How many unequal treaties are there in the history of China?

There are many unequal treaties in the history of China, but the main unequal treaties were signed after the Opium War in modern times. It mainly includes: treaty of nanking, Wang Xia Treaty, Huangpu Treaty, Tianjin Treaty, Aihui Treaty, Beijing Treaty, Yili Treaty, Yantai Treaty, Concise Treaty of Sino-French Conference, Sino-French New Testament, treaty of shimonoseki Treaty, Southern Liaoning Treaty and Xin Xinyi Treaty.

1. treaty of nanking (the first unequal treaty in China's modern history),1signed on August 29th, 842.

Treaty of nanking, also known as Jiangning Treaty and Ten Thousand Years Peace Treaty, is the first unequal treaty in modern history of China. The agreement was signed on August 29th 1842 (July 24th, Daoguang 22nd) by Jiao Ying, an imperial envoy of the Qing government, and Pu Dinghui, a British representative, aboard the British ship "Gao Huali" anchored on Xiaguan River in Nanjing, marking the end of the first opium war.

Article 13 of treaty of nanking, which requires China to cede Hong Kong Island (1); (2) Compensation for British opium price, commercial debt and military expenses totaling 21100,000 silver dollars; (3) There are five trading ports, and Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai are open as trading ports, allowing British people to live and send consuls; (4) For the agreed tariffs, British businessmen should pay import and export goods tax and reimbursement fees, and China Customs has no right to decide independently; (5) Abolish the public banking system and allow British businessmen to trade freely in China. In addition, it also provides for equal exchanges between officials of both sides, the release of soldiers and civilians of the other side and the withdrawal of British troops.

1July 22nd, 843, 10/0/October 8th, Jane Ying and Pu Dingcha successively signed the Charter of Sino-British Five-Port Trade and the Humen Treaty, as supplements and detailed rules of the treaty of nanking, and implemented the agreed tariff and concession system, which enabled Britain to obtain consular jurisdiction and unilateral MFN treatment.

Treaty influence: The treaty of nanking destroyed China's territorial integrity and tariff sovereignty, facilitated Britain's export of goods to China, and made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. After the treaty of nanking was signed, western powers took advantage of the fire to rob the Qing government and forced it to sign a series of unequal treaties, which further violated China's sovereignty, destroyed China's natural economy and accelerated the decline of the Qing Dynasty.

2. The Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty 1844 was signed on July 3rd.

The Treaty of Wang Xia, also known as the Sino-American Charter on Trade with Five Ports, was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government and the United States in Wang Xia Village, Macau on July 3, 2004 (the 24th year of Daoguang), and it was also the first unequal treaty signed by the Qing government and the United States. The Wang Xia Treaty of the United States has 34 articles with tariffs. The main content is that the United States enjoys the same rights as Britain in trade and diplomacy.

That is to say, the special rights and interests that Britain gained through the Opium War were all obtained by the United States except land cession and compensation, and in many ways, it was even more harmful to China: the Wang Xia Treaty of the United States was a more detailed and complete unequal treaty than the treaty of nanking Treaty and the Humen Treaty between China and Britain and their annexes. It is another heavier yoke on China, and it has also become a model for imperialist powers such as the Huangpu Treaty between China and France to sign unequal treaties with China.

3. The Sino-French Huangpu Treaty 1844 10 was signed on124 October.

The unequal treaty signed by the Qing Dynasty and France in Huangpu, Guangzhou on August 1844 (the 24th year of Daoguang) was also the first unequal treaty that France invaded China. This treaty also laid the first cornerstone for foreign invaders to openly invade China by using missionary rights. Like the Wang Xia Treaty, the Huangpu Treaty further weakened China's judicial, customs and territorial autonomy.

4. Tianjin Treaty was signed on June 1858.

Tianjin Treaty was an unequal treaty that Britain, France, Russia and the United States forced the Qing government to sign in Tianjin during the Second Opium War in the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858). The Second Opium War was a war of aggression launched by Britain and France against China in order to further expand the privilege of aggression. 1856 65438+ 10 broke out, 1860 65438+ 10 ended. 1858, the British and French fleets attacked Dagukou with the support of the United States and Russia. Dagubao fell and the British and French forces invaded Tianjin. The Qing government sent imperial envoys Gui Liang and Hua Shanna to sign the Tianjin Treaty with representatives of Russia, the United States, Britain and France respectively.

5. Sino-Russian love-fainting treaty 1858 was signed in May.

The Aihui Treaty, also known as the Aihui City Peace Treaty, was an unequal treaty signed in Aihui (now Aihui District, Heihe River, Heilongjiang Province) on May 28, 2008 (KLOC-0/858), which made China lose about 600,000 square kilometers of territory north of Heilongjiang and south of Xing 'an Mountains.

6. Beijing Treaty/KOOC-0/860/KOOC-0/0/KOOC-0/24 October-/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/0/0/4.

The Beijing Treaty, including the Sino-British Beijing Treaty, the Sino-French Beijing Treaty and the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government, Britain, France and Russia in Beijing after the Second Opium War in 1860. The Qing government appointed an imperial minister Yi? As a negotiation and signing representative. The signing place is in the yamen of Beijing Ritual Department, which is the southeast corner of Tiananmen Square today. In addition, the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Reconciliation and Trade signed with Portugal in 1887 is also known as the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Beijing.

7. The Sino-Russian Ili Treaty 188 1 was signed on February 24th.

The Sino-Russian Ili Treaty, also known as the Sino-Russian Revised Treaty and the Treaty of St. Petersburg, was signed in St. Petersburg on February 24, 188 1 year (the seventh year of Guangxu). It was a treaty between the Qing Dynasty and Russia on the return of Ili in Xinjiang. According to the treaty and its sub-treaties, although China recovered the territory near the Nine Cities of Yili and the Tekes River Basin, it still ceded more than 70,000 square kilometers to the northeast of Tacheng and to the west of Yili and Kashgar.

8.1876+The Sino-British Yantai Treaty, or the Yunnan Case Treaty, was signed in September 2003.

The Sino-British Yantai Treaty, also known as the Yunnan Case Treaty and the Sino-British Conference Terms, was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing Dynasty and Britain in Yantai on September 1876 (the second year of Guangxu). The signing of the treaty ended the "Yunnan case", but it also gave Britain the "treaty right" to invade the southwest border of China.

9. The Concise Convention between China and France was signed on May 1884+0 1.

Concise Treaty of Sino-French Conference, also known as Li Fu Agreement, was signed by Li Hongzhang and Fu on May 1884+0 1. Mainly: 1, the Qing government recognized the unequal treaty between France and Vietnam; 2. Allow the opening of ports and trade on the Sino-Vietnamese border; 3. Return to China's army in Vietnam. The treaty recognizes France's right to protect Vietnam and agrees to open the border between China and Vietnam for trade.

10. The Sino-French New Testament, also known as the Vietnam Treaty, was signed on June 9, 1985.

The Sino-French New Testament, namely the Vietnam Treaty or the Vietnam Clause, also known as the Sino-French Peace Treaty and the Ba Li Treaty, was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing Dynasty and France on June 9, 1985 (the 11th year of Guangxu) to end the Sino-French war. With the signing of the Sino-French Peace Treaty, France opened the "back door" of China. Since then, China and France have successively signed treaties such as Vietnam Border Trade Charter, Special Provisions on Continuation of Border Affairs and Special Provisions on Continuation of Commerce, which specifically established France's aggressive rights and interests, and gradually made southwest China become France's sphere of influence.

1 1. China-Japan treaty of shimonoseki was signed in April 1895.

Treaty of shimonoseki is an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government in China and the Meiji government in Shimonoseki (now Shimonoseki) on 1895 (March 23rd, 21st year of Guangxu). Formerly known as the New Testament of Shimonoseki, Japan called treaty of shimonoseki or Nissin Peace Treaty. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki marked the end of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The Chinese plenipotentiaries are Li Hongzhang and Li, and the Japanese plenipotentiaries are Ito Bowen and Lu Aozongguang. The Japanese obtained 200 million taels of silver from China through treaty of shimonoseki (200 million taels of military compensation, 30 million taels redeemed by Liao people, and 654.38+05,000 taels of troops stationed in Ahava), and paid it back with interest in eight installments, actually in four installments. According to the exchange rate at that time, the compensation was equivalent to 360 million yen.

12. sino-Japanese treaty on southern Liaoning1895165438+1October 8.

Also known as the Sino-Japanese Treaty on the Return of Nanfengtian, Li Hongzhang and Lin Dong, the plenipotentiary of Japan in China (Japanese name: はやしただす) signed in Beijing on 10/0. The treaty stipulates that Japan will return to Liaodong Peninsula; The Qing government paid 32 million Japanese Kuping silver as a "reward"; Japan withdrew its troops from Liaodong within three months after the payment.

13. the treaty of hate and ugliness 190 1 September 7th.

The Xin Chou Treaty, also known as the Xin Chou Peace Treaty and the Beijing Protocol, was a peace agreement signed by the Qing government with Britain, the United States, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands after the Boxer Rebellion failed and Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing. The treaty was signed in the 27th year of Guangxu (190 1) on July 25th, the year of Xin Chou, hence the name Xin Chou Treaty. Because the signing date of the treaty is September 7 in the solar calendar, there is a saying of "1997 national humiliation". The Xin Chou Treaty is an unequal treaty with the largest amount of compensation and the most serious loss of sovereignty in China's modern history.

According to the treaty, China's compensation price and interest totaled 980 million taels of silver, and Beijing Dongjiaominxiang was designated as the embassy boundary, allowing countries to station troops for protection, and China people were not allowed to live in the boundary; The Qing government promised to ban people from participating in the anti-imperialist movement; The Qing government demolished the fortified fortress along the Dagukou-Beijing railway in Tianjin and allowed foreign powers to send troops to important places along the Beijing-Shanhaiguan railway. This treaty marks that the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

Extended data:

Unequal treaties refer to international treaties and agreements that damage national sovereignty and unfairly distribute rights and obligations among States parties. According to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969): (1) A treaty concluded by a country by force or threat of force is absolutely null and void; (2) If the conclusion of a treaty conflicts with a peremptory rule of general international law, the treaty is invalid.

Unequal treaties often have strong rights and weak obligations, which essentially violate the principle of sovereign equality of countries and are widely condemned internationally. 1949 Many unequal treaties that China was forced to conclude with foreign countries were abolished by People's Republic of China (PRC) through diplomatic negotiations.

The concept of unequal treaties was first put forward by the Kuomintang of China in the AD1920s:

1.192365438+10/,Sun Yat-sen published the Declaration of the Kuomintang of China, which included "Concluding unequal treaties with other countries. So far, although the Qing court has replied, I am actually trapped in the status of a colonial power. "

2. 1924 65438+ 10, the first national congress of the Chinese Kuomintang held in Guangzhou formulated a platform and put forward the policy of "abolishing unequal treaties and repaying foreign debts" in foreign policy.

3. 1924 In August, China * * * published "The Fourth Proposition of the Current Situation" and put forward the proposition of "abolishing all unequal treaties".

4.1September, 924 18, the Declaration on the Northern Expedition of China Kuomintang was published, which included "demanding that all unequal treaties be revised".

Unequal treaties are relative to equal treaties. An equality treaty generally refers to a treaty with equal rights and obligations voluntarily agreed by all sovereign countries on the premise of equality and mutual benefit. Unequal treaties refer to treaties that are finally concluded, and the rights and obligations of all parties are unequal. The most common reason is that one party (or parties) uses force or threatens to use force to intimidate the other party (that is, imposes a treaty). However, some people think that the conclusion of unequal treaties does not necessarily involve force, as long as the content of the treaty is unequal to all parties. According to this expanded definition, unequal treaties can include the following situations:

1. The content of the treaty was originally equal to both parties; However, due to unforeseen changes, the obligations of both parties are not equal in actual implementation.

2. The content of the treaty is not equal to both parties; Regardless of the actual effect.

3. Use or threaten to use economic pressure or force to achieve the first situation.

4. Use or threaten to use economic pressure or force to achieve the second situation.

The content of the treaty is equal, but it was reached by economic pressure.

6. The content of the treaty is equal, but it was reached by force.

Reference link:

Treaty of nanking-Baidu encyclopedia

Wang Xia Treaty-Baidu Encyclopedia

Huangpu Treaty-Baidu Encyclopedia

Tianjin Treaty-Baidu Encyclopedia

Love faint treaty-Baidu encyclopedia

Beijing Treaty-Baidu Encyclopedia

Sino-Russian Ili Treaty-Baidu Encyclopedia

Sino-British Yantai Treaty-Baidu Encyclopedia

Concise Treaty of Sino-French Conference-Baidu Encyclopedia

Sino-French New Testament-Baidu Encyclopedia

Treaty of shimonoseki-Baidu encyclopedia

Sino-Japanese Southern Liaoning Treaty-Baidu Encyclopedia

Xin Chou Treaty-Baidu Encyclopedia

Unequal Treaty-Baidu Encyclopedia