School of photography

Painting photography is a popular art school in the field of photography at the beginning of the 20th century, which originated in England in the middle of19th century.

Photographers of this school pursue the effect of painting or the realm of "poetic" in their creation. It has gone through three stages: imitation stage; An elegant stage; Art stage.

The painter put forward "Raphael of photography, Titian of photography."

Painting photography has experienced a long period of development. The first photographic disc for painting was the British painter Shiloh (1802- 1870). He is good at portrait photography, and his works are rigorous in structure and elegant in shape. 185 1 to 1853 is the growth period of painting photography. 1869, British photographer HP Robinson (1830-1901) published a book about the picturesque effect of photography. He proposed: "A photographer must have rich emotions and in-depth artistic understanding in order to become an excellent photographer. Undoubtedly, the continuous improvement and continuous invention of photography has inspired higher goals, because photography itself is only a way to higher goals, no matter how exquisite and complete it is. " It laid a theoretical foundation for this school.

1857, Og Relander (18 13- 1875) created a Renaissance-style work composed of more than 30 negatives: two lifestyles, which marked the maturity of painting and photography.

Most of the works in this period are full of religious colors and contain certain metaphors. When shooting, make a sketch in advance, then use models and props to organize and arrange the scene, and deal with it through the darkroom. Pursue the painting effect of the photo screen.

Subsequently, the content of painting photography has been expanded, but the style still advocates classicism, and the modeling and composition still have academic rules, so it appears frugal, heavy and elegant.

When the genre develops to the painting stage, it is still characterized by the pursuit of emotional beauty, artistic conception beauty and formal beauty.

Because the painter emphasizes artistic accomplishment: "In order to make photography have a place in art, photographers must first cultivate their aesthetic ability and artistic accomplishment." Therefore, its historical achievement is to guide photography from the initial mechanical imitation object to the field of plastic arts, which promotes the development of photography art.

Because the creation of paintings is mostly divorced from real life, photographic equipment is improving day by day, and people's aesthetic taste is also developing constantly, which is impacted by "naturalism". Nevertheless, it still occupies a place in today's photography art hall.

The main photographers and works of this genre are: Pledge (? -1896) Baron's banquet, Robinson Crusoe, pagoda scene; Robin Hood's "At the end of the day, autumn, two little girls, dying, Juliet with poison bottles, dawn and sunset"; Relander the Baptist, the leader of Sunglow Covenant, Evy, Virginia, You Dite and Holofernes; Thomas Carlyle and Nida (1820- 19 10) of Mrs. Cameron (15-1897) are dying.

2. Impressionist photography

From 65438 to 0899, the first exhibition of French impressionist painting was held in England. Under the influence of the painter Robinson, he put forward the aesthetic standard that "soft tone photography is more beautiful than sharp tone photography" and advocated "soft tone" photography. This school is the reflection of painting impressionism in the field of photography.

At first, they shot with a soft-focus lens, developed and printed with woven paper, and pursued a vague artistic expression effect. With the appearance of "silver bromide development method" and paper development method with dichromate glue in pigment, impressionist works developed from the control of lens imaging to darkroom processing. They put forward that "works should look nothing like photos" and "if there is no painting, there is no real photography."

Under the guidance of this theory, impressionist photographers also use brushes, pencils and erasers to process pictures, deliberately changing their original light and shade changes and pursuing the effect of "painting". For example, La Croia's The Park Sweeper, written in 1900, is like a charcoal pen drawn on a canvas. Impressionist photographers have completely lost the characteristics of their own photography art, so some people call them "imitators". It can be said to be a branch of painting photography.

The artistic features of this genre are gloomy tone, rough shadow lines and rich decoration, but lack of sense of space. Its famous photographer is Du Masi (? -1937), Puyue (1857- 1933), Qiu En (1866- 1944), Watsek (1848-/) 187 1- 1937), Durkheim (1848- 1965438), Evre (1874-1998)

3. Realistic photography

Realistic photography is a school of photography with a long history, which continues to this day and is still the basis and main school of photography. It is the embodiment of realistic creation method in the field of photography art.

Photographers of this genre insist on the documentary characteristics of photography in their creation. In their view, photography should have the loyalty of "equality with nature itself". Only when every detail in the picture has "mathematical accuracy" can the work exert its appeal and persuasiveness that other art media do not have. A. Stiglitz once said: "Only discussing loyalty is our mission." On the other hand, they reflect objects coldly and objectively like objective mirrors, and advocate that creation should be selective, and artists should have their own aesthetic judgment on what they reflect. The famous realistic photographer Lewis Haine once said such a famous saying: "I want to expose those things that should be corrected;" At the same time, we should also reflect on what should be praised. " It can be seen that they advocate that art should "reflect life". They dare to face up to reality, and most of their creative themes are taken from social life. The artistic style is unpretentious, but it has strong witness and prompt power.

The earliest hobby of realistic photography was 1853, a collodion documentary filmed by British photographer Philip Delamotte. Later, it was Ross Fenton's battlefield photography in the late 1960s and the Yellowstone Wonder in willian jackson. After 1870, realistic photography gradually matured and began to turn its lens to society and life. For example, Dr. Barnardo, a photographer at that time, photographed the tragic situation of street children, which was shocking.

Subsequently, a large number of realistic photographers emerged, and their works were famous for their strong authenticity and profundity in the history of photography. For example, British Brandt's "Coal Miner"; American R. Kappa's French woman who collaborated with the enemy was shaved and paraded through the streets; French Weiss's "Girl" and so on, too numerous to mention.

4. Nature photography

1899 Photographer Peter Henry Emerson published a paper entitled "Naturalistic Photography" in view of the weakness of painting creation, criticizing painting photography as fragmented photography, and advocating photographers to return to nature and seek creative inspiration. He believes that nature is the starting point and end point of art, and only the art that is closest to and most like nature is the highest art. He said that no art reflects nature more accurately, meticulously and faithfully than photography. "Emotionally and psychologically, the effect of photography hobby lies in the unadorned lens scenes recorded by photosensitive materials." Another master of this school, A·L· Pacho, put it more clearly: "Art should be left to artists. As far as our photography is concerned, there is nothing to rely on art, and we must engage in independent creation. "

It can be seen that this artistic concept is a reaction to painting, which urges people to liberate photography from the shackles of academic school and promote the full play of their own characteristics.

The creative themes of this school are mostly natural scenery and social life.

Because naturalistic photography is satisfied with describing the surface truth of reality and the "absolute" truth of details, it ignores the excavation of the essence of reality and the refinement of surface objects. In short, it does not pay attention to the typicality of artistic creation and artistic image. So it is essentially the vulgarization of realism. Sometimes it leads to a distortion of reality.

The famous photographers in this school are Dwieson (1856- 1930), Wilkinson (1857- 192 1), Geer (? -1906), scratch music (1856-? ), Sutcliffe (1859-1940), etc.

5. Pure photography

Pure photography is a genre of photographic art, which matured in the early 20th century. Its founder is American photographer Stie Grize (1864- 1946). They advocate that photography should give full play to its own characteristics and expression, get rid of the influence of painting, and pursue the unique aesthetic effect of photography with pure photography technology-high definition, rich tone levels, subtle changes in light and shadow, pure black and white tones, meticulous texture expression and accurate image depiction. In a word, the photographers of this school deliberately pursue the so-called "photographic quality": accurately, directly, subtly and naturally express the light, color, line, shape, grain and quality of the subject, without any other modeling art media.

Overlooking new york exhibited in class 19 13 is a masterpiece of pure academic school. The photographer overlooks a square in new york from a height. Although there is no processing and decoration, the novel composition and unique shape are refreshing. Another example is frank K Sandberg of E. He used the method of multiple exposures to avoid the limitation of space and time in a single work, and depicted the poet's emotional transformation, the combination of colors and the change of composition in one picture, which was very rhythmic.

From a certain point of view, some thoughts and creations of purists are "hybrids" of formalism and naturalism, and later evolved into "new objectivism". However, this genre has promoted people's exploration and research on the characteristics and performance skills of photography to a certain extent.

The famous photographer of this genre is strand (1890-? ) and F64 group photographers, such as Adams and Cunningham.

The works in the later period of Pure School developed to the abstraction of lines, patterns and distorted images, and its influential photographers included Yabo, Steiner, Steven and Evans.

6. New objectivism photography

Neo-objectivism photography is also called "dominant photography" and "new realistic photography". It is a school of photography art that appeared in the 1920s.

The artistic feature of this school is to seek "beauty" in ordinary things. By means of close-up, close-up and other means, the subject is "separated" from the whole, a certain detail of the subject is highlighted, and its surface structure is accurately and truly portrayed, thus achieving dazzling visual effects. It does not think that the essence of art lies in the essence of objects, so its aesthetic thought belongs to naturalism. For example, in 1923, photographer Pacho took a close-up shot of the locomotive shaft, showing the state of the locomotive shaft in operation, which gave the audience a strong visual impression because the picture abandoned other details.

The theoretical pioneer of neo-objectivism is strand, who made the following provisions on the artistic characteristics of objectivism: "Neo-objectivism is the essence of photography, as well as the product and boundary of photography." He believes that photography "has a strong expressive force on life and needs to observe the eyes of things." To this end, it is not based on perfunctory processes and operating methods, but must use pure photography. "The pioneers of neo-objectivism photography are Ajie and Steichen. The actual founder is Pacho mentioned above.

The achievement of neo-objectivism photographers is to urge people to study and explore the characteristics of photography itself and bring photography back to real life from the illusory world of aesthetics. However, due to over-emphasis on the description of the surface structure of detailed materials, it provided a germination soil for later abstract photography.

Around 1925, due to the appearance of large-caliber small cameras, the performance field of neo-objectivism has made new development, resulting in many portrait works and works reflecting social life and natural scenery.

Famous photographers of neo-objectivism are Sander (1876- 1964), Lasky (1871-956) and Haig (1893-/kloc-). ), Eft (1874- 1948), Weston ADAMS (? -1902), etc.

7. Surrealism photography

Surrealism photography is a school that appeared in the field of photography art during the decline of Dadaism, and it rose in the 1930s.

This school has strict art courses and theories. They believe that it is a task that classical artists have already completed to express the real world with realistic creative methods, while the mission of modern artists is to explore the new and unexplored "spiritual world" of mankind. Therefore, people's subconscious activities, accidental inspiration, psychopathy and dreams have become the objects of surrealist photographers' deliberate performance.

Surrealism in photography, like Dada photographers, takes scissors, paste and darkroom technology as the main modeling means, creating a surreal "artistic realm" between reality and fantasy, concreteness and abstraction. So the effect is strange, absurd and mysterious.

The founders of this genre are British photographer Winston and American Bruggaier (1880- 1945). The real finisher is British stage photographer Kyle Bing (1905-? ), in his own creation, he combined the virtual reality of "surrealism" with the real reality, creating a realm that is both illusory and real. For example, Kyle Bing's Self-Portrait, written by him in 1946, is a typical surrealist work, with four exposures-one front, two sides and one eye.

Famous photographers of this genre include Paerhan, a painter engaged in surrealist highlights; Deformed human photographer Brent; Portrait and publicity photographers Carson, Blumenthal, Lorraine, Halsman, Lion, etc.

8. abstract photography

Abstract photography is a school of photography art that appeared after the First World War.

Photographers of this school deny that plastic arts reflect life and express artists' aesthetic feelings with observable artistic images, and claim that photography should be "liberated from photography".

At the beginning, the detailed texture and rich tone of the "main body" were omitted by bottomless amplification method, and a "light map" was made that only showed its shape. Later, we developed either using light, editing highlights, or intermediate exposure, or shaking the camera during shooting to blur the image of the subject on the negative, or repeatedly exposing it to make it appear ghost, until we changed the surface structure of the picture, changed the original shape and spatial structure of the subject, and tried to use the so-called "absolute abstract language" of form, tone (color) and material to transform the subject into a combination of lines, points and shapes that could not be recognized. To show the so-called most authentic and essential subconscious world of human beings that artists of this genre regard as the standard. In the work, the object to be photographed is just a note borrowed by the artist to produce a "melody" to express one's imagination and personality at will.

The originator of abstract photography is Talbot (1800- 1877). At the beginning, the picture of the work still maintained a certain degree of identifiability. By 19 17, photographers were trained (1882-? ) Bordeaux Pictorial, shot with sawdust and transparent glass fragments, is beyond recognition. 1922, Hungarian abstract painter Moholinaki (1895-? ) in Manrui (1890-? ) and others, and established in theory. Subsequently, abstract painters Kandinsky and Koehler introduced microphotography and X-ray photography, which greatly expanded the expression range of abstract photography, enriched the language of photography art, and established their own artistic system, which was popular in Europe and America.

In addition to those mentioned in the article, there are other representatives of this school, such as Scott, Fenninger, Anzhen Rand, Freitay, Winkler, Grimport, Friedrich Hirth and Bruggaier.

9. comparable photography

Kanpai photography is the main photography school that opposed painting photography after the First World War.

This school of photographers advocates respecting the characteristics of photography, emphasizing truth and nature, advocating that the subject should not be manipulated or interfered when shooting, and that the instantaneous modality of the subject should be grasped in the natural state. Henri cartier bresson, a famous French photographer, said: "For me, photography is to record the meaning of an event and accurately express its precise organizational form in an instant." Therefore, the artistic characteristics of this school are objective, true, natural, cordial, casual, unpretentious, vivid and full of life.

As far as their aesthetic thoughts and creative tendencies are concerned, the situation of "Kan" photographers is more complicated. Although they advocate the expression of human nature, most of them are engaged in news photography, but there are also naturalists and realists.

The work that gave birth to this genre was 1893 photographer Alfred Stiglitz's Winter on the Fifth Street in new york, which was really completed by German photographer Dr. ehrlich salomon. He shot the Rome political conference with a small camera at the end of a night meeting held by the German and French prime ministers, which became a classic in the history of this genre of photography because of its vividness, truthfulness, simplicity and naturalness.

In photography aesthetics, they believe that "a photo based on the basic characteristics of photography cannot be imitated by painters or etchers." It has its own inseparable self, has its own special expressive force, and even has characteristics that other media can't show. " Secondly, for the expression of objective things, they attach importance to and emphasize originality, thinking: "(Photographers should see the world with their own eyes, not through other people's eyes, and this is the standard to distinguish whether photos are mediocre or brilliant, valuable or worthless."

The famous photographers of this school are Thomas Dau Weil Mai Aboy of the United States; Park Jung Su Modal in Britain; Victor Hoffman of France; There are Louis Dahl Wolff, Peter Starkpier Bruvic and so on.

10. Dadaism photography

Dadaism is a literary trend of thought that appeared in Europe during World War I. "Dada" was originally an incoherent vocabulary of "pony" or "toy horse" in French children's language. Dadaism artists deny rationality and traditional culture in their creation, claim that art is divorced from aesthetics, advocate "abandoning painting and all aesthetic requirements" and advocate nothingness, which makes their creation almost playful, so people call this art school "Dadaism".

Since Dadaism's photographic works don't meet people's general aesthetic tastes and requirements, since 1924, it has been gradually impacted by the surrealist art school with clear and complete artistic tofu and schemes. But its influence can still be seen in the later modernist photography art.

Famous Dadaism photographers include Philip Halsman, Morgan, Laszlo Molina Feng Jingen and Listsky.

1 1. Subjective photography

Subjective photography is a school of photography art formed after the Second World War, which is more "abstract" than abstract photography, so it is also called "postwar school".

It is the reflection of existentialism philosophy in the field of photography. Its founder is German photographer Ott Steiner. He believes that "photography is a vast field that has the ability to play its own role, and it also has a high degree of subjective initiative. But now it has become a kind of mechanical realism. " So he put forward the artistic idea of "subjectivization of photography art", and strongly advocated that the ultimate of photography art should be to remind photographers of their vague ideas and express their unspeakable inner state and subconscious activities. "Subjective photography is personalized and personalized photography. This is the art program of this school. Subjective photography artists attach great importance to their creative personality and despise all existing artistic rules and aesthetic standards. The theorists of this school openly stated that "subjective photography is not only an experimental image art, but also a free and unrestricted creative art" and "we can create photos at will by using technology. "

The evolution of western body photography in the history of world art, there was a glorious period of body art in the Renaissance of Greece and Europe. After experiencing the initial reappearance of objective reality with shocking artistic expression, photographers with exploration spirit and creativity began to make breakthroughs in the field of human photography. 1857, Swedish photographer Radalan, who later lived in Britain, took photos of two life paths, which is a classic in the history of photography. This picture is rich in plot and scenes, and uses a lot of human works. The theme is to observe good and punish evil, with emphasis on the elderly with white temples. The two groups of characters on both sides embody two different moral concepts, life ideal and life process. But it was also attacked by a few people, saying that it used so many naked women, and its posture was rude and obscene, which was pornographic. Visible, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, body art, no matter how positive its ideological significance, how clever its artistic handling, will be criticized and attacked by some people, which has probably become a routine response.

The development trend of western body photography is very obvious. While developing conventional traditional human body photography, it is also popular to express strong subjective feelings, modern photography language, create works of various genres, and even appear deformed, cut, reorganized, mysterious, absurd and ugly artistic conception. For example, Jerry Youseman's symbolic human body photography, roger martin's casual human body photography, Todd Walker's original huge human body photography, Robert Hennes Chin's and Kai Tak Su Okhama's cutting and recombination human body photography, Lee's absurd human body photography, and Ningda's and Congrodoni Mitchell's sexy human body photography.