Thangka and the Development of New Thangka School

The Development and Schools of Thangka

Due to natural and historical reasons, the origin of Thangka cannot be verified. Tibetan painting art came into being in all parts of Tibet as early as before the Tibetan king Songzan Gampo (7th century AD). According to the Jokhang Temple, Tubo Zanpusong Zagambo painted Balaam with his nosebleed after the signing of God, which is the legendary first Thangka. According to legend, this Thangka was hidden by the living Buddha Guo Zhuxi in the belly of Balaam's idol. As a scientific researcher, I'm afraid these legends are not enough. But as far as painting art is concerned, it can be traced back to Karuo in the Neolithic Age, and it has been perfected by the Tubo Dynasty. Because Thangka is limited by the age of paper, silk, cloth and other materials, it is difficult to see Thangka that existed in the legendary Tubo period. However, from the murals of Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple, Jokhang Temple and many other monasteries in Lhasa, it can be confirmed that the Tibetan painting art at that time had reached a quite high level. Therefore, it can be inferred that Thangka, as an extension of murals, appeared before the middle of the 7th century at the latest. In the early days, Thangkayin destroyed the Buddha through Langdama, and there was no trace to be found. Except for a few works in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, most of the existing Thangka are collective works of the Fifth Dalai Lama Lausanne Gyatso.

The earlier works of Thangka that can be seen now are the works of his disciple Gus before the death of Adi Gorge, a famous monk in 1 1 century. Thangka, a portrait of Adi Gorge "dbu-yon-ma" painted by a Nepalese painter, was entrusted by the translator of Nacuo to write 80 eulogies on the back of Thangka, which was written by the translator of Nacuo himself. Thangka was once preserved as a treasure of Rezhen Temple. Rezhen Temple and the clock of the founder of Kadang School? Thangka during Jonai period in Jawa was said to be able to resist fire. Thangka painted Guanyin with four arms, surrounded by eight followers. The painting style absorbed the measurement of Nepalese painting style, which was the prevailing style of Thangka and murals in the 3rd century11,and was also the period when Tibetan art was widely popularized.

/kloc-At the end of 0/4, a man named Mianla? The painter of Dunzhu Gacuo was born in Luozamiantang and went to Baidoa in Shigatse. As a teacher, Tashi Jeb studied painting hard and made great achievements in the field of painting art. According to the sequel, he compiled a monograph on painting and sculpture theory, "Satisfying the treasure with the image", and founded the "Sima Tang" school, which was passed down to future generations. His theoretical monograph has always been regarded as a classic of Tibetan painting art by later generations.

In 65438+5th century, a painter named Qin Ze Qin Mo was born in Gongga Gangdui area. He loved painting since he was a teenager, and he was able to paint all kinds of animals and plants independently. As an adult, he eagerly learned to describe Buddha statues and studied under Doba. Under the guidance of the painter Tashi Jeb, he founded the unique "Qinze" painting school.

The above "Tongmian School" and "Qinze School" originally came from the same school, and they all learned from Doba in modeling and measurement. Tashi Jeb's painting style later developed into two different styles of painting, mainly manifested in the difference between "one stroke and one martial art" and dyeing and goujin.

/kloc-The living Buddha of Nanka Chaxi, who was born in Yadui in the 6th century, studied religious culture and learned the painting methods of Miantang School since childhood, and founded the famous "Ga Chi School" (sgar-bri). In Chubu Temple, he also saw a silk Thangka painted by Han painting, which showed the historical scene of the fifth Karmapa invited by Emperor Yongle, the founder of Ming Dynasty, at the beginning of the 5th century and his activities in Beijing for 8 days/Kloc-0, which had a great influence on his creation of "Gachi School" painting style.

17th century, the 10th Karmapa? Qu Ying Duoji studied the painting style of exempting the old school. Based on the eighteen arhats Thangka of silk, he drew a large number of Thangka works, absorbed the paintings of trees, flowers and buildings in Chinese painting, and developed and founded "Kaburi" on the basis of inheriting the tradition of the blessing school.

Before the 5th Dalai Lama Gyatso in Lausanne, Thangka was a scattered work provided by folk painters to temples. Since then, an institution equivalent to the Painting Academy has been established, and Thangka's creation has entered a period of professional creation. The famous "Free Pond School" painters are: Loza? Tenzin robbed, Su Qing? Qu Ying Jean Chase, the Daryun? Bai Gong and Qu Yingjia CuO Living Buddha, etc.

Later, during the Jiaqing period of Ge Sang, the Seventh Dalai Lama, the "La Ri Bai Ji Hui" was established, which was an official painting academy. This undoubtedly promoted the development of Thangka art. All painters in the hospital have professional titles, and the highest painter is called "dbu-chen". The last "Wu Qin" in the history of Tibetan painting was Tashi Tsering, a master of Thangka painting.

/kloc-Born in Diwuma, Gongjue area in the 0/8th century. When Tenzin Pincuo was 8 years old, he began to study medicine and painting, and obtained a Guth degree from Sera Temple. His self-portrait of Thangka, The Statue of Gesiwu, is treasured in Wuma Temple in Gongjue. This shows that there was a custom of painting self-portraits in Tibet at that time.

19th century, famous painter Zhebang? Luwengesi's works include eighteen arhats in Guo Man, drepung monastery, Thangka with two wins and six strictness, some secret protectors, Le Sheng in Badain Zacang, Thangka in Mida Wade and Thangka in Fa Wang Liang Pearl. His works are lifelike. According to legend, he drew a mouse and put it in a place where cats often haunt. Indeed, a cat servant looked at it.

In the 1940 s, Zizhong came to participate? Yixi Gyatso was instructed by the Archives of Tibet local government to open an art school, which taught various painting skills to more than 30 scholars and trained many outstanding painters, the most famous of which was Amdo Jamba. He was born in Amdo and came to drepung monastery in Lhasa to study Buddhism and painting. His excellent Thangka works can be seen in many temples in Norbulingka, Lhasa and Tibet.

Qing Wu, a famous painter, has created many murals and Thangka works in modern times, and trained many apprentices. One of his disciples, Gerth Lausanne Pincuo, was entrusted by the 10th Panchen Lama to draw a set of five Thangkas twice.

Some painting schools have been formed in different periods in history, which have had different degrees of influence on later generations. If yes:

Ga 'er River: Ga 'er River is a painting school of Nanmukazhaxi Living Buddha, which combines the measurement of Tibetan painting with the coloring and setting of Han painting (Chinese painting). It is characterized by large screen, large capacity, delicate face and hidden smile.

Jiejubi painting school: Jiejubi painting school is a painting school founded by Karma Quyang Duojie on the basis of Tibetan painting and absorbing Kashmir painting style.

Tanlu School: Home of Scholars and Full House? Chaka and others' painting style is called Lu Dan Painting School, and there are some art classics such as "Goddess Measuring the Best Treasure Beads".

Daire School: Daire School is a painting school that combines the styles of Gaerhe School and Miantang School. Its main feature is to pay attention to the shape, expression and connotation of characters. The famous painters of this genre are Tenzin Nobu and Rongba. Sonan Jiebao, Zhila Piri Wucairang, Tangla Caiwang, etc.

Hikamba: The painting style of the living Buddha of Hikamba and the painting school that keeps this style are called Hikamba. Because this school is greatly influenced by Nepalese painting style, it is also called Nepalese painting school.

Mansar School: The founder of Mansar School is Zangba? Quyang Jiacuo, the school is characterized by rough lines, powerful faces, heavy coloring, slightly higher stature and fine painters.

Peng Bo Painting School: Peng Bo Painting School is famous for its rigorous painting style, exquisite brushwork and exquisite materials. Zidan Langjie is the tenth generation painter of the school, and also the most accomplished and prestigious folk artist in contemporary times. His paintings are very popular at home and abroad. In order to carry forward Thangka, a national artistic treasure, he has received careful guidance from ten disciples, laying the foundation for the smooth inheritance of painting school.

The development of modern Thangka art is more perfect and standardized. Tibet University has set up an art department and opened a Tibetan painting major. There is a strong teaching team, which not only inherits the traditional Tibetan painting techniques, but also absorbs the essence of various paintings in the East and West, constantly innovating and cultivating a large number of new generation of artistic painting talents for the country.

In addition, from 1995, in Long Zhen Wu, Tongren County, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, the painter Raj used the traditional Tibetan Thangka painting techniques to sort out and draw a huge work, The Grand View of Tibetan Culture and Art Painting in China. The painter of this huge scroll painting is mainly Qinghai Regong artists, and the participants are more than 300 artists from Tibet, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces (regions), which took four years to complete. 1999 is listed as "the best in Guinness World".

Due to the popularity of Buddhism in Tibetan areas, most Thangkas have a strong religious color. Thangka is a treasure in Tibetan people's life and a representative of Tibetan cultural and artistic achievements, with high artistic value and collection value.

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