The Qin Dynasty built the Lingqu. Does anyone know the specific construction process of Lingqu?

Qin Shihuang (259 BC-2 BC10), surnamed Yan, was the first emperor in the history of China to establish the great cause of reunification. Ying Zheng was 13 years old when he took office. At the age of 22, he officially presided over the state affairs, used many ministers and military commanders, and implemented the policy of enriching Qiang Bing, which created conditions for unifying China and dominating the world. From 230 BC to 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang waged a brutal war for ten years, conquered six countries, and established the first unified feudal centralized state in China's history, thus ending the century-long separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After the reunification of Qin Shihuang, the imperial system was implemented and the enfeoffment system was abolished. The whole country is divided into 36 counties, below which. State affairs, appointment and dismissal, and army assembly are all decided by the emperor, and power is centralized. In China, three measures, namely unified writing, unified currency and unified measurement, were implemented, and the direct road leading to the whole country was ordered to be built, which played an important role in economic development and cultural exchange at that time. At that time, Wan Li had a population of about 20 million, and it took 2.2 million people to build the Great Wall and the Epang Palace to repair the mausoleum, accounting for one tenth of the total population. In order to consolidate the country, Qin Shihuang made five tours and almost traveled all over the country. /kloc-ascended the throne at the age of 0/3, took power at the age of 22, unified China at the age of 39, and died in a sand dune at the age of 50. He was brilliant and accomplished, and he did many great things in his life, which had a great influence in the history of China, which was rare among emperors in previous dynasties. He deserves to be called "an emperor through the ages".

Historical achievements

From 222 years ago, Qin Shihuang began to build a large-scale galloping road with Xianyang as the center and extending in all directions, similar to modern expressways. Running in the same lane, the implementation of "cars in the same track", with a width of 50 steps. Chidao has several functions, one is to facilitate traffic and management of the old places of the six countries, the other is to facilitate the supply of the front line of the northern war, and the third is to facilitate the smooth inspection of the first emperor. Except for Qin Zhi Road and Qin Plank Road, most of them were built on the basis of Qin's hometown, the old roads in the Six Kingdoms and the roads built during Qin's conquest of the Six Kingdoms. The famous lanes include Shang Jun Road, Linjin Road, Dongfang Road, Wuguan Road, Qinplank Road, West Road and Qin Zhi Road.

After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, in order to facilitate the transportation of troops and materials needed for conquering Lingnan, he ordered Shilu to dig a canal to connect the Xiangjiang River in the Yangtze River system with the Lijiang River in the Pearl River system. This canal was finally completed from the 20th year of the Emperor (2 19 BC) to the 23rd year (2 15 BC). Lingqu is one of the oldest canals in the world. It has been the main waterway transportation route between Lingnan and the Central Plains for more than two thousand years. Therefore, the project is one of the national key cultural relics protection units.

milestone

After the famous Korean family, Sean sent an assassin to assassinate Qin Shihuang in Bolangsha, but failed.

In order to seek the medicine of immortality, it is expensive to send the government to lead thousands of boys and girls across the East China Sea to seek immortality. ("Chu Tie" means that Xu Fu and boys and girls will never return after they reach their destination (that is, today's book), and Japanese minister Qin Shi is their descendant. However, referring to historical records and the annals of the Three Kingdoms, we can see that this statement did not appear before the Eastern Han Dynasty. As for Xu Fu's "On Emperor Jimmu", there is no literature to test except that it is inconsistent with the age.

Historical evaluation

He was the first emperor in China, the founder of the emperor's honorific title and the founder of the emperor system in China, which made China enter the era of multi-ethnic centralized monarchy. He also made China achieve political unification for the first time, forming a situation of "cars on the same track, books in the same language", which laid the foundation for the later dynasties to seek reunification. But since ancient times, Qin Shihuang has always been a controversial figure.

1. Appraisal

Positive

When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the north and south. Historically, it has been said that "a land of a hundred miles, bow to the knees" and "the king of Qin sweeps the Liuhe River". According to the map of the Warring States, the territory is almost twice that controlled by the seven heroes of the Warring States. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule and system construction of conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome, which only paid attention to conquest but not to system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in martial arts, which is unparalleled in history. Today, the English name for China, China, also evolved from the Roman word Chin, which shows the influence of the Qin Empire from one side.

Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and the uprising, the reason is that "Qin law is harsh", and its crime is capital crime, so it has to be reversed, but the law forces the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today.

Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (Brazzaville) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (such as Reese and Meng Ao). It's all cloth, only according to the military). Compared with the feudal aristocratic politics, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries.

The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. China, the so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "Since Qin, its system has not changed" and "Hundreds of generations still follow the Qin law and govern", basically followed the Qin system in the political system for two thousand years in the imperial power era.

Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks at him!" Sang Hongyang's exposition affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China. Zhang Taiyan of the Qing Dynasty also praised Qin Shihuang in his Qin Zhengji written in 19 13.

Negative; Negative; Negative; negative

Because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and later the rulers of China promoted the Confucian theory with benevolence and the golden mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin and so on.

"Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" Qin Wang was greedy for money, self-motivated, did not believe in merit, did not kiss the gentry, abolished the royal power, established private rights, prohibited documents from cooling the law, and bullied power before righteousness, which began with tyranny.

Jia Yi's "On Qin": One person is in trouble for seven temples, and his body is dead and his hands are dead. What is the joke of the whole world? Be merciless, and the offensive and defensive trends are different.

Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians and would do anything for power.

The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all huge in scale, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounced that many people were killed or injured in the construction process, but on the other hand, it further developed the transportation in various places and made contributions to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of various ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle. Night wind /aiq strikes 2008-02-1311:07 Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

Because Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, he brought many things such as silk from the Han Dynasty, showed them the wealth of China, and also brought many kinds of products such as grapes from them, which made us understand a lot of things outside.

Emperor Taizong

Because of the rule of Zhenguan, many overseas countries know that China is a country with a vast territory and rich products. √ Who's 2008-02-1316 5438+0:12 New Tang Book:

What a pity! The ruler of Zhi Zhi will never leave this world! Yu has the world, there are six kings in ten miles, and Shao Kang has the industry of ZTE. The soup spread all over the world, to the twenty-eight kings, and those who were very prosperous were called three cases. The prince of Wu has the world and passed it on to the thirty-six kings. The one who succeeded was Gong Xuan, the sum of Kang, and there is nothing to say about the rest. Although there are omissions in the poetry books, there are more than 700 years in three generations, and there are more than 70 monarchs. Only these six or seven monarchs have their excellent works seen in later generations. Alas, it's rare!

Comment on the Book of Old Tang Dynasty;

Mitchell said: "Guan Wendi, a minister, is very successful and smart in SHEN WOO." . Pulling people out is not personal to the party, but passive ambition is to do our best. Therefore, the enemy is willing to fall in love with him; Ma Zhou and Liu Yue, estranged from each other, died and appointed Jun Heng. Finally, I thank you. Try to talk about: the foundation moistens the clouds, and the insects sing and jump. Although Yao Shun is a saint, he can't compare with Qiong Qi. Yi and Lv Zhixian can't make a fortune for peace. When the monarch and the minister were killed, their eyes were gouged out, and the ants were weak, and the good was different from the value. With the house and Wei, they have more hills and caves, so they can respect the Lord and protect the people. Kuang Fazhou and Zhou Chengzhi are hereditary, but I have a legacy; He is more ashamed of virtue than the grandeur of Chinese and martial arts. I won't be confused, but I've been good at this for a thousand years. Just one person!

Jason Wu said in "Preface to Zhenguan Politicians": "Taizong's current politics is considerable, and it has existed since ancient times, but nothing exists."

Ge Zhi, the author of Zhenguan Power Collection in Yuan Dynasty, said: "Fu Taizong took the matter of two emperors and three kings as the way of self-cultivation and was ashamed of the way of family." However, he sacrificed himself to remonstrate, be virtuous, use himself, be diligent and thrifty, and be generous in loving the people. He is also a descendant of three generations, and there is no one else except himself. After a gentleman, it is beneficial to choose good and follow it, but not good and change it! "Here, Emperor Taizong committed the crime of two emperors and three kings in terms of self-cultivation and family harmony, mainly referring to Emperor Taizong and his younger brother Li competing for the throne.

When Ming Xianzong ordered Confucian scholars to revise and reprint Zhenguan dignitaries, he wrote: "Emperor Taizong was a wise king in the Tang Dynasty, who helped the world and the people. He is great and outstanding. Unfortunately, those who cultivate themselves are guilty of two emperors and three Wang Zhidao, and their treatment is not pure. "

A great/great achievement

1. He uses people in an eclectic way, and his use and leadership of talents have reached a very high level;

He has a unique eye, saw the lack of personal strength, fully realized that only a king is like a stone and a good minister is like a craftsman can produce beautiful jade, and humbly adopted the minister's progressive words;

A political management system of separation of powers and mutual supervision has been initially established, stipulating that laws and decrees, including their own (parts that affect national policies), must be examined and countersigned by provincial organs before they can take effect and be issued, thus ensuring the feasibility, timely discovery and correction of policies. Put an end to the harm and influence of bad policies on the country and people;

Recognizing the legal and political policy that human life is paramount, it is stipulated that the death penalty can only be executed after three repetitions (five repetitions elsewhere). It is not difficult to realize that only 29 people resisted the death penalty in the fourth year of Zhenguan (630), and 290 people were sentenced to death in the sixth year of Zhenguan (632). Judging the situation, Emperor Taizong ordered all 290 people to go home for the New Year and come back for retrial after the autumn harvest next year. As a result, 290 people were sentenced to death.

The martial arts prosperity of Tang Taizong Dynasty achieved brilliant victories (Turkic, Tuguhun, Gaochang, Anxi, Mobei Snow featherleaf rodgersflower, etc.) except for the strategic victory in the Korean War. ), which is inseparable from the national strength at that time, the overall strategy of the army, the tacit understanding of employing people, the coordination of processes and other important factors. Therefore, Zhenguan Dynasty occupies a considerable proportion among the famous soldiers in the history of China, and it is in China.

6 Swallow the world's "Tiankhan" temperament, so that Li Shimin repeatedly scared twice the result with half the effort. The classic battle is to scare off the 100 thousand fine riders of the Turks in Weishui. This is a far cry from Kou Zhun's insistence and demands on Song Zhenzong. At that time, he reluctantly arrived in Cheng Nan, Ai Guo under the escort of the army, but he went back trembling!

Focusing on the overall situation, Tang Taizong's domestic and foreign policies achieved brilliant victory. As long as people all over the world know that China's efforts are attached to it, they are proud of Tang Dynasty and happy to be at ease. They can not only live as freely as Tang people, but also be an official. Ashina Seymour, Gao Xianzhi and Li Guangbi, famous generals of ethnic minorities, made outstanding contributions to the Tang Dynasty.

Improve the imperial examination system, vigorously set up schools, attach importance to educational activities, and popularize the election of officials. At that time, there were many schools all over the country, so it was not difficult to remember the education at that time. At the same time, the imperial examination was standardized and fair, with Jinshi as the most prominent. Only then did Emperor Taizong see the new Jinshi filed out and happily said, "The hero of the world, he saved the country with me", which was the education of the Tang Dynasty.

9. Calligraphy and rich characters, Tang Taizong's personal accomplishment and talent are extremely high, and his calligraphy characters are also quite famous. With his vigorous promotion and encouragement, calligraphy, literature and art flourished in the Tang Dynasty.

Emperor Taizong advocated clean government, frugality and simplicity, and attached importance to farmland water conservancy. The construction of clean government was quite successful. Instead of severely punishing corrupt officials like Zhu Yuanzhang, he established a clean and law-abiding central leadership group and attached importance to the election of local officials. At that time, many ministers in the imperial court were very poor, such as Wen Yanbo, Dai Zhou, Yu Zhining, Zhang and so on. Plus good publicity and administrative supervision. Emperor Taizong also paid more attention to thrift, did not abuse people's power, and paid attention to sharing interests with the people. At that time, the society formed a simple and realistic style; Emperor Taizong also attached great importance to agriculture. Emperor Taizong visited Beijing outside Beijing and asked about it first. Because the coronation ceremony of the prince violated the farming season, it was changed.

Due to social stability and the development of commercial economy, many commercial cities have sprung up all over the country, and their urban industries have developed considerably. Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou, Chengdu, Jiangling and Liangzhou have developed rapidly. Chang 'an and Luoyang are self-evident as world economic metropolises, which laid a solid foundation for the feudal economy to reach the top.

The support for Xuanzang's Buddhism and the affirmation of his journey to the West opened up and maintained the Hexi Corridor-Silk Road, linked Silla and Japan to the East, and promoted cultural exchanges and economic development between China and the West. Princess Wencheng married Tubo, which made Tubo enter feudal society from slave society and developed and promoted the development of Tibet.

To sum up, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, was a great statesman, strategist, writer, calligrapher, outstanding leader and an outstanding figure who influenced China and the world. He has made outstanding contributions to the Chinese nation and people, leaving behind brilliant achievements and spiritual wealth, so he is revered by people. As Mr. Zhu Dongyang said, "He is the first in China after Confucius."