What are the three stages of Bauhaus's development, and what is the historical significance of design and education reform?

What are the three stages of Bauhaus's development, and what is the historical significance of design and education reform? On this issue, I think it is Bauhaus ◎ Interpretation: Bauhaus (19/41-1933/7) is the abbreviation of "Staatliches Bauhaus" in Weimar, Germany, and was later renamed as "Bauhaus". The word "Bauhaus" was coined by Gropius, which is a transliteration of German Bauhaus. The word "house building" is the other way around. 19 19 a design school was established in Germany, which is the first school in the world to carry out design education. ◎ Introduction: Bauhaus experienced three stages of development: the first stage (1919-1925) and Weimar period. As the headmaster, Gropius put forward the lofty ideal of "new unification of art and technology" and shouldered the sacred mission of training designers and architects in the 20th century. He recruited talents, hired artists and craftsmen to teach, and formed a new education system combining art education with manual production; The second stage (1925— 1932) is the Dessau period. Bauhaus rebuilt in Dessau, Germany, and carried out curriculum reform, implementing the teaching method of integrating design and production teaching, and achieved excellent results. 1928 Gropius resigned as president of Bauhaus, and was succeeded by sepp maier, director of the Department of Architecture. The architect from the Party of * * * expanded Bauhaus's artistic radicalism into political radicalism, which made Bauhaus face more and more political pressure. In the end, Meyer himself had to resign at 1930, and was succeeded by L Mies van de Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Faced with the pressure from Nazi forces, Miss tried her best to keep the school running. Finally, 1932+00 After the Nazi Party occupied Dessau in June, she was forced to close Bauhaus. The third stage (1932-1933) is the Berlin period. L. ludwig mies van der rohe moved his school to an abandoned office building in Berlin, trying to rally. Because the spirit of Bauhaus was not tolerated by Nazi Germany, in the face of the Nazi government that just came to power, Miss finally got nothing, and announced the permanent closure of Bauhaus in August of that year. 1933+0 1 Bauhaus closed in June, and 14 had to end its development. Bauhaus was formed by the merger of Weimar Art School and Technical School, and its purpose is to cultivate new design talents. Although Bauhaus was called the School of Architecture, architecture specialty didn't appear until 1927, and there were only textiles, ceramics, metalworking, glass, sculpture, printing and other subjects. Therefore, Bauhaus is mainly a design school. In design theory, Bauhaus put forward three basic viewpoints: ① the new unity of art and technology; ② The purpose of design is people, not products; ③ Design must follow the laws of nature and objectivity. These viewpoints have played a positive role in the development of industrial design, making modern design gradually move from idealism to realism, that is, rational and scientific ideas have replaced artistic self-expression and romanticism. Bauhaus's teaching time is three and a half years. Students have to go through basic course training for half a year after entering school, and then enter the workshop to learn various practical skills. The difference between Bauhaus and the arts and crafts movement is that it is not hostile to machines, but tries to establish extensive relations with industry, which is both the requirement of the times and the need of survival. At the beginning of the establishment of Bauhaus, with the support of Gropius, some of the most radical artists in Europe came to teach in Bauhaus, which made the prevailing ideological trend at that time, especially expressionism, have an important influence on Bauhaus's early theory. In the early days of Bauhaus, a group of basic course teachers were Kandinsky of Russia, Faninger of the United States, Klee and Eaton of Switzerland. Among them, Kandinsky was a painting teacher in the metal and wood products workshop of Morris Education College. These artists are closely related to expressionism. Expressionism is an art school that appeared in Germany and Austria in the early 20th century. The task of advocating art is to express the personal feelings and experiences of supervisors, advocate transforming the world with art, and express the spirit of the times in strange and exaggerated forms. This idealism is consistent with Bauhaus's goal of "discovering the form symbolizing the world" and creating a new society. Bauhaus's greatest contribution to design education is the basic course, which was initiated by Eaton and is a compulsory course for all students. Eaton advocates "learning by doing", that is, on the basis of theoretical research, the form, color, material and texture are discussed through practical work, and the above elements are combined. However, because Eaton is a mystic, he attaches great importance to intuitive methods and personality development, advocates completely spontaneous and free expression, pursues "unknown" and "inner harmony", and even once started his course with deep breathing and vibration exercises to get inspiration. These are far from the cooperative spirit and rational analysis of industrial design, and have been criticized by many people. Eaton 1923 resigned, and the Hungarian artist Naji took over the basic course. Najib is a follower of constructivism. He brought the elements of constructivism into basic training, emphasized the objective analysis of form and color, and paid attention to the relationship between point, line and surface. Through practice, let students know how to objectively analyze the composition of two-dimensional space, and then extend it to the composition of three-dimensional space. All these laid the foundation for industrial design education, and also meant that Bauhaus began to turn from expressionism to rationalism. On the other hand, the abstract geometric form advocated by constructivism leads Bauhaus to another formalism road in design. Bauhaus held the first exhibition in 1923, showing design models, students' homework, paintings and sculptures. , has achieved great success, and has been valued and praised by the design circles and industries in many European countries. In this exhibition, Gropius gave a speech on "New Unity of Art and Technology", which emphasized the role of technology. From 1923- 1925, the course of Bauhaus technology has been strengthened, and it is interesting to develop close ties with some industrial enterprises. April 1925, 1, persecuted by Weimar reactionary government, Bauhaus closed his campus in Weimar and moved to Dessau, a small town with quite developed industry at that time, to continue his career. After moving to Dessau, Bauhaus developed further. Gropius promoted some excellent Bauhaus teachers as professors, formulated a new teaching plan, improved the education system and curriculum, and established a practice workshop accordingly. It is particularly worth mentioning that Bauhaus's new school building was designed by Gropius. 1925 starts in autumn and will be completed by the end of the following year. It includes classrooms, workshops, offices, auditoriums, canteens and dormitories for senior students. The school building covers an area of nearly 10,000 square meters and is a group of multifunctional buildings. Bauhaus school itself occupies an important position in the history of architecture and is a masterpiece of modern architecture. There are differences and combinations in functional processing, and the relationship is clear, convenient and practical; The composition adopts flexible and irregular layout, and the architectural modeling is scattered and changeable. Facade modeling fully embodies the characteristics of new materials and new structures. The industrial architectural style of Fagus Factory has been applied to civil buildings, which completely broke the tradition of classical architectural design and achieved concise and fresh results. If the results of Gropius's teaching policy are evaluated by the design prototype actually put into production by Bauhaus, then these results are not as remarkable as its curriculum and theoretical research. Bauhaus's most influential designs come from the metalworking workshop run by Najib and the furniture workshop run by brower. Bauhaus Gold Workshop is committed to educating students to engage in practice through the combination of metal and glass, which has opened up a new road for lamp design. The design of metal products in Weimar period also has obvious handicraft characteristics. For example, the teapot designed by brand 1924 adopts geometric form, but it is forged manually with silver, which is similar to the arts and crafts movement. The desk lamp she designed in 1926- 1927 is not only simple and beautiful in shape, but also good in function, and it is mass-produced in a factory in Leipzig. This shows that Bauhaus has matured in industrial design. In Bauhaus's furniture workshop, brower created a series of influential steel tube chairs, which opened a new chapter in modern furniture design. Although it is still controversial who first thought of making furniture with steel pipes, there is no doubt that Bauhaus first realized the idea and industrial production of steel pipe furniture. These steel tube chairs make full use of the characteristics of materials, with light and elegant shapes and simple structures, and become typical representatives of modern design. 1928, Gropius resigned as the principal of Bauhaus under various pressures, especially the unprovoked attack of the right-wing forces on the progressive ideological trend of Bauhaus. Gropius continued to design industrial products after leaving his post. Adler designed by 1930 is a typical example of functional modeling principle in the 1920s. Although the design of automobile emphasizes practical function and geometric principle, it can't be mass-produced, which shows that if the design only considers function and production and ignores other factors, such as consumers' demand for symbolism and interest, the design will be difficult to succeed. After Gropius left Bauhaus, the architect Hanez? Meyer is the principal. After Meyer took office, he emphasized the close relationship between products and consumers, design and society, and strengthened the relationship between design and industry. Under his leadership, all the workshops of Bauhaus accepted a large number of design commissions from enterprises. 1930, Meyer was forced to resign for the same reason as Gropius, and Miss became the third principal. Smith is a famous architect. He put forward the famous saying that "less is more" in 1928. 1929, he designed the German tube for the Barcelona World Expo. The building itself and the Barcelona chair he designed for it set a milestone in modern architecture and design. Like brower, Miss is good at designing steel pipe chairs. 1927, he designed the famous Wesengoff chair. After Miss arrived in Bauhaus, on the one hand, students were forbidden to engage in political life, on the other hand, academic research focusing on architectural design was strengthened, which revived the school. But in June 1932, the Nazis took control of Dessau and closed Bauhaus. Miss, teachers and students had to move the school to Berlin to start over. Later, with Hitler's National Socialist Party coming to power, the Gestapo occupied the school, and Bauhaus finally announced its official dissolution in July of 1933, thus ending the school-running course of 14. During this period, there were 1250 students and 35 full-time teachers studying and working in Bauhaus. After the school was dissolved, members of Bauhaus brought Bauhaus's thoughts to other countries, especially the United States. In a sense, Bauhaus's thought has been fully realized in America. 1937, Gropius went to Harvard University as the head of the Department of Architecture, and established Concord Design Office. Brower also arrived in the United States at the same time, working with Gropius on architectural creation. Miss arrived in the United States on 1938 and became a professor of architecture at Illinois Institute of Technology. Najib founded the new Bauhaus in Chicago on 1937. This school was established as a continuation of Bauhaus, which introduced a new method to creative education in the United States, but most of its graduates were employed as artists, craftsmen and teachers, rather than industrial designers. The new Bauhaus later merged with Illinois Institute of Technology. Bauhaus, the promoter of modernism school, has made great contributions to modern industrial design, especially his design education. Its teaching method has become the foundation of art education in many schools around the world, and its outstanding architects and designers have pushed modern architecture and design to a new height. In contrast, the actual industrial products designed by Bauhaus are not significant in scope or quantity. Bauhaus's products did not play a decisive role in the overall design development of Germany, one of the world's industrial powers. The influence of Bauhaus lies not in its actual achievements, but in its spirit. Bauhaus's thought was once regarded as a classic of modernism. However, the limitations of Bauhaus are gradually recognized by people, so its adverse effects on industrial design have been criticized. For example, in order to pursue a new and industrialized expression, Bauhaus overemphasized abstract geometric figures in his design. "Cube is God", no matter what kind of products and materials, geometric modeling is adopted, which leads to formalism and sometimes even destroys the use function of products. This shows that the meanings of Bauhaus's "standard" and "economy" are more aesthetic, so the "function" emphasized is also highly abstract. In addition, strict geometric modeling and the highest requirements for industrial materials make the products have a sense of indifference and lack of proper human touch. Bauhaus actively advocates the design for the general public, but because Bauhaus's design aesthetics is abstract and abstruse, it can only be appreciated by a few intellectuals and outstanding people. Today, many Bauhaus products are still expensive and can only be regarded as a symbol of aesthetic standards and social status. For example, Smith's Barcelona chair is a typical example, which costs hundreds of dollars. The most criticism of Bauhaus is aimed at the so-called "international" style. Although Gropius opposes any style, Bauhaus advocates breaking away from tradition and advocating geometric composition, which actually eliminates the regionality of design and ignores the historical context of various countries and nations. In addition, some architects misinterpreted the essence of Bauhaus and replaced creation with plagiarism, forming an "international style" with thousands of people. Square-box architecture with flat roof, white walls and long windows is popular all over the world, which has a great influence on architectural culture in various countries and is widely criticized. No matter how much people have reservations about Bauhaus, its great influence is beyond reproach. All elites under the umbrella of collective Gropius have their own distinct personalities, but they have developed a strong * * * personality. When they immigrated from the Third Reich, they all spread Bauhaus's thoughts in their respective work or teaching places with the belief of evaluation, and carried them forward. The historical contribution of Bauhaus: 1. Emphasis is placed on collective work in order to overcome individual obstacles in art education and lay the foundation for enterprise work. 2. Emphasis on standards in order to break the careless liberalization and irregularity of art education. 3. Try to establish a new education system based on science, emphasizing the combination of scientific and logical working methods and artistic expression. The above points have shifted the center of teaching from a relatively personal art education system to a science and engineering system. 4. The educational focus of the design of "creative appearance" has been shifted to "solving problems", so the design has got rid of the disadvantages of playing form for the first time and moved towards a truly convenient, practical, economical and beautiful design system, which has laid a solid foundation for modern design. 5. Based on the experiment of Belgian designer Henri van de Wilde, various studios were created, such as metal, wood, ceramics, textiles and photography. Unite a group of outstanding artists and designers to devote themselves to design and build design education on a scientific basis. 6. Breaking the old framework of academic art education, Johnny Eaton, an important Bauhaus teacher and color expert, founded the "Basic Course" on 1920. Before that, there was no such thing as a basic course. At the same time, it created a way of combining large-scale industrial production, which laid the foundation for the development of modern design education. 7. A group of professionals who are familiar with traditional technology and modern industrial production methods and design rules have been trained, and a concise aesthetic style suitable for large machine production methods has been formed, which has raised the design of modern industrial products to a new level. Purpose of establishment: The word "Bauhaus" is a combination of German verb "bauen”architecture and noun" haus ". Roughly understood as "the school of architecture", it embodies the founder's idea: 1, establishing the dominant position of architecture in the design forum, and 2, upgrading technology to an equal position with visual arts, thus weakening the traditional hierarchy. 3. It responded to the creed of "German Industrial Union" founded by 1907 in Munich, that is, "enhancing the influence of industrial products through the cooperation of artists, industrialists and craftsmen": it has always been called the most influential and controversial art school in the 20th century, and it was the center of utopian thought and spirit at that time. It initiated the educational concept of modern design and made irrefutable outstanding achievements in the theory and practice of art education. The course of Bauhaus is the birth of modern design, and it is also the course of building a bridge between art and mechanical technology, which are far apart. No matter in the fields of architecture, fine arts and industrial design, Bauhaus occupies a dominant position. Bauhaus's idea of design education: 1. Technology and art should be harmonious and unified. 2. Visual sensitivity should reach a rational level. 3. Scientific and technical understanding of materials, structures, textures and colors. 4. Collective work is the core of design. Artists, entrepreneurs and technicians should cooperate closely. 6. Students' homework and enterprise projects should be closely combined with the limitations of Bauhaus school. Although Bauhaus is limited to modernity, Bauhaus style was once called internationalism style. However, because it can't reflect the national cultural characteristics, it is called a design language without national boundaries. After World War II, with the rapid development of western economy and the improvement of people's living standards, producers and consumers in various countries are no longer satisfied with a single international style. 2. Any design is a part of the whole cultural system of the society, which is interrelated with other parts and influences each other. Therefore, the formation and development of styles and schools are inevitably influenced by the scientific and technological level of the times and academic thoughts. Masterpiece: Fagers Shoe Factory designed by Gropius (191011) l Ludwig Mies Vandero Works: Department of Architecture and Design, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA (1956) new york West.