Information about the 2008 Olympic Games?

In Lin Panken Dò n ɡ

brief introduction

International social movement led by the International Olympic Committee. With Olympism as the guiding ideology and sports Olympics as the main activity content, it aims to promote the all-round development of people, communicate mutual understanding among people of all countries, popularize Olympism all over the world and safeguard world peace. It is a comprehensive and sustained worldwide activity integrating sports, education and culture.

The Birth of Modern Olympic Movement

The Olympic movement rose in the era of capitalist industrialization in Europe. Relying on a solid social, economic, political and cultural foundation, it conforms to the needs of social development and the development trend of sports. It is a great social practice that human society began after entering industrial civilization, and its emergence has the following background.

Sixfold background

1. The three major ideological and cultural movements laid the ideological foundation for the rise of the Olympic Movement. 14-18th century, three large-scale ideological and cultural movements took place on the European continent, namely the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Enlightenment. The three major ideological and cultural movements broke the feudal shackles that bound people's thoughts in the Middle Ages, cleared the main ideological obstacles on the road of capitalist development, and ushered in a period of ideological emancipation, talented people and scientific prosperity. To meet the needs of new productivity development and new production relations, new ideology and culture and new science and art have emerged. At the same time, a new sports concept-modern sports concept came into being.

A large number of great figures produced in the three major ideological and cultural movements are in direct opposition to the dark Christian asceticism in medieval Europe. They denounced asceticism as a violation of human nature, pointed out that people's desire is a legitimate purpose of life, believed that harmony must be established between soul and body, advocated the unity of body and mind, paid attention to the balanced and coordinated development of body, attached importance to physical health and bodybuilding, and made people rediscover the value of sports and realize that only physical health can enjoy the happiness of life. The rise and establishment of this thought has fundamentally changed the traditional moral standards and concepts of beauty and ugliness, and laid the ideological foundation for the rise of the Olympic Movement.

In the three major ideological and cultural movements, humanists explored and sorted out the rich heritage of ancient Greek sports, such as sacrificial competitions such as the ancient Olympic Games, ancient Athens sports and Spartan sports, the educational thought of harmonious development of body and mind in ancient Greece, and various sports means and methods in ancient Greek sports. Humanists believe that ancient Greek sports conform to "human nature" and attach importance to personal happiness, so they vigorously publicize and inherit the legacy of ancient Greek sports in modern sports thought and practice, so that modern sports are greatly influenced by ancient Greek sports in holding regular sports meetings, paying attention to the all-round development of the body, and the content and form of sports events.

2. Capitalist industrialized production and bourgeois education provide suitable soil for the rise of the Olympic Movement. The capitalist industrial revolution has brought a series of profound changes to human society, promoted the development of modern natural science, provided a solid economic foundation for modern sports, and promoted sports to gain stronger vitality. Because the production and lifestyle of industrialized society have brought a series of severe challenges to people's physiology and psychology, it has prompted people to seek a new ideal lifestyle and have a new understanding of physical activities. People began to turn their attention to improving people's health, and sports, as a new social demand, was further developed.

Since the Renaissance, bourgeois educators have strongly advocated sports as an important means to train talents. They not only restored the sports system in ancient Greece, but also further formulated various measures to exercise, actively studied various sports methods, and strived to make students' bodies develop in an all-round way. Physical education has become an important and indispensable educational activity. 1423, Vitorino, an Italian humanist educator, founded a new school named "Sports Palace" after the ancient Greek gymnasium. The school implemented the policy of paying equal attention to physical education, moral education and intellectual education, and carried out various sports activities, becoming the representative of bourgeois education in the Renaissance. Vitorino's educational thought and sports practice made sports get unprecedented attention, and also made sports as a part of education begin to be implemented in schools.

The exploration of education in the reform and the Enlightenment further established the status of sports. Martin Luther, the representative figure of bourgeois religious reform, advocated that physical education should be a part of education. Comenius, a Czech educator, systematically discussed school physical education according to the educational requirements of the bourgeoisie and introduced it into school education in a mature form. He advocates that schools should set up spacious sports venues, carry out extensive sports activities and encourage students to develop their body and mind by participating in sports activities. Comenius has made important contributions to the development of school physical education and is known as the "father of school physical education". Locke, a famous British educator, clearly divided education into moral education, intellectual education and physical education in his "gentleman education" system, pointing out that physical education is the foundation of all education and makes physical education an indispensable independent part of school education. Rousseau, a French enlightenment thinker, expounded his naturalistic educational ideal in his masterpiece Emile. He called for the close combination of education and physical education, and advocated that physical education should be carried out according to the laws of nature, and physical activities should be organized according to the different characteristics and hobbies of children at different ages to cultivate "physically and mentally healthy" talents.

/kloc-after the 0/9th century, Britain also began a series of educational reforms, among which Arnold's reform in rugby college was the most successful. He founded the system of "autonomy of competitive sports" to give full play to the exercise value and educational function of competitive sports. Through this reform, the students of rugby college manage themselves in a dynamic sports field, which not only exercises their strong physique, but also cultivates the ideology and morality of fair competition, unity and friendship, obeying rules and being brave and tenacious, which greatly changes the school spirit and discipline. Arnold's reform has stabilized the position of sports in education, established the educational and social value of competitive sports, and provided suitable soil for the rise of the Olympic Movement.

The excavation of ancient Olympic sites aroused people's yearning for the Olympic movement. In the Renaissance movement of14-16th century, the emerging bourgeoisie in Europe enthusiastically praised the sportsmanship of ancient Greece, reminding people of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. The remains of the ancient Olympic Games aroused people's strong yearning. Scholars from Britain, France, Germany and other countries all hoped to enter Greece to look for the remains of the ancient Olympic Games, but this wish was not realized due to the blockade of the Turks.

It was not until 1766 that the British scholar Chandler was allowed to visit Greece on the spot. He discovered the ruins of the ancient Olympic Games. 1828, scholars embedded in the French legion who supported Greece in resisting Turkish aggression excavated the site of Olympia, and then transported a batch of precious cultural relics to the Louvre in France for exhibition.

1852 65438+1October 10, Professor Curtis of Berlin University gave a long speech about the ancient Olympic Games after visiting the Peloponnesian Peninsula, which caused great repercussions in the society. 187 1 year, Germany and Greece reached a treaty to comprehensively excavate the ruins of the ancient Olympic Games. 1875- 188 1 year, German scholars led by Curtis excavated Olympia for six years. 188 1 year, the main facilities of the ancient Olympic Games site were finally revealed to the world. From 65438 to 0887, a large number of cultural relics unearthed from Olympia were exhibited in Berlin, which aroused people's yearning for the Olympic movement and people expected the Olympic Games to return to reality as soon as possible.

4. The international trend of sports has created conditions for the appearance of the Olympic Movement. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, with the transition from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism and the formation of the world market, the barriers between countries were broken, and sports transcended national boundaries, and international sports exchanges and competitions appeared, forming the trend of sports internationalization. Due to the needs of international sports competitions and mutual exchanges, some international individual sports organizations have been born one after another. 188 1 The first international individual sports organization, the International Gymnastics Federation, was established. 1892 The International Rowing Federation and the Skating Federation were established one after another. The appearance of international sports organizations makes sports competitions break away from the original local tradition and move towards internationalization. On the basis of the continuous establishment of international individual sports organizations and the vigorous development of international individual sports competitions, people urgently demand to hold the largest comprehensive sports meeting in the world, creating conditions for the emergence of modern Olympic Games. At the same time, with the increase of international sports exchanges, the birth of international sports organizations that coordinate the activities of various sports organizations has become inevitable.

Attempts to revive the Olympic Games around the world have accumulated experience for the rise of the Olympic Movement. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, some countries in Europe and America made various attempts to revive the Olympic Games. 65438+In 1930s, Professor Skatu of Lund University in Sweden organized two competitions called "Olympic Games" by local newspapers. From 65438 to 0849, once a year, Dr. Brooks of Britain organized the "Olympic Festival" for decades.

/kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, the Greeks were eager to revive the ancient Greek civilization by reviving the ancient Olympic Games. With the support of King Otto of Greece, a Greek named Zapas organized and held the 1 Pan-Greek Olympic Games in Athens on 1 June+10/October. Since then, four Pan-Greek Olympic Games have been held in 1870, 1875, 1887 and 1889. Due to poor organization and limited Greek participation, the Pan-Greek Olympic Games failed to continue to develop, but it had a great impact on European countries. Newspapers in many countries reported these competitions in detail, which caused far more repercussions than Greek scholars, and accumulated experience for the rise of the Olympic Movement from both positive and negative aspects.

The threat of war and people's desire for peace promoted the rise of the Olympic Movement. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, monopoly capitalism and imperialism appeared in the world. A new powerful imperialist country, Germany ruled by William II, stepped onto the historical stage and wanted to carve up the world again through war. The cloud of war hangs over Europe.

At this stage, Germany is calling for the revival of the Olympic Games. Some Germans with ulterior motives want to expand their influence and serve the world by hosting the Olympic Games. France is a close neighbor of Germany. If Germany starts a war, the disaster of the war will first fall on the French people. The French people strongly oppose war and are eager to maintain world peace. The peaceful and friendly spirit of the ancient Olympic Games coincides with the desire for peace of the French people and the people of the world. Restoring the Olympic Games is not only conducive to the development of international sports, but also helps the French people and the people of the world to resist German rule over the world. Reviving the Olympic Games has become an urgent need for people, and this glorious historical mission falls on the shoulders of the French.

Coubertin made the Olympic Movement a reality.

Coubertin, a French educator, is recognized as the founder of modern Olympics. He made outstanding contributions to the birth and development of the Olympic Movement. From 65438 to 0888, Coubertin became the Secretary-General of the Preparatory Committee for School Education and Sports in France. From 65438 to 0889, Coubertin represented France in the international sports training conference held in Boston, USA, and learned more about the trends of world sports. He believes that the development of modern sports is going international, and international sports should be promoted with the help of the experience and traditional influence of ancient Greek sports, so the idea of reviving the Olympic Games came into being. In order to realize this idea, Coubertin did a lot of work.

189 1 year, Coubertin founded Sports Review, which played a positive role in promoting the founding of the Olympic Games. From 65438 to 0892, Coubertin visited Europe to promote the Olympic ideal. In the same year165438+125 October, he made a famous speech at the meeting to celebrate the 5th anniversary of the French Federation of Sports Associations, and officially put forward the initiative to establish the modern Olympic Games for the first time. Coubertin said in his speech that the modern Olympic Games should aim at unity, peace and friendship like the ancient Olympic Games, but it should be more developed and innovative than the ancient Olympic Games. It should be open to all countries, all regions and all ethnic groups and held in turn around the world. Coubertin's initiative made the modern Olympic Games break through the boundaries between nations and countries from the very beginning, and it has a distinct international character. From 65438 to 0893, Coubertin held an international sports coordination meeting in Paris to unite people in the international sports field to discuss the establishment of the Olympic Games. The following year, he also wrote an open letter about his initiative, which was sent to sports clubs in many countries and received support from many sports clubs.

With the promotion of various international factors and Coubertin's unremitting efforts, all the preparations for the founding of the Olympic Games are finally ready. 1894 In June, at Coubertin's suggestion, representatives of 49 sports organizations from the United States, Britain, Russia, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Greece and other countries 12 participated in the international sports conference held at the Sorbonne Theological Seminary in Paris. During the meeting, 265,438+0 countries sent letters to express their support and congratulations to the meeting. The meeting adopted a resolution to establish the International Olympic Committee, and elected 15 members of the IOC 1 session from 79 official representatives. The General Assembly also decided that IOC members from the host country of the Olympic Games should serve as IOC presidents. As the first Olympic Games will be held in Athens, Greece on 1896, Greek member Vi Kailas was elected as the first president of the International Olympic Committee, and Coubertin was appointed as the secretary-general. The General Assembly stipulated that the Olympic Games should be held every four years, and adopted a resolution to follow "amateur sports". The Congress also stipulated that the Olympic Games should include track and field, water sports, swimming, rowing, sailing, fencing, wrestling, boxing, equestrian, shooting, gymnastics and ball games.

1 From April 6th to April 5th, 896,1The modern Olympic Games was finally held in Athens as scheduled. Although the organization is not perfect, it is an important symbol of the official birth of the Olympic Movement and has the significance of connecting the past with the future.

The Olympic Movement has finally stepped onto the historical stage and opened a new chapter in the history of human civilization.

The development of the Olympic movement

Modern Olympic Movement is an international social movement under the guidance of Olympism, which takes sports and celebrating the quadrennial Olympic Games as its main activities, promotes the all-round development of people's physiology, psychology and social morality, communicates mutual understanding among people of all countries, popularizes Olympism all over the world and maintains world peace.

The Olympic movement includes an ideological system with Olympism as the core, an organizational system with the International Olympic Committee, international individual sports federations and national Olympic committees as the backbone, and an activity system with the Olympic Games as the cycle.

1894 On June 23rd, when Coubertin and 79 delegates from 12 countries decided to set up the International Olympic Committee to start the modern Olympic Movement, this feat was once the object of irony. Today, more than one hundred years later, the Olympic Games has become a festival celebrated all over the world, and the Olympic movement has also attracted the active participation of more than 200 countries and regions.

The centennial Olympic Games experienced the following development process:

Olympic History: Difficult Exploration (1894- 19 14)

After holding large-scale comprehensive international games around the world in a certain period of time, making sports serve the people of all countries and world peace, the difficulties encountered by this practice at the end of 19 are unimaginable today. At that time, the industrial revolution, which swept the world with destructive power, brought great progress to society, but also intensified ethnic contradictions to an unprecedented extent. In terms of ideology, it is still difficult for people to understand the Olympic thought and lack the necessary ideological preparation to accept the international culture of the Olympic Games.

In terms of sports, the developing modern competitive sports and gymnastics are in sharp opposition, the sports world is divided, the opinions of the portal are deeply rooted, and factional disputes frequently appear. There is neither precedent nor experience in holding large-scale comprehensive sports games in the world. Underdeveloped transportation and communication conditions are far from meeting the needs of the Olympic Games. As far as the Olympic movement itself is concerned, the newly born International Olympic Committee itself is still immature. Except gymnastics, skating and rowing, there are no international organizations for other sports, and the National Olympic Committee does not exist yet.

In this case, there were many defects in the early Olympic Games. First of all, the Olympic events are unstable, and each event is different. Organizers can temporarily add or subtract events (for example, rowing and sailing events in the first Olympic Games were cancelled due to bad weather, and a 100 meter freestyle event was temporarily added), and the events are repeated (gymnastics individual all-around in the second Olympic Games consists of parallel bars, horizontal bar, rings, pommel horse, vault, floor exercise, long jump, high jump and long jump). Secondly, there is a lack of uniform standards for sports venues. Not only the runway lengths are different, they are 333.33m (1896 Olympic Games), 500m (1900 Olympic Games), 536.45m (1904 Olympic Games and 1908 Olympic Games) and 383m (683m) respectively. The original swimming competition was held in natural waters. Third, the competition lacks necessary norms, such as the distance of marathon varies from session to session, weightlifting and wrestling have no weight classification and time limit, and the measurement system is chaotic, sometimes in English and sometimes in metric; Organizers can temporarily change the competition schedule without authorization; Most of the referees are from the host country, so it is difficult to enforce the law fairly; The qualifications of athletes in various events are inconsistent, the Olympic village has not yet been established, and the accommodation for athletes is scattered and chaotic. There is no fixed time limit for the Olympic Games, ranging from 10 days to five or six months. Fourth, there is a shortage of funds. Due to lack of funds, the first Olympic Games almost fell by the wayside. Then for three consecutive Olympic Games, due to financial problems, it had to be combined with the Commercial Expo to become a foil for the Commercial Expo.

1908 The London Olympic Games is an important milestone in the history of Olympic development. There was once a well-known Olympic motto that emphasized participation: "What matters is not winning, but participating." Britain was the most organized country in the world at that time. The British Olympic Committee, which is hosting this Olympic Games, is composed of British members of the International Olympic Committee and representatives of individual sports associations in Britain. This personnel structure provides an example for the composition of other national Olympic committees. The technical work of each competition in this Olympic Games, from formulating the competition system, arranging the schedule, selecting referees and organizing competitions, is the responsibility of individual sports associations, and the degree of standardization has been greatly improved. This laid the foundation for the later IFs to manage Olympic technical work. At this point, the "three-legged" organizational structure of the Olympic Games was initially formed, and their respective responsibilities were relatively clear, thus determining the basic framework of the Olympic Games organizational system.

After this stage, the 5th Olympic Games was held in Stockholm in 19 12. The number of participating member countries 1 has doubled, and the number of athletes has increased by 75 times. The modern Olympic movement has consolidated its position.

The History of the Olympic Games: Forming (Between the Two World Wars)

1914-1918 World War I forced the cancellation of the Sixth Olympic Games scheduled for 19 16 in Berlin. The war made the international situation unstable. It was only 2 1 year after the end of World War I, and a bigger and more cruel World War II came. The Olympic Movement seized the moment of relative peace between the two world wars. After five Summer Olympic Games and four Winter Olympic Games, the basic framework and operational mechanism of the Olympic Games were initially established.

First of all, due to the participation of winter sports and the development of women's sports, the Olympic Games has become more balanced and complete. Winter sports is an important part of modern sports. Sports under the harsh natural conditions of ice and snow play an irreplaceable role in the exercise and training of teenagers. The appearance of 1924 Winter Olympics made up for the shortage of Summer Olympics. 1928, women's track and field events were officially included in the Olympic Games, occupying a place in the track and field events ranked first in the Olympic Games, which is a historic progress. During this period, the problem of duplication of projects was basically solved.

Since the 1924 Olympic Games, gymnastics has got rid of the state of mixed contents and formed the basic events of modern competitive gymnastics. Track and field cancelled the standing long jump, kettle bell throwing high, throwing far and so on, which became more and more standardized. 1930, after consultation with the representative Council of the international single sports federations, the IOC Executive Committee decided that the official Olympic sports would be track and field, gymnastics, defensive events (boxing, fencing, wrestling and shooting), water sports (rowing and swimming), equestrian, all-around (modern pentathlon), cycling, weightlifting, sailing and art competitions (architecture, literature, music and painting). In the same year, the International Olympic Committee set the duration of the Olympic Games as 16 days, and stipulated that only three athletes from one country can participate in each event except team events. Women's events include gymnastics, track and field, swimming and fencing. There is a relatively unified definition of athletes' qualifications, which stipulates many specific issues of registration and competition organization.

The 400-meter runway was first used in Antwerp Olympic Games in 1920, and was determined as the Olympic standard runway four years later. 1924, the Paris Olympic Games began to have a swimming pool 50 meters long. On the basis of standardization, Olympic venues and facilities were further improved during the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games and 1936 Berlin Olympic Games. A large stadium with a capacity of 1, 654,38+0,000 spectators appeared in the Berlin Olympic Games. Later, some well-known Olympic symbols and ceremonies also appeared at this time, such as the Olympic five-ring flag (1920 Olympic Games), the torch relay (1936 Olympic Games), the release of the dove of peace at the opening ceremony (1920 Olympic Games) and the oath of athletes (1920 Olympic Games). The awarding ceremony of the Olympic Games has been clearly defined. Starting from 1932, podium stands with different heights have been set up for the first, second and third place. The Olympic Village, which is dedicated to receiving athletes, was formally established at the Los Angeles 1924 Olympic Games.

During this period, the Olympic organization developed rapidly. The number of members of the National Olympic Committee has increased from 29 before World War I to 60, and the number of international individual sports federations has reached 24. 1926, the IOC set up a technical committee composed of representatives of IFs. After that, the IOC gradually got rid of technical affairs and began to pay more attention to higher-level work such as leadership, coordination and decision-making. The Olympic Movement finally formed an organizational system with three pillars cooperating with each other.

1920, the Olympic motto "swifter, higher and stronger" appeared, which was an important progress of Olympic thought in this period. It complements "paying attention to participation" and encourages people to participate in the Olympic movement with a positive and enterprising spirit.

Important progress has also been made in the integration of the Olympic Games with science and technology. At that time, the most advanced technology was widely used in engineering construction, electronic equipment and communication fields, such as 1932 using dual-lens cameras for terminal photography, the unofficial use of electric timing and terminal photography for the first time in the Olympic Games, the installation of large-screen scoreboards in stadiums, and the emergence of automatic printer networks. Since 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, the organizing committee has made a complete record of the Olympic Games in the form of movies. The first closed-circuit television broadcast of the Olympic Games also began at this time.

The main problem in this period was the conflict caused by amateur athletes, and many athletes were punished for it. For example, nurmi, a famous Finnish long-distance runner, participated in the Olympic Games three times and won nine medals. He was called "Superman" by reporters, but he was regarded as a "professional athlete" and missed the Olympic Games because of receiving subsidies. In addition, with the expansion of the influence of the Olympic Games, the intention of some political forces to try to use it as a political tool is increasingly exposed, which is particularly prominent in the winter and summer Olympic Games held by Nazi Germany under Hitler's rule in 1936.

Olympic History: Development and Crisis (1945- 1980)

World War II is an unprecedented war in human history, involving more than 2 billion people from more than 60 countries and regions. 1940 and 1944 were cancelled. After World War II, there have been complicated and changeable international situations, such as the confrontation between two camps, the formation of the cold war pattern, and the surging national liberation movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The new pattern of the world has not only promoted the development of the Olympic Movement, but also set many obstacles for it.

After the war, a series of new changes have taken place in the Olympic movement. The scale of the Olympic Games has expanded, and the events have also increased dramatically. In the postwar 1948 Olympic Games, 4,062 athletes from 59 national Olympic Committees participated in 136 events. In 1972,12/0/National Olympic Committees sent 712/. The number of athletes participating in the Winter Olympics has also increased from 369 in 28 member countries of 1948 to 1006 in 35 member countries of 1972. With the expansion of the Olympic Games, the level of competitive sports has improved rapidly, and a number of superstars such as gymnast comaneci, track and field athletes Moses, Bi Meng and other incredible 8.90m long jump records have appeared. 1960, Ethiopian athlete Abibe won the marathon barefoot, marking the beginning of developing countries to show their strength in the Olympic movement. The venue of the Olympic Games is no longer limited to Europe and America.

16 and 18 Olympic Games were held in Melbourne, Australia, Oceania and Tokyo, Japan, Asia respectively.

The most striking event in this period was that People's Republic of China (PRC) resumed its legal seat in the Olympic Movement in 1979, which not only provided a broad international stage for sports in China, but also promoted the development of sports and society in China, and also played an extremely important role in promoting the Olympic Movement.

The rapid development of the Olympic movement has also caused a series of new problems, mainly: 1. The influence of the change of political structure on the Olympic Games. Since 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games, the influence of politics on the Olympic Games has entered a new stage. The conflict between socialist and capitalist political systems, the struggle between racism and anti-racism, and the opposition of various ideologies have all had a profound impact on the Olympic Games. At the same time, terrorists began to take the Olympic Games as their own goal for political purposes, such as 1972 Munich Olympic Games. The boycott of the Olympic Games for political reasons is still going on, and the scale is getting bigger and bigger. 2. The process of commercialization of competitive sports and professionalization of athletes began to accelerate. Since the mid-1960s, the trend of the Olympic Games as a cultural commodity has been revealed, the "amateur" ban of the International Olympic Committee has been repeatedly touched, and the combination of the Olympic Games and the economy is strong and hard to prevent. In the Olympic Games, cheating is increasing. First of all, the abuse of illegal drugs is becoming more and more serious. 1960 Rome Olympic Games, there was the first accident in Olympic history in which an athlete died because of taking stimulants, and the doping problem began to attract people's attention. Secondly, there are male athletes in women's events, and the gender of athletes has also become the object of attention. There was an economic crisis in the Olympic Games. With the expansion of the scale of the Olympic Games, the investment of manpower, financial resources and material resources required for hosting the Olympic Games has increased sharply, but the old financing method is far from meeting the needs of hosting the Olympic Games. Coupled with the impact of hosting the Olympic Games on the living environment of local residents, some residents are opposed to hosting the Olympic Games in their own cities. For example, Denver in the United States has won the right to host the 1972 Winter Olympic Games, and the International Olympic Committee has to choose another city. 1976 Montreal is heavily in debt for hosting the Olympic Games. By the end of 1970s, Los Angeles was the only city willing to host the Olympic Games. At that time, the International Olympic Committee lacked understanding of the profound social changes after World War II and the new trend of socialization, large-scale and integration of the Olympic Games since the 1960s. It adheres to the closed pattern formed over the years, refuses to deal with other international organizations and government agencies to maintain its "independence" and refuses to engage in business outside the Olympic Games to maintain the "purity" of the Olympic Games, thus making the Olympic Movement seriously divorced from society. The conservatism and rigidity of the International Olympic Committee have intensified its contradiction with the IFs and the National Olympic Committee. In order to gather their respective strengths, the International Federation of Individual Sports Federations established the International Federation of Sports Federations in 1967, and national Olympic committees also established the National Olympic Committee Association in 1979.

There is a dangerous crack in the cooperation among the three pillars of the Olympic Games. The Olympic Congress, where they discuss major issues and communicate with each other, has been dormant since 1930. In addition, although a large number of newly independent third world countries joined the Olympic Movement after World War II, during brundage's 20 years as president of the International Olympic Committee, only six IOC members were added, and the voices of developing countries were ignored. As a result, since the end of 1960s, the IOC has been in difficulties in internal and external affairs, and its total assets have reached 1972, which is only $2 million. Various contradictions accumulated in the Olympic movement for a long time have developed to the point where they must be solved. The old model has been powerless, while the new model and new operating mechanism have not yet been established. 1972, Irish killanin replaced brundage as the sixth president of the International Olympic Committee, which started the reform.

Killanin's eight years in power is the transition stage of the Olympic movement from closed to open, and the International Olympic Committee began to re-examine the relationship between the Olympic movement and society. /kloc-the amateur principle formed in the 0/9th century, that the Olympic movement can be independent of political views, began to loosen people's ideological imprisonment. Although the reform process of the Olympic Movement in the past eight years has been slow, it has made necessary preparations for Samaranch's drastic reform in the next stage.

Olympic History: Reform and Innovation (1980-2000)

1980 Spaniard Samaranch replaced killanin as president of the International Olympic Committee. Samaranch sized up the situation and began a comprehensive reform. The core content of this reform is to move from closed to open, so that the Olympic movement can keep up with the pace of social progress. Contrary to the old view that commercialization is a scourge in the past, the International Olympic Committee fully affirmed its positive role in sports, boldly introduced the market economy mechanism, actively and controlled various commercial developments of the Olympic Games, and established a solid economic foundation for the Olympic Movement.

1984 The Organizing Committee of the Los Angeles Olympic Games has carried out bold reforms on the economic operation mechanism of hosting the Olympic Games, transforming the heavy burden into considerable economic benefits. The International Olympic Committee is keenly aware of the great significance of this event, conscientiously sums up the experience of Los Angeles, and designs a set of standardized and effective methods for operating the Olympic Games, such as the "top plan", which provides a solid material foundation for the Olympic movement. 1992 The IOC has accepted it gladly; The assets are 65.438+0.25 billion US dollars, 654.38+0.993-654.38+0.996, and the entire Olympic Movement has gained a total income of 2.3-25 billion US dollars from commercial development. Based on the principle of taking it from the Olympic Games and applying it to the Olympic Games, the International Olympic Games actively assists the entire Olympic movement, especially those in developing countries, through the Olympic Solidarity Organization.

A direct result of affirming the positive significance of commercialization is to cancel the restrictions on amateur status of players. The amateur principle is inoperable from the beginning, which not only contradicts the purpose of the Olympic Movement, but also does not conform to the reality of the development of modern competitive sports. Due to the rapid improvement of competitive sports level, athletes must invest a lot of time and energy. In high-level competitive sports, pure amateur athletes no longer exist. Countries give the Olympic Games explicitly or implicitly.