The origins and rules of American football

American football, or Rugby football, originated in the United Kingdom and was originally called Rugby football. Because its spherical shape resembles an olive, it is called "rugby" in China. Rugby is actually the name of a small town in England. In this small town there is a public school called Rugby School, which is the sport of rugby. ’s birthplace. According to legend, in 1823, the school held a football match. The match was very fierce. Among them, a 16-year-old boy named William Webb Ellis fell behind because of the score. , in desperation, he actually picked up the ball on the ground and ran towards the opponent's goal. From now on, in school football games, running with the ball often happens. Although this move violated the rules of football at the time, it gave people a new revelation. This phenomenon of holding the ball and running added a fiercely competitive atmosphere to the game. Over time, it was accepted by people and became a Legal action. In this way, a new sport, rugby, which is conducive to the overall development of the body and has high exercise value, is gradually derived from football

1. In order to meet the needs of the league, the home team There shall be 36 balls (outdoor games) and 24 balls (indoor games) that have been tested by the referee with a pressure tester 2 hours before the start of the game. The 12 new balls, which were sealed in a special box and sent directly from the manufacturer, were opened in the officials' dressing room two hours before the start of the game. (II) Toss a coin and guess heads and tails 1. Toss a coin and guess heads and tails in the three minutes after kick-off in the center of the court. The captains of both teams guess heads and tails before tossing the coin. The winning team can choose one of the following two conditions, while the losing team receives the remaining one (1) Choose to kick off first (2) Choose the defensive field 2. Before the start of the second half, the captains of both teams must Inform the officials of their respective previous choices, and the team that loses the first half head guess has priority. (III) Time 1. The clock in the stadium is regular. In case the clock stops or runs abnormally, the linesman should control and manage the correct official time on the field. 2. Each quarter is 15 minutes, with an interval of 2 minutes between each quarter and a 12-minute intermission, unless otherwise designated. 3. When the team calls a timeout, the referee starts the clock and blows the whistle after 1 minute and 50 seconds, unless the television broadcast does not use the time to broadcast commercials. In this case the pause time is reduced to 40 seconds. 4. The referee will allow necessary time to give the injured player or repair the player's equipment. 5. Each team has three opportunities to call timeout in each half. 6. Each round of attack allows 40 seconds to prepare. 7. The timing starts after the kick-off team holds the ball. 8. The last 2 minutes of the first half and the last 5 minutes of the second half are exceptions—time out of bounds or foul time will be excluded. The clock returns to the time before going out of bounds. 9. The opposing team can call a timeout immediately, but the timeout time is reduced to 40 seconds. 10. When the offensive team does not hear the referee's penalty due to the noise of the crowd, he can choose to reduce the defensive team's timeout opportunity or award a 5-yard penalty. (IV) Sudden Death 1. For all NFL games, the sudden death method is that when there is a tie within the specified time, the team that scores first in overtime (by all methods) will automatically win. 2. At the end of the allotted time, the referee will toss a coin at midfield and the visiting team captain will guess first. 3. There will be a 3-minute break after the end of the game, followed by nearly 15 minutes of overtime, and a 2-minute break between every two overtimes until the score is scored. Both sides take turns distributing the ball. Each team has three timeouts in each half, and a player who is sent off cannot play again. (V) Kick-off 1. At the beginning of the first half and the second half, or after a goal score and a touchdown attack (try), the kicking team must kick the ball from the team's 30-yard line. The foot kick is a type of free kick. 2. A 1-inch ball pad can be used when kicking off the ball (ball pads are not allowed when kicking goals, safety points or dribbling for touchdowns (try)). Kicked by the set kicker. 3. You cannot score goals by kicking the ball with your feet. 4. If the distance traveled by the kick does not exceed 10 yards or is not touched by the receiving team, the kick is considered illegal. Once the kick is touched by the receiving team or travels more than 10 yards, the ball becomes a free kick. The receiver can recover the ball and advance the ball. The kicking team can recover the ball but cannot advance it unless the receiver has possession and drops the ball. 5. If a kick-off kick goes out of bounds between the two goal lines and is not touched by the receiving team, the ball belongs to the receiving team 30 yards from the point of kick or at the point where the ball went out of bounds, unless the ball is kicked " The first time he went out of bounds when he kicked his own ball. In this case, the kicking team is penalized 5 yards before kicking the ball again. 6. If the kick-off kick goes out of bounds between the two goal lines but is touched by the receiving team, the ball will belong to the receiving team where it went out of bounds. 7. If the kicking team kicks the ball illegally outside the boundary line, or takes a short free kick during two or more consecutive own kicks, then the receiving team may kick the ball illegally at the dead ball spot, or the place where the ball went out of bounds, or illegally kick the ball out of bounds. Gain possession of the ball at the point of contact.

(VI) Safety point 1. In addition to the foot kick, another free kick is a kick after the safety point. Aerial kicks may be used (but are not used in foot kicks). 2. When kicking safety points, the team can score points in three ways: kicking the ball in the air, throwing the ball (referring to the ball rebounding from the ground) and kicking the ball without a ball pad. A free kick cannot be scored after a safety, even if a series of penalties put the team in such a situation. (A goal may only be scored if a free kick is played after a scrum or a legal catch). (VII) Fair Catch Kick After a legal catch, the receiving team can choose to kick off; or kick a "Fair Catch Kick" on the legal catch line 10 yards away to obtain the target score. When scoring from a scrum kick all the normal rules apply. The timer starts when the ball is kicked (ball pads are not allowed). (VIII) Fouls in the final stage of the half-court or full-court ball 1. The defensive team fouls, and if a penalty is accepted, the touchdown will be replayed 2. The offensive team fouls, the touchdown will not be replayed, and the touchdown will be invalid Exception: after receiving the ball, The foul is illegal after the possession of the ball is transferred, and the offensive team cannot score. (IX) Foul point 1. Four basic foul points: (a) The place where the foul is committed (b) The previous foul point: the place where the ball is kicked off (c) The place where the ball is challenged, the back pass or the missed ball; the foul penalty penalty (d) Continuous point: If the ball is pushed forward during the whistle, the kick-off point will be the whistle. 2. If the offensive team commits a foul behind the line of scrimmage (except in the end zone), the ball will be kicked off at the previous kickoff point. If the ball is in the end zone, it is a safety ball. 3. A foul committed by the defensive team behind the line of scrimmage while holding the ball or using unreasonable hands. If the foul is committed outside the line, the penalty yard will be calculated based on the line. (X) Double foul 1. If a double foul occurs during a handover of possession of the ball, the team that last obtained possession of the ball before the exchange will get the ball. 2. If there is a double foul after the exchange, the defensive team will get the ball at the foul spot or the dead ball spot. 3. If one of the double fouls is disqualified, the offending player must be sent off, but no penalty will be imposed. 4. The kicker fouls before the exchange of possession of the ball, the receiver fouls after the exchange, and the receiver gets the ball. 5. When one team goes down to score, a field goal, an extra point or a safety point, a player of the other team commits a foul and is disqualified as an athlete, or his actions are unreasonable when he is down, a free throw will be taken at the kickoff. (XI) Emergency Rugby Union members and officials, employees, players and coaches shall attend every game. The Union will decide whether the game should continue in the event of unexpected events, such as severe cold weather, natural or man-made disasters, power outages and spectator interference. and other factors. A competition may be suspended, cancelled, delayed or terminated when circumstances arise where the start or continuation of the competition would pose a threat to the safety of participants and spectators. (XII) Rights of the Committee Office 1. The right to cancel, postpone or terminate a game is vested only in the Committee and Team Chairman. (Representatives from other team offices and referees may temporarily suspend the game; see point 3 below and point 1 under "Rights of Referees"), as defined below: *Cancellation. Canceling a game invalidates it (either before or after it begins) and makes no provision for rescheduling it or including its scores and other performance data in the team's records. *Delay. Postponing a game means (a) postponing its start time to a later date or (b) suspending the game after it has begun and preparing it to be restarted at a later time, with all scores and other performance data prior to the timeout being suspended. Included in scores and statistics after resuming the game. *termination. To terminate a game is to end it within a 60-minute complete game, officially count it as a complete game, and not make preparations to continue at a later time. The commissioner or team president may terminate a game in an emergency. If, in his opinion, it is reasonable, (a) it will not change the final outcome or (b) will not adversely affect the competition event of any other participating team. *Elimination. Except in the case of foul play (see the previous section on expulsions), no committee member, league president, or their representatives, including referees, have the right to unilaterally declare a participating team to be eliminated. Elimination can only be declared if the match cannot be played due to a team's fault or refusal to participate. At this point, the other team can win with a score of 2-0 if it is ready and wants to participate. 2. If an unexpected situation occurs that requires the cancellation, postponement or termination of the game (see the rules above), the highest representative in the committee office to ensure that it is under control can consult with the committee members, the league president or the responsible official appointed by the league on the day of the game. , confirm this decision. (If the official in charge is not present on the day, please consult with him by phone). If environmental conditions are confirmed for the day, league representatives should still consult with the Bureau of Meteorology and appropriate security personnel from the league, clubs, stadiums and local governments. If there is no representative from the committee office to ensure that the game is under control, the referee has full responsibility. 3. In cases where safety issues need to be ensured urgently, representatives from the committee office may set a timeout after consultation with the referees, and may also move contestants out of the venue if authorized. Committee representatives shall ensure the safety of spectators, players, game officials, non-participating personnel in viewing areas and other on-field personnel such as photographers and cheerleaders.

4. If possible, representatives from the Office of the League Officials may consult with the authorized representatives of the 2 participating clubs to discuss any committee decision of the League President including the cancellation of a delay or termination. 5. If the Committee and the President of the League decide to cancel the late termination of a game, it shall be announced by his representative or the official on the day of the game, such as by announcing the decision from the referee's wireless microphone using a public address, using the home team's public area or communicating with the radio and other Media Contact. (XIII) Steps to start or replay the key points of the right to handle such matters are as follows: The league personnel department and referees will follow these steps to start or replay the game due to the impact of special emergencies in the game. 1. Due to an emergency, a regular season or playoff game cannot start at the originally scheduled game time or is delayed within the same day, and the game still needs to be arranged by the committee to be played on a subsequent date. 2. If an emergency is expected to occur after the start of the game or during the game (for example: an approaching tropical storm), the start time shall not be scheduled to be held at an earlier time unless there is obvious or sufficient time to make an organized decision. changes. 3. All suspended games will be restarted on the same day. All games that are postponed to another date will be played from the time they were suspended. When the game is suspended, the referee must declare a timeout and record the following data: the team in possession of the ball, the direction of the ball, the position, area, distance and time of the game when the ball is on the court, as well as any data and information related to a fair start. . 4. If the regular season is postponed, it will be repeated by the committee within two days of the original game day and at the same venue. If it is not possible to hold the match at the same venue, the Committee will arrange for the match to be played at a reasonable and alternative venue. If the game cannot be replayed within the two days originally scheduled, it will be rescheduled to the Tuesday of the following week. The Committee will arrange for unfair playing time if there may be a conflict between players from both sides. (For example, if a game is scheduled for Tuesday) 5. Postseason games will be postponed by the committee at the same venue as soon as possible after the originally scheduled game date. If the game cannot be played at the originally scheduled venue, the committee will arrange a rematch at a reasonable venue. 6. In any case, if a match is postponed due to the club's negligence, the club shall be responsible for the home team's expenses, including committee approval, ticket and television broadcast revenue.