledge. When a painter grasps a characteristic surface to paint, he has to fly a brush to draw colors directly on the canvas. They can only consider the overall effect of the painting and less consider the details. Impressionist painting uses a lot of brushstrokes, and the works lack decoration, which is a sloppy painting. Impressionism adopts the creative method of directly depicting scenery in outdoor sunlight, pursues the overall sense and atmosphere of objects in the change of light and color, and advocates reflecting the instantaneous impression of nature according to the seven colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple in the solar spectrum. Impressionist works have a wide range of themes, and painters try to capture the ever-changing nature in cities and villages.

From an artistic point of view, impressionist painters opposed the classical academic school, which occupied the orthodox position at that time, and opposed the romanticism, which was increasingly stuck in stereotypes and affectation. But under the impetus of realistic painting styles such as Koro, barbizon school and Courbet, he absorbed the nutrition of paintings from Holland, Britain, Spain, Japan and China, and was inspired by modern science, especially optics, thinking that all colors are produced. Because light is changing rapidly, they think that only by grasping the flash of light can we uncover the mystery of nature. Therefore, in painting, we pay attention to the study and expression of external light, advocate going outdoors and painting under the sun according to the observation of the eyes and the direct feeling of the scene, so as to show the subtle changes of the color of the object under the light. As a result, impressionist painting changed the black of traditional painting into bright blue and purple in the treatment of shadows. Impressionist painting replaced the simple lines and surfaces of traditional painting with dots, thus realizing the description of light that traditional painting could not achieve. Specifically, when we observe impressionist paintings at close range, we will see many different dots with messy colors, but when we observe them at a distance, these dots will gather together like seven colors of light, giving people the feeling of light and achieving unexpected results.

Impressionist painters are divided into two types because of their different personal interests: emphasizing light and color, emphasizing modeling and sketching. The former is represented by Monet and Renoir, while the latter is represented by Degas, with Camille pissarro in between.

Because of the pursuit of external light and color, impressionist painters mainly take trivial things around them and direct experiences as their themes, and describe more people and natural scenery in reality. In composition, more fragments or scenes of objective images are intercepted to deal with the picture, which breaks the boundary between sketching and creation.

Impressionist painters have held eight exhibitions, the first two of which were severely criticized by the media at that time, and later gradually became an influential art school and expanded to other art fields. Impressionist painting was supported and encouraged by Manet in its formation and development.

Impressionist painting, as an artistic trend of thought, occupies an important position in the history of world art, which has promoted the innovation of artistic techniques and the change of ideas in the future, and has exerted great or small influence on painters in Europe, America, Japan and even China.