Hubble telescope has been launched for 30 years. What contributions did the namers and telescopes make?

In Liu's science fiction, there is such a plot. When humans finally built a super collider with the equator as its diameter, they claimed to be? Risk eliminator? Aliens suddenly appeared, warning humans that if this device is started, it will destroy the universe. On behalf of human beings, Ding Yi wondered how the troubleshooter discovered that human beings were making dangerous goods.

Troubleshooting answer:? The instrument monitoring the earth issued an alarm?

Rockett asked? What are the trigger conditions? ?

A:? About 370,000 years ago, 10 primitive people looked up at the starry sky and crossed the dangerous threshold. Once life realizes the existence of this cosmic mystery, it is only one step away from its solution?

Yes, looking up at the stars is the most romantic and greatest act of all our human explorations. Although we will never have the opportunity to fully understand the universe as individuals, at any moment, human beings know more about this infinite and magnificent space in which we exist than in the past.

The name Hubble broke through the distance limit of human cognition twice with great distance. Two 30 years: 1923~ 1953, 1990~2020, human beings have never gone deep into the stars at such an alarming speed and narrowed their position in the universe.

Edwin? Hubble Edwin Hubble At the beginning of the 20th century, people's understanding of the universe did not improve for a long time. Since Copernicus proposed that the earth is not the center of the universe, Bruno calculated that every star is the sun, and there is only one largest unit of the starry sky that we can observe? Galaxy.

At that time, people only knew that we were in the Milky Way, and there were more than 654.38 billion stars with a diameter exceeding/kloc-0.0 million light years.

What an amazing number. Is this the whole universe?

There were two different opinions at that time. Some astronomers think the universe is too big to imagine, while others think? Maybe it's still far from the limit.

Among them, there are many conservatives, and even the great Einstein tends to think that the universe is eternal and finite. In a way, this is actually a more reassuring answer. People are always afraid of the unknown. Wouldn't it be a happy ending if people with excessive curiosity could die completely?

This time, the universe rewards braver people.

So what? How do you know whether a dark spot in the telescope is a small star in the Milky Way or a distant big star?

Fortunately, astronomers discovered some special stars in the18th century. This is Edwin? Hubble used it? A ruler? .

When massive stars enter. Middle and late life? Or ordinary stars enter? At the end of life? There will be periodic flashes. These stars are called Cepheid Variables. Cepheid variable star? .

The shape of a star is the result of the radiation pressure of its core luminous heat on gravity. By the end of the year, the outer layer of the star contains a lot of helium. The stronger the ability of helium to absorb light at high temperature, the less the energy loss, so the outer layer of the star will become hotter and hotter and the luminosity will become higher and higher. But high temperature will lead to expansion, and expansion will accelerate heat dissipation, so at a certain time, the outer temperature of the expanding star will be greatly reduced, and the luminosity will also be reduced. After losing the excess radiation pressure, the outer layer of the star begins to fall again, which will make the temperature rise again.

The brightness of a star decreases when it expands, and increases when it contracts, and so on, which is why Cepheid stars twinkle in the sky. Cepheid variable star? Where did this Chinese name come from? Cepheus? , that is, in ancient astronomy in China? Cepheid star officer? One of the stars has a photoperiod of 5 days, 8 hours, 47 minutes and 28 seconds.

So, what are these twinkling stars used to measure the scale of the universe?

1908, Harvard university? Henrietta? Leuther? It is found that the brighter the Cepheid variable, the longer the light change period; Because our universe is bound by the laws of physics, the internal activities of giant celestial bodies are always slower than those of small celestial bodies. The periodic light variation of giant stars ranges from tens to hundreds of days, while the light variation of small stars is often only a few days to ten days.

After discovering this rule, astronomers can grasp the relatively accurate relationship between the light variation period and the star quality through calculation, and the star quality is positively related to the star brightness, so that the approximate brightness of the star can be calculated.

In this way, the thinking began to become clear. Every time the distance from the light source is doubled, the brightness will drop to a quarter of the original. When you know the true brightness and observed brightness of the star, you can calculate the distance.

What Hubble has to do is to find a star with a long and dim light period from Xinghai.

It must be said that astronomical research and photography are similar in some ways. Although it is not necessarily the equipment party, the level of krypton does determine the upper limit of astronomers' ability.

At that time, Hubble was in charge of the world's leading Mount Wilson Observatory, 254 cm reflecting telescope Hook? (named after the businessman who sponsored the manufacturing) After repeated observation in 1923 ~ 1924, he finally found his dream Cepheid Variable Star? Andromeda galaxy m 31_ v1(m 31).

The photoperiod of M3 1_V 1 is 30.4 days, which shows that it is a bright star, but its light is very weak. The apparent magnitude is only 18.2, and the lowest apparent magnitude that human eyes can directly see is 6. Every time the apparent magnitude rises, the brightness will drop by 60%, which means that its light is only the light of the people with the best eyesight on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Hubble calculated that M3 1_V 1 and its Andromeda galaxy are more than 700,000 light years away. The diameter of the Milky Way galaxy is not more than 200,000 light years.

At this point, Hubble ended the debate about whether the Milky Way is the universe. Fairy nebula? Became? Andromeda galaxy? On the basis of equality, our galaxy has become two isolated islands in the vast universe?

The representative of the conservatives, the famous astronomer Harlow? Shapley said? He destroyed my world.

Yes, what conservatives were afraid of at that time was that if we admitted that there were galaxies outside the Milky Way, we would at least double the diameter of the universe. In fact, Hubble's calculation is problematic. At that time, people didn't know that there were actually two kinds of Cepheid Variables. M3 1_V 1 was a dark variable. According to current calculations, the Andromeda galaxy is more than 2.5 million light years away.

Andromeda galaxy has about twice as many stars and light as the Milky Way, and its diameter is equivalent to that of the Milky Way. It is the nearest big galaxy in the universe and the nearest neighbor among the two trillion galaxies.

On that day, Hubble and Leuther expanded the scale of the universe by 500,000 light years in one breath, and the first big explosion of cognitive distance began?

Since the Hubble Space Telescope has admitted that the universe must be much bigger than the Milky Way, human beings are naturally eager to know how far the sky can be. Can we find more and more distant galaxies?

At that time, it had actually reached the bottleneck. No matter how big the diameter of the telescope on the ground is, there is no way to see the sky farther away. Facing the fuzzy patches in the deep sky, astronomers looked at it and sighed.

Why?

In the hot summer sky, it is easy to notice a phenomenon? Distant objects sway slightly like a water curtain; This is the same as the principle that water refracts light, and air with different densities will also bend the path of light.

Due to the influence of gravity and temperature, the density of the thick atmosphere changes greatly, which will distort the path of weak photons coming from billions of light years away. Therefore, when the resolution of the telescope reaches a certain value, there is no way to see a clearer image by increasing the aperture.

So what is this limit? Almost 2.5 meters, which is the diameter of Hooke telescope used by Hubble. In other words, since the 1920s, the distance limit of astronomical research has been touched. For more than 60 years until 1992, human beings could only see the dim light spot about 7 billion light years away from the Milky Way, and we only knew that it was a galaxy, that's all.

Yes, it was not until 1992 that the Hubble Space Telescope was able to operate normally that year. After several discussions, Edwin was unanimously agreed. Hubble is the most appropriate name for the first telescope to get rid of the shackles of the atmosphere. Hubble telescope will certainly bring a leap in distance to mankind like Professor Hubble.

Live up to expectations, Hubble Space Telescope improved the limit resolution of ground-based telescope by 50 times in one breath. From that moment on, all the mysterious light spots became clear, and the red carpet for human beings to study the universe spread out hundreds of meters at once. The deep space that has never been touched is on both sides of the road.

For the first time, the Hubble telescope deeply shocked everyone, not only improving the resolution, but also aiming the lens at a seemingly completely black point in the sky of 1995. After 342 exposures in 10 day, astronomers synthesized the obtained data and got a photo that really subverted everyone's understanding: Hubble Deep Field (HDF).

This photo contains 3000 celestial bodies, all of them except a few stars! Both! Galaxy!

This is not only the explosive growth of observation distance, but also the explosive growth of the number of celestial bodies as we know it. The universe as big as the Milky Way provides 654.38+000 billion stars, which makes many people feel uneasy. Now? Star? Upgrade to? Galaxy? Each galaxy contains hundreds of billions of stars.

The size of the universe is really far beyond ordinary people's understanding. Can you really feel the difference between the so-called100 billion and100 billion? The difference is nothing more than reading it again? Billion? That's all, right?

What is even more shocking is that due to the constraints of physical laws, human beings realize that we will never have a chance to see the whole picture of the universe. Space is expanding at an accelerated speed, reaching us faster than distant light. Every second that passes, several stars that have never been observed fall into darkness forever.

It is precisely because of inflation that the farther humans look, the earlier they look; Hubble can photograph galaxies as far away as 65.438+033 billion light years, which is the light emitted by galaxies in the universe very early. It is amazing that a small human being can directly observe the past of the stars and learn the secret about the birth of the universe.

Thank you. April 24th, 2020 is the 30th anniversary of Hubble launch. At first, its design life was 15 years, but now it is over-aged 1 time. After the last maintenance in 2009, Hubble has been regarded as? Can I do it every day? Yes During these 28 years, Hubble has taken countless shocking and amazing images of the universe; It can be said that every day when Hubble was in office, human beings have a deeper understanding of the universe than yesterday, right? Three major problems in philosophy? Produce a clearer understanding.

Next generation space telescope? James. Weber? Hubble's launch date is still delayed, and the day when the old Hubble completely loses its function is approaching invisibly; Even so, the pace of human exploration of the stars will not stop. With the development of computer science, the ground-based telescope equipped with adaptive optical correction system can also reach the observation ability close to Hubble, and the first and only space telescope of mankind should be retired.

Anyway, thanks to Professor Hubble and Hubble telescope, we have brought all mankind into two vast new worlds. ? Feel the infinity of the universe and know the profit and loss? In a sense, the universe is as big as we can see.

Salute to you!