Basic knowledge of the latest camera lens

First, the scenes of movies and TV programs.

Scenery, according to the distance and perspective of the scene, is generally divided into:

Extremely distant prospect: extremely distant lens scenery, people as small as ants.

Foresight: the far-reaching lens landscape, the characters only occupy a small position in the picture. Wide field of vision is divided into three levels: large field of vision, prospect and small field of vision (semi-field of vision) according to the distance of the scene.

Panorama: a picture containing the whole subject and the surrounding environment. It is usually used to introduce the environment of film and television works, so it is called the widest lens.

Panorama: a film and television picture that captures the whole body or small scenes of the characters, which is equivalent to a drama or a song and dance theater? Stage frame? The scenery inside. In the panorama, you can clearly see the movements of the characters and their environment.

Panorama: Actor? Hold your head high? In a place much smaller than the panorama, it maintains a relatively complete specification.

Mid shot: commonly known as? Seven points? , refers to the lens that captures the upper leg of a character, or is used to shoot a scene equivalent to this, which is a common scene for performance scenes.

Chest onlookers: commonly known as? Bust? It refers to the scenery from the waist to the head, also known as? Close shot? .

Close shot: refers to the film and television pictures taken above the chest, sometimes used to show a certain part of the scene.

Close-up: refers to photography, where the camera takes pictures of objects at close range. Usually, the head above the shoulder of the human body is used as a framing reference to highlight a certain part of the human body, or the corresponding object details and scene details.

Close-up: Also known as? Close-up of details? , refers to the part that protrudes from the head, or a detail of the body and objects, such as eyebrows, eyes, bolts, triggers, etc.

Second, photography, camera movement (shooting mode)

Push: push the lens, push the lens, that is, the subject does not move, and the shooting machine moves forward to shoot. The shooting range is changed from large to small, which is divided into fast push, slow push and hard push, which is essentially different from zoom push.

Pull: the subject is still, and the shooting machine pulls back. The viewing range changes from small to large, and it can also be divided into slow pull, fast pull and quick pull.

Jitter: refers to the camera's stationary position, the fuselage moving up and down, left and right, and rotating on the chassis on the tripod, so that the audience can look around and see the people or things around them as if they were standing in the same place.

Moving: Also called moving shooting. Broadly speaking, all kinds of sports shooting methods are mobile shooting. However, in general, mobile photography refers to placing photography and cameras on vehicles and shooting objects while moving along the horizontal plane. The combination of panning and panning can form a panning shooting mode.

Follow: refers to following the shooting. Follow-up is one kind, and there are follow-up, follow-up, follow-up, follow-up and so on. It will be combined with more than 20 shooting methods such as pull-ups, shaking, moving up and down. At the same time. In short, the methods of follow-up are flexible and diverse, so that the audience's eyes are always fixed on the human body and objects being followed.

L: Photography and video recording.

Student: A little bit of photography and video.

Bow: Bow and arrow, often used to show the overall appearance of environment and occasions in a macro way.

Yang: Yang school often means tall and solemn.

Swing: Swing shot, that is, scanning shot, refers to the sudden transition from one subject to another as a means of scene change, without traces of editing.

Hanging: Hanging photography, sometimes including aerial photography. It has a wide range of expressive force.

Empty shot: also known as empty shot and scene shot, it refers to a pure scene shot without characters (whether people or related animals) in the play.

Cut: the generic term for the conversion lens. Any shot is edited once? Cut? .

Synthesis: refers to comprehensive shooting, also known as comprehensive lens. It combines several shooting methods such as pushing, pulling, shaking, moving, following, ascending, descending, leaning, leaning, spinning, throwing, hanging and flying into one lens to shoot.

Short: refers to a short shot. Movies generally refer to shots with a duration of 30 seconds (24 frames per second) and a film length of less than 15 meters; Television is a continuous picture of 30 seconds (25 frames per second) and about 750 frames or less.

Length: refers to the long lens. Film and television can be defined as a continuous picture of more than 30 seconds.

There is no recognized difference between a long shot and a short shot in the world? Scale? Generally speaking, the above standards. Hitchcock's The Rope has a long shot of 10 minutes, which is as long as a book (referring to a tin box copy), and a short shot of a war movie, which is as short as two frames, depicting the shadows of fire and guns.

Counterattack: refers to the camera, which shoots in different directions when shooting a scene of two people. For example, shooting a man and a woman sitting and talking, first shooting the man from one side, then shooting the woman from the other side (close-up, close-up, bust), and finally cross-editing to form a complete clip.

Zoom shooting: photography, the camera does not move, through the change of lens focal length, you can clearly see people or things in the distance, but also change the close-up from clear to blurred.

Subjective shooting: also known as subjective lens, that is, the lens that expresses the subjective sight and vision of the people in the play often plays the role of visual psychological description.

Third, the picture processing skills of film and television

Fade in: Also known as fade in. It means that the brightness of the first shot in the next scene gradually increases from zero to normal intensity, just like the brightness of the stage? Curtain opening? .

Fade out: Also known as fade out. Refers to the last scene. The last scene gradually darkens from normal brightness to zero, like a stage? Ending? .

Chemistry: also known as? Dissolve? It means that the previous picture just disappeared and a second picture appeared at the same time. What are these two? Dissolve? In the state of, the replacement of screen content is completed. Uses: ① Used in conversion of time; (2) expressing dreams, imagination and memory; (3) The landscape is unpredictable and dizzying; (4) naturally undertake the transition, and the narrative is smooth and smooth. This process usually takes about three seconds.

Stack: Also known as? Overprint? Does it mean that the before and after pictures have not disappeared, but have parts? Keep it? On the screen or on the screen. It shows the connection of characters by dividing the picture and promotes the development of the plot. because

Ok: also called? Draw in and out? . It is different from melting and overlapping, but a skill to change the content of the picture with lines or geometric figures, such as circles, diamonds, curtains, triangles, polygons and so on. If you use it? Round? Also called Tao? Circle in and out? ; ? Curtains? Also called? Curtain in and curtain out? , that is, like a roller shutter, change the content of the lens.

Painting: refers to the person entering the camera frame, which can be up, down, left and right.

Painting: refers to the person leaving the shooting picture from top, bottom, left and right.

Freeze-frame refers to adding several films or pictures with the same frame to a certain film or TV picture by technical means, so as to achieve the purpose of keeping the picture still. Usually, every segment of a movie or TV picture begins with a freeze frame, changes from static to static, ends with a freeze frame and changes from dynamic to static.

Inverted drawing: Take the horizontal center line of the screen or screen as the axis and pass through 180? Flip, so that the original picture, from inverted to positive, or from positive to inverted.

Flip the screen: take the screen or the vertical center line of the screen as the axis to make the screen pass through 180? The flip disappears and leads to the next shot. Generally speaking, it shows a strong contrast between new and old, poor and rich, happy and sad, present and past.

Start frame: refers to the first picture of photography and video shooting.

Left: refers to the last picture before the camera stops.

Flashback: a way to express the inner activities of characters in movies and TV shows. That is, a scene is suddenly inserted in a very short picture to show the psychological activities and emotional ups and downs of the characters at this moment, and the technique is extremely concise and lively. ? Flashback? The general content is scenes or things that have happened in the past. If it is used to express the imagination and premonition of the characters about future or upcoming events, it is called? Forward flash? , is it the same? Flashback? Collectively referred to as? Flash? .

Montage: French transliteration of montage, which originally means combination and editing, refers to arranging and combining a series of shots taken in different places, different distances, different angles and different ways, and is one of the main narrative means and expression means of film creation. Can be roughly divided into? Narrative montage? With what? Performing montage? . The former mainly aims at expressing events, and the general parallel mosaic and cross mosaic (also known as parallel montage and cross montage) belong to this category. ? Performing montage? Is to strengthen artistic expression and emotional appeal, through? Nothing? The connection of shots or the contrast of contents have produced new connotations that were not originally available.

Editing: one of the film and television production processes, also refers to the full-time staff who undertake this work. After the filming of film and television works is completed, according to the requirements of plot development and structure, the pictures and vocal cords of each shot are selected, sorted and cut, and then combined according to the montage principle and the most artistic order to become a film and television work with complete content and artistic appeal. Editing is the decomposition and reorganization of video audio-visual materials, and it is also the re-creation in the process of shooting.

Four, other terms involved in this book

Foreground: the person or thing in the lens near the front or in front of the subject. In the lens picture, it is used to set off the main body or form a part of the drama environment, and enhance the spatial depth of the picture, balance the composition and beautify the picture.

Backshot: a person or thing near the back or behind the subject in a shot. The background is sometimes the main body or companion of the performance in the lens picture, but it is mostly a part of the drama environment, and sometimes it directly constitutes the background.

Mid shot: The middle part of the picture. The general subject will appear in the middle scene or between the front and middle scenes.

Foreground, middle scene and background are the basic levels of photographic composition, which can make the picture rich in layering and depth. Some pictures are more finely divided, such as many pictures in Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan, which can reach seven or eight levels.

Interior: Also called? In the cabin? . Refers to the scenes set in the studio (including indoor scenes or outdoor scenes).

Exterior: The scenes outside the studio, including real scenes such as natural environment and living environment, and also indoor scenes built outside the studio. Its advantages are truthfulness, naturalness and liveliness.

Studio: a special building dedicated to shooting film and television works. The larger studio area is generally over 400 square meters to 1000 square meters, and the height is over 8 meters. There are sky patches around the shed to draw the background, equipped with various lighting facilities, sound conditions, sound insulation, ventilation, temperature regulation, drainage and other equipment. Various indoor and outdoor shooting scenes can be built in the shed.

Modeling language: in the traditional sense, it refers to the sum of the means and techniques of painting, sculpture and other artistic categories to shape visual and intuitive images with certain material materials. For film and television, various means and techniques of visual plastic arts (such as lines, colors, lighting effects, tones, composition, perspective rules, material structure, space processing, etc.). ) and the factors of sound modeling (volume, timbre, tone, movement, direction, distance, etc.). ) together form their plastic language system.

Voice-over: refers to the sound outside the picture used in film and television works, that is, the sound is not directly emitted by people or things in the picture, but comes from outside the picture. Narrator, monologue and explanation are the main forms of voiceover. The use of off-screen sound is also an important form of voice-over. Voice-over makes sound get rid of the subordinate position attached to the picture and strengthens the audio-visual combination function of film and television works.

Screen: Film projection equipment made of reflective or translucent materials, the surface of which can be used to project images.

Wide-screen film: A new type of film appeared in 1950s. It uses a wider screen than the standard screen so that the audience can see a wider scene. At present, the most common method is to shoot and show a wide-screen movie with a deformable lens with horizontal compression, so that the aspect ratio of the screen is changed from 1: 1.33 to 1: 1.66 to 1: 1.85, so it is called.

Covering wide-screen movies: also known as? Fake widescreen movie? Using 35 mm film, when shooting and showing, add a frame in front of the camera and projector to cover the upper and lower sides of the frame to compress the height of the picture, but do not change the width of the picture, and you can get the same picture effect as the deformed widescreen movie. The production method of this kind of wide-screen film is relatively simple and has been widely used.

Synchronization of sound and picture: that is, synchronization of sound and picture refers to the natural relationship between dialogue, song, sound and picture action, and sound (including dubbing) and picture image in film and television works.

Parallelism of sound and picture: the situation that sound and picture are not synchronized in film and television works, also known as parallelism of sound and picture, and separation of sound and picture. It means that the thoughts and feelings, characters, artistic styles and dramatic conflicts expressed by sounds and pictures in film and television works are close to each other, but the speed and rhythm are not synchronized, and the sounds and pictures develop according to their own logic and complement each other. Its basic feature is that sound (especially music) repeats or strengthens the artistic conception, tendency or meaning of the picture. Descriptive music and rendering music belong to the parallel music of sound and picture.

Audio-visual counterpoint: another situation in which audio-visual works are not synchronized, including two artistic treatment methods: (1) audio-visual contrast. Sound is consistent with the content and emotion of the picture, but there is a contrast in measurement and rhythm. (2) The opposition between sound and painting. The sound is completely opposite to the image and emotion of the picture.

Producer: Producer, whose English name is Producer, is the executive director of a film, keeping pace with the director in charge of art ... Producer is responsible for raising funds for a shooting project, buying movie scripts, hiring directors and other important related talents, such as David? Seznik.