What are the stages of camera development?

The first stage of camera development: 1839 to 1924.

1839, Frenchman Daguerre made the first practical silver camera, which consisted of two wooden cases. One wooden box is inserted into another to focus, and the lens cover is used as a shutter to control the exposure time for up to 30 minutes, so that a clear image can be taken.

184 1 year, optician Vogeland invented the first all-metal camera. The camera is equipped with the world's first photographic lens with the maximum phase aperture of 1: 3.4 designed by mathematical calculation.

1845, German von Martens invented the world's first 150 turning point.

1849, Davie-Blue Scott invented a stereo camera and a two-lens stereo observation mirror.

186 1 year, physicist Maxwell invented the world's first color photo.

1860, Sutton in Britain designed an original single-lens reflex camera with a rotatable viewfinder.

1862, the French Detrie stacked two cameras together, one for taking pictures and the other for taking pictures, which formed the prototype of a dual-lens camera.

1880, Baker of England made a dual-lens reflex camera.

1866, German chemist Short and optical scientist Arjun invented barium crown optical glass in Zeiss Company and produced positive photographic lens, which made the design and manufacture of photographic lens develop rapidly.

A dry plate coated with silver bromide photosensitive material appeared in 187 1.

1884, films based on nitrocellulose (celluloid) appeared again. 1888 Kodak company of the United States produced a new type of photosensitive material-soft and windable "film".

1906 American George hillas used the flashlight for the first time.

19 13 german oskar barnack developed the world's first 135 camera.

The second stage of camera development: 1925 to 1938.

193 1 Germany Contex camera has been equipped with a double-image coincidence rangefinder based on the principle of triangular ranging, which improves the focusing accuracy, and adopts aluminum alloy die-casting body and metal curtain shutter for the first time.

1935, a single-lens reflex camera of Ek Saquetoux appeared in Germany, making it easier to focus and change lenses. In order to make the camera exposure accurate.

1938 Kodak cameras began to be equipped with selenium photocell exposure meters.

The third stage of camera development: after 1939.

1947, Germany began to produce Contax S five-prism single-lens reflex camera, which made the viewfinder image no longer upside down, and changed the top view to head-up focusing framing, making photography more convenient.

1956, the Federal Republic of Germany first manufactured an electric eye camera with automatic exposure control; After 1960, cameras began to adopt electronic technology, and many forms of automatic exposure and electronic program shutters appeared; 1975, the operation of the camera began to be automated.

1960, Pentax introduced the Pentax SP camera, which pioneered the TTL automatic metering technology of the camera.

197 1 year, Pentax applied for the patent of SMC coating technology, and used SMC technology to develop and produce SMC lens, which greatly improved the color reproduction and brightness of the lens, eliminated glare and ghost, and significantly improved the quality of the lens.

From 65438 to 0969, CCD chip was used as the photographic sensitive material in the camera carried on the Apollo moon landing spacecraft in the United States, which laid a technical foundation for the electronization of photographic sensitive materials.

198 1 year, after years of research, Sony made the world's first camera with CCD electronic sensor as photosensitive material, which laid the foundation for electronic sensor to replace film. Followed by Panasonic, Copa, Fuji, and some electronic chip manufacturers in the United States and Europe have invested in the technical research and development of CCD chips, laying a technical foundation for the development of digital cameras.

1987, Casio company gave birth to a camera with CMOS chip as photosensitive material.

2065438+September 2008, the 62nd meeting of the Harmonized System Committee of the World Customs Organization made a favorable decision for Chinese UAV products, and classified UAVs as "flying cameras".

Extended data:

The earliest camera structure was very simple, including only a black box, a lens and photosensitive materials. Modern cameras are complex, including lens, aperture, shutter, ranging, framing, photometry, film transmission, counting, self-timer, focusing, zooming and other systems. Modern camera is a complex product integrating optics, precision machinery, electronic technology and chemistry.

Explanation of terms:

Imaging plane (focal plane): generally refers to the plane where the imaging material is located. The light is concentrated on the imaging plane through the lens, thus forming a clear photo.

Focal length: refers to the distance between the lens and the negative. If the focal length is appropriate, the light reflected by the scene can be gathered on the imaging plane through the lens to become a point, and if the focal length is not appropriate, it will become a circle, causing the photo to be blurred.

Exposure: When the shutter is opened, the light passes through the lens, through the aperture, enters the darkroom, and finally shines on the imaging material. This process is called exposure.

Exposure: exposure refers to the amount of light during exposure. If the exposure is too low, the color of the photo will darken; If the exposure is too high, the color of the photo will fade; If it is too low or too high, the details in the photo will be lost. Exposure is usually determined by aperture value and shutter speed.

Aperture value: refers to the size of the darkroom window. The lower the aperture value, the larger the window, the more light penetrates, which will increase the exposure, and vice versa.

Shutter speed: refers to the time when the shutter is open. If the shutter speed is slow, the opening time will be longer and the light will penetrate more, which will increase the exposure, and vice versa. If the object is a moving object, a faster shutter speed is required.

Depth of field: refers to the distance between the front and back of the scene in the photo, which can be clearly displayed. In landscape photography, a large depth of field is needed, and a smaller focal length can obtain a larger depth of field.

Zoom: Zoom of digital camera can be divided into optical zoom and digital zoom. Optical zoom is to zoom in and out the scene to be shot by moving the lens; Digital zoom simply cuts the image taken by CCD.

Aperture priority: refers to the photographer manually specifying an aperture value, and the camera automatically calculates the exposure mode corresponding to the shutter speed according to the photometric results, which is suitable for scenes that need to control the depth of field.

Shutter priority: refers to the exposure mode that the photographer manually specifies a shutter speed and the camera automatically calculates the corresponding aperture value according to the photometric results, which is suitable for shooting scenes with fast moving objects.

Camera-Baidu Encyclopedia