Brief history, present situation and prospect of regional geological survey in China

(A brief history of regional geological survey

The development of geological science in China has been nearly 60 years, but the germination of geological thought has existed since ancient times. For example, in the Northern Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo speculated that this place was the seaside in the past according to the pebbles and snails that appeared on the cliff; There was oil in the Eastern Han Dynasty and coal as fuel in the Han Dynasty. The above examples show that the ancients in China knew about the utilization of minerals for a long time, but these scientific ideas did not develop at that time, and even were strangled and drowned.

China's modern geological science activities began in the second half of the19th century, when some geologists from Europe and America conducted route reconnaissance in China.

19 12, the Nanjing Provisional Government established the Geology Department under the Mining Department of the Ministry of Industry, presided over by Zhang, who made outstanding contributions to the establishment of the geological cause of the motherland, and immediately began to train our own geologists, which played a positive role in initiating China's geological work. During the period of 19 16 ~ 1949, with the gradual establishment of geological institutions and the continuous growth of geological personnel, geological investigation and geological research in China were gradually carried out.

At that time, the national geological survey was mainly concentrated in inland areas with convenient transportation, such as Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi and Hubei provinces. A more formal regional survey began at 19 16, and started at Xishan, Beijing. The topographic and geological map of Xishan in Beijing was measured by Ye et al. at the scale of1:50,000, and then reduced to1:100,000. Geological Records of Xishan in Beijing was published in 1920. Wang Zhuquan, Tan Xichou, Liu and Li Jie conducted large-scale geological surveys in Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu and Henan respectively, and successively compiled and published 1: 1 10,000 geological maps in Taiyuan, Jinan and Nanjing. 1928 After the establishment of the Institute of Geology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the geological maps of Ningzhen Mountain Range, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou and Nanling, Hunan and Hunan have been published successively, 1:1:250,000,1. Zhao Yaceng, Ding Wenjiang, Huang, and other older geologists participated in the above geological survey and research.

From 65438 to 0936, Li Siguang made a comprehensive summary for the first time according to the data accumulated by China Geological Survey. In his book Geology of China, starting from the present mountain structure (Great Geological Wall), according to the interference and arrangement of folds and faults in it, combined with stress-strain analysis and simulation test, he divided the global geotectonics into east-west fold belt, mountain shape, large fault crossing, zigzag or bad-shaped structural system in north-south direction.

During the period of 1945, the Yellow River was divided into active zone (geosyncline) and stable zone (platform) according to the land and sea distribution, sedimentary thickness, lithofacies and thickness changes, magmatic activity, folds and fractures and metamorphism in various geological periods. China is divided into Precambrian block, Caledonian fold belt, Hercynian fold belt, Indosinian fold belt, Yanshan fold belt and Himalayan fold belt. In this paper, the geotectonics of China is systematically summarized for the second time.

China's1:50,000 regional geological survey developed late, and the earliest formal regional geological survey began when the Ministry of Geology was established in 1952. Since then, the regional geological survey of China has been incorporated into the national economic plan, and the regional geological map and instructions of the eastern region 1: 1 10,000 have been compiled at the national level. 1955 The first Sino-Soviet cooperation zone adjustment group was established in Xinjiang, and three Sino-Soviet cooperation zone adjustment groups were established in Nanling, Qinling and Daxing 'anling in the following year to carry out1:200,000 area adjustment points; From 1958 to 1960, professional regional teams were established in 27 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), and a large-scale regional coordination work of10.2 million was launched. From the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, the Ministry of Geology and Minerals took strengthening the regional adjustment of1:50,000 as an important strategic measure. The policy, task and work deployment of1:50,000 regional dispatching were further clarified, and the pace of1:50,000 regional dispatching was quickly adjusted and accelerated, which set off the climax of1:50,000 regional dispatching nationwide. Even so, the regional geological survey of1:50,000 in China at that time was still far behind some western industrialized countries. At the end of 1970s, China began to absorb advanced geological theories, new technologies and new methods from foreign regional surveys, and organized a few exploratory experiments. For example, in 198 1 year, the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of the former Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources organized relevant personnel of the regional investigation teams of the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui and Gansu provinces, under the guidance of Li Zhaokui and Weng Shizhen of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, and on the basis of summarizing the experience of geological mapping in volcanic areas in China, compiled and published the Guide to Geological Mapping Methods in Volcanic Areas. Under the guidance of Zhang Shouxin, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Regional Investigation Team adopted modern stratigraphic theory and the concept of multiple stratigraphic division to make a1:50,000 Chaohu Lake geological map (group map) in the sedimentary rock development area. During the period of 1985, the Ministry of Geology and Minerals held a national on-site experience exchange meeting to promote the above achievements and request to expand the pilot project. In Shandong province, the structural-stratigraphic mapping method of metamorphic rock area was tested in1:200,000 area map. Through these sporadic experimental studies and new mapping methods, the degree of regional geological research in China has been greatly improved. Geological maps drawn under the guidance of traditional geological theories and methods have become increasingly unsuitable for the development of geological science and the new round of prospecting work, both in expressing the obtained geological information and in expressing geological science theories. Our geological predecessors have deeply realized that it is necessary to systematically study and introduce foreign advanced theories and methods, and combine the reality of China to study and create a new geological mapping method suitable for China's national conditions. Therefore, 1986, with the support and encouragement of the leaders of the Department of Geology and Mineral Resources and the Department of Science and Technology of the former Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, established the project "Study on Geological Mapping Methods in the Regional Survey of1500,000", and included it in the key scientific and technological research project of the Seventh Five-Year Plan 16 to develop granite, metamorphic rock and sedimentary rock in China. The guiding ideology and goal of the project is to apply new theories, new ideas, new technologies and new methods in the field of contemporary geological science to regional geological survey and reform the traditional regional mapping method. It not only fully draws lessons from and absorbs foreign advanced geological mapping methods, but also contains the research results of China. By selecting typical experimental areas for mapping practice and research, the technical difficulties of current geological mapping methods are broken through, and a set of geological mapping methods suitable for granite, metamorphic rock and sedimentary rock areas in China are summarized and established, which fills a new generation of geological maps and further improves the degree and level of regional geological research in China.

(B) the status of regional geological survey

In recent years, China has completed the mapping of blank areas in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Daxinganling region, and achieved full coverage of regional geological surveys at medium scale. A number of important achievements have been made in the comprehensive study of basic geology. Introduction is as follows:

1.1:250,000 regional geological survey (also known as land survey)

Focusing on making up and updating a batch of basic geological maps, an area survey of1:250,000 was deployed in the central and eastern regions. On the basis of the regional survey results of1:200,000, the multi-objective comprehensive survey and revision survey are carried out by using new technologies and methods in accordance with the technical requirements and working methods of digital mapping, and the national medium-scale basic geological map is updated. Projects such as basic geological survey, data update and digital regional demonstration in Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Northwest China, North China, Northeast China, East China and Central South China have been deployed.

2.1:50,000 regional geological survey

Some key coastal economic zones, important metallogenic belts in the central and western regions, major engineering construction areas and key cities (such as Tianjin, Chongqing and Changsha) have completed a batch of1:50,000 regional geological mapping. ) and the key areas urgently needed by the country, covering an area of 1.64 million square kilometers, accounting for 17% of the land area.

3. Urban stereoscopic geological survey

Urban geological survey and 1 geophysical methods, techniques and comprehensive research were carried out in six cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Tianjin, Nanjing and Guangzhou. Completed1:50,000 3D geological structure, engineering geological structure and hydrogeological structure survey, with a total area of 2. 18× 104km2,1:250,000 engineering geological structure survey, with an area of 0.43x 104km2,/kloc. The geological projects such as multi-objective geochemical survey and evaluation with an area of 0. 14× 104km2, 1.25 million and an area of 2.53x104km2 have achieved exemplary results.

4. Regional gravity survey

There are 654.38+200,000 regional gravity survey projects with a total area of 38.8× 1.004 km2 in the north of Daxing 'anling, Alashan, Hebei and adjacent areas of Mongolia, Qinling, Qilian, East Kunlun, Beishan, Southwest Sanjiang and Nanling. It has filled the blank area of gravity survey in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 1: 1 10,000, with a total area of 103× 104km2.

5. Regional geochemical exploration

5.9×1:500,000 regional geochemical exploration and 4×1:200,000 regional geochemical exploration were deployed in the blank areas of Daxinganling, West Kunlun, Hoh Xil and northern Sanjiang in Qinghai.

6. Multi-objective eco-geochemical survey

The Yangtze River Basin, the Yellow River Basin, the coastal economic zone and the Quaternary coverage area of the Northeast Economic Zone, namely: Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hainan, Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Fujian and other coastal economic zones, Jianghuai Basin (Anhui), the surrounding area of Poyang Lake (Jiangxi), Chengdu Economic Zone (Sichuan), Dongting Lake Area (Hunan), Jianghan Basin Economic Zone (Hubei) and Yangtze River Economic Zone (Chongqing) In the Quaternary coverage areas such as Hetao Agricultural Economic Zone (Inner Mongolia) and Pearl River Delta (Guangdong), a multi-target regional geochemical survey and evaluation project with an area of 106× 104 km2 has been deployed.

7. Remote sensing geological survey

At present,1:50,000 aerial photography 19× 104km2 and low-altitude imaging spectral data of 0.3x104km2 have been completed. With the aid of geological mapping of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau/KLOC-0: 250,000, early remote sensing geological interpretation was carried out in Qiangtang Basin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, western Tibet and western Kunlun. On the basis of geological mapping and mineral prediction of typical metallogenic belt 1: 1 10,000, remote sensing geological surveys of 1: 1 10,000 were arranged in northwest Yunnan, Beishan of Inner Mongolia and Nanan of western Henan. The comprehensive remote sensing survey results of land resources in 32 provinces (cities, districts) in China were sorted out and an information system was established. Remote sensing investigation and monitoring of eco-geological environment in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, basic geological environment in important economic zones in eastern China, and basic geological environment in Yangtze River basin were also carried out, with a total investigation area of nearly 400× 104km2.

8. Regional environmental geological survey

In Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces (regions), a provincial1:250,000 three-north desertification environmental geological survey was carried out, covering an area of about 5× 104 km2. 1:250,000 environmental geological survey was carried out in the Yellow River Basin, the Yangtze River Basin, the Huaihe River Basin, the southeast coast and the coastal zone around Bohai Sea, with a total area of100×104km2; The provincial regional environmental geological survey is1:500,000, with a total survey area of 470× 104km2.

9. Regional comprehensive geological survey and research

The regional comprehensive geological investigation and research includes the comparative study of the origin, evolution and strata of life on the earth, the formation and evolution mechanism and environmental response of Cenozoic lakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the study of lithospheric structure and dynamics of typical orogenic belts in China, the establishment of main standard strata in China and the study of new stratigraphic methods. Compilation and update of comprehensive basic geological map. Establish 1: 1 10,000 national geological map database,1:2.5 million People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) geological map and database (English version),1:500,000 China geological map (Chinese and English version), and compile and publish the Atlas of Precious Metals and Rare Earth Metals in China.