Introduction and details of avalanche

Avalanche is characterized by a snowy hillside. When the cohesion inside the snow can't resist the gravity it receives, it slides down, causing a large number of snow bodies to collapse. People call this natural phenomenon an avalanche. Some places call it "avalanche", "snow quicksand" or "pushing mountain snow"

Traces of Snow Mountain Avalanches The avalanches first started from the upper part of the snow-covered hillside. First cracks appeared, and then huge snow began to slide. In the process of sliding down, the snow quickly gained speed and rushed down the mountain.

Avalanche is a kind of surface ice and snow migration process that will happen in all snow-capped mountains. Under the action of gravity, they keep falling down from the height of the mountain along the hillside. When they collapse, the speed can reach 20-30m/s, and the speed will increase sharply with the continuous decline of snow. Generally, the wind speed of 12 is 33-35m/s, while the avalanche will reach 97m/s, which is extremely fast.

Avalanches are sudden, rapid and devastating. It can destroy a large area of forests, bury houses, traffic lines, communication facilities and vehicles, and even intercept rivers, causing temporary floods. At the same time, it will also cause terrible natural phenomena such as landslides, landslides and mudslides. Therefore, avalanches are listed as serious natural disasters in snow-covered mountainous areas.

The formation principle is that avalanches are mainly caused by thick snow on the hillside. After the snow is irradiated by sunlight, the surface snow melts, and the snow water penetrates between the snow and the hillside, reducing the friction between the snow and the ground; At the same time, the snow layer began to slide down under the action of gravity. A lot of snow fell, causing avalanches. In addition, cracking the snow surface during earthquake operation can also lead to snowfall and avalanche.

Avalanches often occur in mountainous areas. Some avalanches are caused by extremely heavy snowstorms, but they usually occur when the snow is too thick and exceeds the friction resistance on the hillside. One of the reasons for the avalanche is that deep "white frost" is slowly formed under the snowdrift, which is a frozen hexagonal cup-shaped crystal, similar to the ice chips we usually see. The formation of this frost is caused by the evaporation of snow particles, which are much looser than the upper snow. A weak area is formed between the ground or the lower snow and the upper snow. When the upper snow begins to slide down the hillside, this weak zone plays a role in lubrication, which not only accelerates the falling speed of snow, but also drives the surrounding snow not to slide.

People may not realize it. In fact, there has always been a contest on the snowy mountain: gravity must pull the snow down, but the cohesion of the snow wants to leave the snow in place. When this contest reaches * * *, even a little external force, such as animals running, falling rocks, windy, shaking slightly, or even shouting in the valley, is enough to trigger a catastrophic avalanche as long as the pressure exceeds the cohesion of snow particles. For example, there is wind. Wind will not only make a lot of snow accumulate, but also make snow particles condense to form a hard and brittle snow layer, which will make the upper snow layer slide along the lower snow layer and cause an avalanche.

However, besides the shape of the hillside, avalanches also depend on human activities to a great extent. According to experts' estimation, 90% of avalanches are caused by victims or their teammates, which is called "man-made leisure avalanches". Skiing, hiking or other winter sports enthusiasts often inadvertently become the fuse of avalanches. But if a person is buried in a snowdrift, he can't be rescued for half an hour, and there is little hope of survival. We often see reports of people being killed by avalanches while skiing. But at that time, it was not clear whether the avalanche injured people actively or was forced to happen under the influence of human movement.

The formation and development of avalanches can be divided into three sections, namely, formation area, passing area and accumulation area.

Forming area

Avalanches are mostly formed in the upper part of the mountain, where there is a lot of snow and the snow is very thick. For example, high snow eaves, snow slopes with a slope of more than 50-60 degrees, and the lower end of suspended glaciers are all areas where avalanches form.

Traffic area

The avalanche passing area is just below the formation area, and it is often a straight U-shaped groove from top to bottom. Because avalanches often pass by, the groove is still very smooth, basically without ups and downs and obstacles. It can be several hundred meters long, 20-30 meters wide or a little larger, but it can't be too wide, otherwise the falling snow and ice will not be concentrated and a big avalanche will not form.

accumulation zone

The accumulation area is also directly below the stratigraphic area, where the avalanche stopped because of the sudden slowdown of the slope at the foot of the mountain. From the landform, it is mostly conical, so it is also called collapse cone.

Avalanches happen regularly. Most avalanches occur in winter or spring, with heavy snowfall. Especially before and after the snowstorm. At this time, the snow is very soft and the adhesion is relatively small. Once a small piece is destroyed, the rest will be like a loose sand or domino, which will have a chain reaction and slide down quickly. In spring, due to the long thawing period and rising temperature, the surface of the snow melts, and the snow water will penetrate into the depths of the snow layer drop by drop, which will loosen the originally solid snow, greatly reducing the cohesion and fracture strength between the snow layers and making the snow layer easy to slide. The severity of avalanche depends on the amount of snow, temperature, slope direction, especially the slope. The most terrible avalanches often occur on slopes with a gradient of 25 ~ 50. If the mountain is too steep, it will not form enough thick snow, and it is unlikely to produce avalanches if it leans on the hillside.

Like floods, the avalanche in Mount Danba Yading is a recurring phenomenon, that is to say, if there is an avalanche somewhere, it is entirely possible to come back soon. Every snow, every year or every century, avalanches may occur in the same place, which depends on the topographic characteristics of the hillside and some climatic factors.

The number of avalanches is also closely related to climate and topography. Winter snow and avalanches in the central Tianshan Mountains often block mountain roads. Frequent avalanches in Nyainqentanglha Mountain and Hengduan Mountain are one of the important sources of modern glacier development. Choosing the right climbing time in this area is very demanding. At the same time, in the mountainous areas such as Kunlun Mountain, Tanggula Mountain and Qilian Mountain near the inland of western China, there is relatively little precipitation, and there is no obvious difference between dry season and rainy season. There may be fewer avalanches, so it is more abundant to choose the right mountaineering time. In addition, the relative heights of these inland mountains are relatively low, generally between 1000- 1500m, so the slopes of the mountains are relatively gentle. The relative heights of Himalayas and Karakorum Mountains are 3000-4000 meters, even reaching 5000-6000 meters, so the slopes are steep and the possibility and potential energy of avalanches are greater.

Avalanches also have laws of time and space. As far as the mountains in China are concerned, the mountains in the southwest border, such as Himalayas, Nyainqentanglha Mountain and Hengduan Mountain, are mainly controlled by the Indian Ocean monsoon. Except the rainy season (May-65438+1October) and the dry season (165438+1October-April), there is abundant precipitation all year round, and there is more snowfall in the upper part of the mountain in winter and spring. In addition, influenced by the polar air mass of the Arctic Ocean, Tianshan Mountain and Altai Mountain have more precipitation in winter and spring, so there are more avalanches this season.

Avalanches are divided into wet avalanches (also called massive avalanches) and dry avalanches (also called powdery avalanches). Their formation and appearance have different geomorphological and climatic conditions.

Wet Avalanches Wet avalanches are probably the most dangerous. Wet avalanches usually occur a few days after precipitation. As the surface snow layer melts, it penetrates into the lower snow and freezes again, forming a "wet snow layer". In winter or spring, the temperature will continue to rise rapidly after snowing, so that the new wet snow layer can not be easily adsorbed on the original low-density ice and snow, so it slides down and produces avalanches. Wet avalanches are large-scale, slow, heavy and dense. They become bigger and bigger, just like ink on a snowy slope. So it's more destructive. The formation area of this avalanche is usually on a slightly gentle snow slope. Because the powder snow (scattered snow) on the steep slope will almost collapse, an avalanche will occur at the corner of the relatively gentle slope. Its descent speed is slower than the avalanche in the air, bringing up trees and rocks along the way and producing more snow gravel. But once you are involved in a large-scale avalanche, you will never be as lucky as a dry avalanche. And once it stops, it will solidify immediately, which often brings great difficulty to the rescue work.

Dry avalanche dry avalanche carries a lot of air, so it will be like a fluid. This avalanche is extremely fast. They flew down from the mountain and swallowed everything in a blink of an eye. They even rushed down the hillside and then rushed to the opposite high slope. Generally speaking, snow is "dry" and "powdery" when the heavy snow has just stopped and the snow on the mountain has not melted, or the melted water has not penetrated into the snow below to form a freeze. When this avalanche occurs, the large bottom layer of air mass is easy to form an air cushion layer. When the expedition encounters such an avalanche, people can be wrapped in the avalanche and fly with them. However, dry avalanches and powder avalanches pose relatively little fatal threat to explorers.

Snowboard avalanches are unstable and fatal. Snowboarding is usually located on an open slope of 30 to 45 degrees-this seems to be a good route. Usually caused by weight, it will make a "pop" sound and break at the same time. If you are lucky, it happens below you, but it is likely to be broken around you, holding the victim. Snowboard avalanches can also be caused by natural factors, sweeping thousands of feet or even passing through a flat route. The way to avoid it is to stay for a few days after heavy snow and let the snow layer freeze (but dangerous skis may still exist for a long time). Pay attention to the empty "plop" sound when walking, which is a signal that the snow layer is weak.

The collapse of loose snow is usually on a steep route, and it is impossible to keep the snowboard. This avalanche is foreseeable. When it starts to snow, the snow slope will collapse. This kind of avalanche is relatively small, but the big one is also dangerous. The best precaution is to leave this steep route as soon as it looks like snow. If it snows in a canyon or steep slope, set up protection in a sheltered place and climb to the side of the main river where the snow flows away.

Wet snow slide is a kind of wet and heavy surface avalanche, which occurs after thawing in spring and summer or snowstorm in summer. It is relatively easy to predict, because sunshine or temperatures above 0 degrees make snow warm, which usually occurs on snow slopes above 30 degrees. It is especially possible that the snow does not freeze at night. Wet snow sliding is usually caused by climbers, and it occurs in a sector from a point to a triangle. Generally, people below are swept away, which is more dangerous than those who cause avalanches above. To avoid wet snow falling, climb at night and leave the snow slope before morning. If you cross a suspicious slope, remember to protect the people below.

Ice collapse includes the collapse of ice towers and ice walls, usually caused by hot noon or glacier movement. It may cause a large-scale snowboard avalanche on the lower snow slope, which may lead to a huge avalanche of the whole mountain. It is impossible to predict the time and scale of the ice collapse, but through long-term observation, the ice collapse in this mountain can be roughly predicted. If you want to pass under a seemingly unstable ice tower or hanging glacier, you should do it quickly. This route is extremely dangerous.

When snow falls on the hillside, it sometimes flows slowly like a pile of cement that has not yet solidified, sometimes it is blocked by obstacles, and sometimes a large amount of snow slides or collapses, carrying a strong airflow down the hillside, forming a rare plate avalanche.

Soft snowflakes fall.

The snow falling on the leeward slope is not as dense as the snow at the foot of the mountain. There will be a gap behind the slope. It feels very hard and safe, but the slightest interference or movement like rifle shooting can make snowflakes collapse.

Solid snowflakes fall off.

The snowflake in this case has a deceptive solid surface-sometimes walking on it will produce a rumbling sound. It is often caused by strong winds and cooling. The actions of climbers and skiers are like a trigger, which can make the whole snow block or a lot of dangerous ice fall off.

Aerial avalanche

In a cold and dry environment, continuous new snow falls on the existing solid ice, which may cause snowflakes to fall off. These powdery snowflakes fall at a speed of 90 meters per second. Cover your mouth and nose. There's still a chance to survive. Inhaling a lot of snow after being submerged will lead to death.

Avalanches are a serious threat to climbers, local residents and tourists.

Among the dangers encountered in mountaineering exploration, the hazards caused by avalanches are the most frequent and tragic, which often leads to "total annihilation". Avalanche deaths account for 1/2- 1/3 of all mountain deaths. However, explorers encounter avalanches in different geographical locations and under different risks. If the avalanche is in the passing area of the avalanche, it is less dangerous, and if it is brought to the accumulation area by the avalanche, the chance of survival is very small.

Avalanches destroy forests and resorts, which will also have a great economic impact on the local tourism economy.

Usually, an avalanche erupts from the top of the mountain, whizzes down from a height at a very high speed when moving down the mountain, and sweeps everything it passes with great power until its power disappears on the vast plain. Once it happens, it is unstoppable. This "white death" can weigh millions of tons. Some avalanches also carry a lot of air. Such avalanches are more mobile, and sometimes they can even cross the canyon and reach the opposite hillside.

Compared with the fierceness of disasters such as mudslides, floods and earthquakes, avalanches can really be described as amazing. Before the avalanche, the earth was always quiet, and then with a gentle "click", the snow layer broke, and white, layered snow blocks and snowboards sprang up like mushrooms after rain-as if the mountain god suddenly launched an internal force to shake off a white robe, and as if a white snow dragon was walking and roaring down the mountain until it slowed down.

Behind the beauty of the avalanche lies the horror that can destroy everything. The power of avalanche is called "white monster". The impact of the avalanche is amazing. It will take away everything in sight with great speed and strength. Some avalanches produce powdery and destructive snow clouds, which can take everything away.

It is estimated that the high-speed avalanche will bring 40~50 tons of force to the surface of the hit object per square meter. Nothing in the world can withstand such an impact. 1981April 12, a block of ice the size of a house slipped off the glacier at the top of Sanfo Mountain in Alaska and landed on a nearby snow slope, causing millions of tons of snow to roll down quickly, destroying all 13 kilometers along the way. According to experts, the avalanche produced a powdery snow cloud as long as 160 km, which is the most serious one ever recorded. In fact, once this natural monster with a speed of 400 kilometers per hour, enough to engulf the whole city, starts to act, we can only give in easily.

People who know about avalanches should know that in fact, in an avalanche, what is more terrible than the avalanche itself is that the air in front of the avalanche churns. Because avalanches move downward from a height with great potential energy, such as falling or slipping from a height of 6000 meters, it will cause violent oscillation of the air, so it will even form a layer of air churning at an extremely fast speed. This kind of air churning is somewhat similar to the shock wave produced when a nuclear bomb explodes. Snow flow can drive air billow ahead, and the impact of air billow is more dangerous than the impact of snow flow itself. Wherever air billow goes, houses are destroyed, trees disappear and people will suffocate. So sometimes air billow washes away all the obstacles on the road before the avalanche itself arrives. 1970 Peruvian avalanche, the avalanche flew in less than 3 minutes 14.5 km, and the speed was close to 90 m/s, which was much faster than the running speed of 32.5 m/s that 12 typhoon was good at. The tumbling in the air caused by this avalanche swept the rock fragments on the ground into the sky, and a "stone rain" fell.

Precautions Avalanches can be prevented by manual control. After summing up a lot of experiences and lessons, people have taken some preventive measures against avalanches. For example, fire shells at some dangerous areas, carry out explosions, trigger avalanches with less snow in advance, and assign special personnel to monitor and predict avalanches. Developed countries, such as countries around the Alps, Norway, Iceland, Japan, the United States and Canada, have set up special organizations in areas prone to avalanches, equipped with special monitors to explore the natural laws of their formation and preventive measures.

In the Alps, several expert groups from CNRS National Investigation Center, Rural Engineering Center, Aguas y Bosques and CemaAgref are trying to solve the mechanism of avalanches. In order to simulate the avalanche process, CNRS physicists put thousands of beads into miniature artificial avalanche machines. Avalanche machines can tilt. In this way, when the beads slide down, they push against each other, and this process will be photographed by a fast camera. Experts will study how the "avalanche" travels according to the captured images.

In this experiment, the motion of each particle is actually easy to calculate. The problem is that there are thousands of particles, and their interactions cannot be calculated. Nevertheless, the researchers' experiments still provide valuable information for understanding avalanche dynamics. They confirmed that avalanches move like particles, releasing energy irregularly. Although avalanche is composed of solid matter, its motion is not exactly the same as that of gas.

According to Tom Drake, a geologist at the University of North Carolina, the particles forming an avalanche are divided into five layers: the outermost particles are rolled up in the collision of airflow; The particles in the second layer move forward in disorder in the continuous impact; In the next layer, the particles have started to move in an organized way; The fourth layer is composed of particles with small spacing; The bottom particles are closely connected and move the slowest. But Drake thinks: "This can only partially explain the avalanche. There are many factors on the mountain that make the situation more complicated. "

Estimate the possible snow conditions (stability) on the route. Ask people who have been there for information. Be careful if it snows! The new snow increased the weight of the original snow layer, and the connectivity was poor. In addition, if the temperature rises suddenly, or the sun may shine high, it will also lead to the melting of snow and poor connectivity. You should choose a route without the danger of avalanche. If you have to go, choose cold, cloudy and below freezing weather, and there will be no snowfall for the time being. To climb a mountain in summer, start at dawn and leave the steep snow slope before dawn.

Watch the snow. Including the recent avalanche traces, when the snow under your feet collapses, it will make a "drumming" sound. This drum-like sound indicates that there is a hole under the hard snow layer. Dig down with a shovel and look for "skis" with avalanche tendency-loose snow with hard snow layers on it.

Consider the snow slope of the line. A 30-degree bowl-shaped avalanche trough, with a large top and a small bottom, is more dangerous than a steep rock pillar. You can only guess the snow here.

If you have no choice but to cross the suspicious snow slope, follow: protect the passage as much as possible. If the snow slope is too wide to be protected, the snow condition should be tested first. First, a solid anchor (such as a tree or stone) is used for protection, and the tester walks to the upper end of the snow slope and jumps to the steep part. Then unlock the protection in a safe place and pass quickly one by one. Walk from a height to reduce the risk of being buried by falling snow from above. Pay attention to each other, and once something happens, you can learn some information about the location of the victims. Also note that it is best not to go to very steep slopes. When the slope is 38 degrees, the avalanche is the worst.

Precautions It is very dangerous to encounter an avalanche. People who are active in the snow must pay great attention to the following points:

Explorers should avoid the avalanche area. When it is really unavoidable, take the cross route and never climb along the avalanche trough.

When crossing, you should walk as fast as possible, and set up a special observation deck to keep an eye on the areas where avalanches may occur at any time. When there are signs of an avalanche or an avalanche has occurred, you should give a loud warning so as to take self-help measures quickly.

Don't go up the mountain just after heavy snow, or after several snows in succession. At this time, the new snow or the upper snow is very unstable, and a little disturbance is enough to trigger an avalanche. Heavy snow is often accompanied by good weather, so we must give up good weather and wait for the avalanche to pass.

If you need to cross the avalanche area, you should cross after 10 am. Because at this time, the sun has been shining on the snow-capped mountains for some time, and if there is an avalanche, it will happen before this time, which can also reduce the danger.

When the weather turns fine when it is cold or warm, or when the snow begins to melt in spring, the snow becomes unstable and is prone to avalanches.

Don't move on steep slopes. Because avalanches usually move downward, avalanches can occur on the slope of 1:5.

When exploring high mountains, whether you choose hiking routes or camps, you should try to avoid leeward slopes. Because the leeward slope is easy to accumulate snow blown from the windward slope, it is also easy to have avalanches.

When marching, if possible, try to walk along the ridge line and walk at the highest point of the mountain.

If it is necessary to cross the slope, don't act alone or together. You should go one by one, and the last person to leave should keep an observable safe distance from the first person.

When choosing a marching route or camp, be alert to the flat land you choose. Because in steep mountainous areas, the avalanche accumulation area is most likely to be relatively flat.

Pay attention to the precursors of avalanches, such as the crack of ice and snow or a low roar, snowballs rolling down or looking up at the mountains to see gray dust clouds.

The path taken by an avalanche can be identified according to topographical features such as cliffs, relatively flat areas or faults on slopes with few trees.

Don't talk loudly when marching and resting in mountainous areas to reduce the avalanche caused by air vibration.

When marching, it is best to wear a red cloth strip for each team member in case it is easy to be found in an avalanche.

First aid measures No matter what happens, you must stay away from the avalanche route immediately.

Judge the situation at that time. Instinctively, I will run directly down the mountain, but the ice and snow will also collapse down the mountain. The speed reaches 200 kilometers per hour. It's dangerous to run down, and you may be buried by ice and snow.

It is safer to run to the side, so as to avoid avalanches or run to higher places.

Throw away all heavy things, such as backpacks, skis, ski pole, etc. With these objects, if you are trapped in snow, it will be more difficult to move.

Never escape by skiing. However, if you are on the edge of the avalanche route, you can gallop out of danger.

If the avalanche area is large and can't get rid of it when approaching, you can find a bunker nearby, such as rocks, and hide behind it; When you are helpless, lean forward and cover your face with your hands to prevent ice and snow from pouring into your throat and lungs and causing suffocation, and it is also convenient for your hands to move after the avalanche stops.

Hold fast to anything stable on the hillside, such as upright rocks. Even if you get stuck in it for a while, the ice and snow will eventually run out, and then you can escape.

If you are washed down the hillside by an avalanche, try to climb to the surface of the snowdrift, lie flat, move at the bottom of the avalanche surface in a crawling posture, and try to build a big cave around you when you rest. Try to reach the surface before the snow solidifies. Throw away the toolbox you can't give up-it will prevent you from being dug out. Save your strength and shout when you hear someone coming. At the same time, swim against the current in the form of prone swimming, backstroke or dog crawling, and escape from the edge of Xiangxuexi.

When you are buried by snow, calm down, let the saliva flow out, judge up and down, and then try to dig up. When going upstream, you may have to block stones and ice with your hands, but you must try to climb to the surface of the snowdrift.

If you can't climb out of the snowdrift, you should reduce your activities, slow down your breathing and save your strength. According to the latest research report of the University of Innsbruck in Austria, 75% people died after being buried by snow for 35 minutes, and only 3% people were rescued after being buried 130 minutes. So save yourself as much as possible and rush out of the snow.

After the avalanche, people were buried under the snow and almost cut off from the outside world. As time goes on, people become colder and colder. When the core temperature of the human body (the temperature of internal organs, not the surface temperature) drops below 32 degrees, this part of the human body will stop working, and the human body will first ensure the work of the heart, so the temperature of the limbs will drop first, so the limbs will feel numb when buried under the snow, and then other organs will start to cool down. If the outside is still cold, eventually, after more than fifteen minutes, the cold will affect the normal operation of the body function.

The avalanche of the main case, like war, brings endless disasters to people, and there seems to be an indissoluble bond between them. There are many wars related to avalanches in history.

In ancient North Africa, there was once a very famous military power called the Carthaginian Empire. Later, due to conflicts of interest, this empire fought many wars with the Roman Empire on the northern shore of the Mediterranean. In 2 18 BC, Hannibal the Carthaginian star was ordered to make an expedition to the Roman Empire. He commanded 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry and 37 elephants, bypassed Spain and France, and crossed the snowy Alps at the end of 10. Due to Hannibal's lack of avalanche knowledge, his troops were carried away by avalanches in the Alps and suffered heavy losses. Eighteen thousand soldiers and two thousand horses died, and several African elephants were buried in Xue Hai.

In modern times, the French emperor Napoleon prepared to invade Italy separated by the snow-capped Alps. Napoleon was much cleverer than Hannibal. He first sent spies to the mountains for reconnaissance. The spy came back trembling and said, "Maybe it will pass, but …". Napoleon immediately stopped the spy from going on: "The longer the better, there will be no buts. Go to Italy immediately! " 1796, Napoleon personally led 40,000 troops to form a 30-kilometer long snake formation, crossing the snowy Alps from northwest to southeast. Although Napoleon made full preparations in advance, the avalanche in the Alps buried nearly a thousand of his soldiers.

During the First World War, Italy and Austria fought in the Troll region of the Alps, and the number of people killed by avalanches on both sides was no less than 40,000. Both sides often deliberately bombard the snowy hillside with artillery, creating artificial avalanches to kill the enemy. Later, an Austrian officer lamented in his memoirs: "The Alps in winter are more dangerous enemies than the Italian army!"

Scientific research 2065438+On February 3rd, 2005, scientists from Swiss Ice and Snow Research Institute recently used explosives to trigger a large-scale avalanche in the Valle Deraxion Valley near Sion, Switzerland, hoping to study and predict the avalanche event.

The photo shows that a large amount of snow washed down the hillside at a speed of 80 kilometers per hour, and scientists observed it in the bunker near the avalanche. Researchers also use seismic sensors to record ground vibrations that may cause avalanches. At the same time, the photographer also captured the scene of the avalanche, so as to compare it with the seismic data to evaluate the avalanche scale. In addition, the researchers also collected snow temperature data before, during and after the avalanche.

Scientists want to know more about avalanche formation. They believe that flat avalanche is the deadliest avalanche, which will cause a large amount of snow to collapse quickly. The biggest avalanche is powder avalanche, which can reach 300 kilometers per hour and the snow amount can reach 6.5438+million tons.

Important Events According to the data released by Nepal, since 1953, human beings have climbed to the top of the world for the first time. * * * More than 4,400 people have climbed to the top, and about 250 people were killed while climbing Mount Everest.

201February 1 1 day, an avalanche occurred in the village of lestrika at the junction of Kosovo, Macedonia and Albania. By February of 12, the avalanche had caused 10 deaths.

201February 17, 43-year-old Dutch prince Johan Friso was buried alive for about 20 minutes while skiing in the western Austrian town of Leahy. Prince friso was unconscious when he was rescued. On February 18, the Netherlands * * * issued a statement saying that on February 18, friso was being rescued in the hospital and his life was still in danger.

20 12 on February 20th, an avalanche occurred near Stevens Pass in Washington, USA, killing three people and leaving eight missing. Stevens Pass Ski Resort is 0/30 km away from Seattle/Kloc-and is one of the most popular outdoor entertainment places in Washington State.

On March 3rd, 20 12, more than 20 skiers were skiing in Dadouzishan, wuchang city, Heilongjiang Province, China, and were accidentally hit by an avalanche. A skier named "007" died. The victim was the first person to encounter an avalanche in the skiing history of China.

20 12 on March 6, three remote villages in the mountainous area of northeast Afghanistan were hit by avalanches. As of March 6, 42 people have been confirmed dead.

2012 At noon on March 2 1 2, four men from Artux, Xinjiang, together picked up antlers in a ravine near the winter pasture in Chahantonggu Village, Hejing County and Hejing Town, and were caught in an avalanche. Two witnesses nearby alerted the Hejing County Public Security Bureau. Relevant local departments started the emergency plan and went to the mountain for rescue. As of March 27th, the rescue work has lasted for six days, nearly 130 hours, and there is still no news of the missing person.

20 12 on April 7, an avalanche occurred in siachen glacier, northern Pakistan, near a military camp. At that time, it was reported that avalanche caused 135 people to be buried, including Pakistani soldiers 124 people and civilians1/kloc-0 people. The snow area caused by avalanche is 1 km2, and the thickness is about 2 1 m. On April 8, four more people were found buried in the avalanche-affected area in northern Pakistan, raising the number of people buried in this disaster to 139.

20 14 Everest avalanche

In the early morning of April 20 18 14, an avalanche occurred on the south slope of Mount Everest in Nepal, killing 15 people. This is the deadliest accident on the roof of the world since the first summit of Mount Everest in 1950s.

The avalanche happened in an area called "popcorn field" by climbers. It is close to the Khumbu Glacier, which is famous for its danger on the south slope, and it is the only way from the base camp to the 1 camp at an altitude of 5943 meters.