Photography asking for directions

First of all, to be a qualified photographer, you must first learn to "shoot" and keep the camera under your control. Secondly, to be a successful photographer, you need good artistic accomplishment and aesthetic concept to create wonderful works, which is the most important and necessary. This aspect requires personal talent and continuous learning the day after tomorrow, so I won't say much here. In addition, the design of various cameras is basically the same, just read the instructions and feel it.

Let me briefly talk about the basis of shooting:

The so-called "shooting" is not just pressing the shutter to take a photo. In order to take your favorite photos, you must fully understand some technical terms involved in camera theory:

1. Image depth

The distance between two imaging planes where the front boundary of depth of field and the back boundary of depth of field are conjugated respectively. Image depth corresponds to the depth of field, and the greater the image depth, the greater the depth of field.

Criteria for determining the depth of field: 135 The diameter of the blur circle allowed by the camera is generally 1/30 mm, that is, 0.033mm..

2. hyperfocal distance:

When the lens is focused at infinity, the scene at infinity forms a clear image, and at the same time, the object at a certain point at a limited distance can reach a clear standard, and the object near this point is blurred, so the distance between this object and the lens is hyperfocal distance.

3. focal length

The distance from the center of the lens to the focus. The unit of focal length is usually expressed in mm (millimeter). The focal length of the lens is usually marked in front of the lens, for example, f=50mm (this is what we usually call a "standard lens" because its viewing angle is the same as that of the human eye), and the focal length of 28-70mm (our most commonly used lens) is most suitable for taking portraits, 70-210 mm.

4. Hole

A device that controls the amount of light passing through a lens. The aperture is represented by f, including f 1.0, f 1.4, f2.0, f2.8, f4.0, f5.6, f8.0, f1,f 16 and f22.

function

1. It can adjust the amount of light entering the lens. For example, the pupil of a domestic kitten always shrinks into a line during the day, and automatically Zhang Kaicheng a round hole at night. So in the same way, when taking pictures, the aperture should be narrowed when the light is strong, and the aperture should be opened when the light is dark. That is to say, the smaller the F value (other parameters remain unchanged), the more favorable it is for shooting at night.

The adjusting ring on the rotating lens or the knob on the digital camera body is used to adjust the aperture size.

2. Aperture is the most important factor to determine the depth of field, with large aperture, small depth of field, small aperture and large depth of field! For example, nearsighted friends, if they don't wear glasses, always habitually squint at things, so they can often see things clearly. To use photographic terminology, this is called: narrowing the aperture (pupil) and increasing the depth of field!

5. Shutter

Device for controlling exposure time. Shutters can generally be divided into curtain shutters, lens shutters and steel shutters. Among them, curtain blinds can be divided into vertical curtain blinds and horizontal curtain blinds. Steel shutter can reach higher speed (the highest shutter speed can reach112000 seconds or more at present). Generally, the highest speed of the inter-mirror blade shutter does not exceed 1/500 seconds, but the biggest advantage of the inter-mirror blade shutter is that the noise generated during shooting is extremely low, which is very conducive to sneak shots and can realize synchronous flashing within the full speed range.

6. Shutter speed

Opening time of shutter. It refers to the time (exposure time) when light sweeps across the film. For example, "1/30" means that the exposure time is 1/30 seconds. Similarly, "1/60" means that the exposure time is1/60s, and the shutter of1/60s is1/30s. The rest and so on.

Note: Some materials refer to shutter speed as shutter time. The two names are different, but they mean the same thing, both referring to the shutter opening time.

7. Depth of field

The relatively clear range of the image. The depth of field depends on three factors: the focal length of the lens,

The distance between the camera and the subject and the aperture used. The relationship between depth of field and the above three factors is: the longer the focal length, the shorter the depth of field; The shorter the focal length, the longer the depth of field (for example, a 28mm mirror with the same aperture and distance)

The scene of Yuntai is far greater than 70mm lens); The closer the distance is, the shorter the depth of field is, and the farther the distance is, the longer the depth of field is (for example, under the same focal length and aperture, the subject at 10 meter is far away.

The depth of field of the object at 1 m); (3) The larger the aperture, the shorter the depth of field, the smaller the aperture and the longer the depth of field (for example, under the same focal length and distance, the scene with aperture F 16 is far greater than the depth of field with aperture F4.

Depth of field).

photoflood lamp

Light mainly includes four characteristics-light intensity, light properties, light directionality and light color.

We mainly talk about the directionality of light, that is, we often say smooth, side light, backlight, top light and ground light.

1, backlighting: This is a kind of light with the flattest effect. Without taking advantage of the three-dimensional sense and spatial depth of the subject, it lacks vitality.

2. Side light: The effect of side light is obviously improved, and the change of light and shade produced by the subject shows a sense of standing and surface texture, which is more in line with people's normal visual habits, so it is widely used in photography.

3. Backlight: Silhouette can be formed to outline the shape of the object and separate it from the background. Forming bright lines on the edge of the object shape can render the atmosphere to be expressed and enrich and activate the picture.

4. Top light: The effect of top light makes the picture feel hot, which produces strong projection under the eyes, nose and chin of the character, and plays an ugly role in the image of the character.

5. Ground lighting: Ground lighting will cause a "ghost light" effect from bottom to top, which is often used to eliminate the shadow caused by lighting such as top light.

Photometric measurement

1. Multi-area photometry

Multi-area photometry is also called evaluation photometry, which divides the picture into several areas. Calculate independently and then sort it out. In order to obtain a complete exposure value, multi-area photometry usually gives priority to the main target being focused, because in

In most cases, the main purpose of focusing is to get the correct exposure. Multi-area photometry can easily obtain accurate exposure results even for people who know nothing about photography. Therefore, multi-area metering is an advanced and popular metering method at present, and it is also the default metering method for high-end automatic cameras at present.

2. Center key average photometry

Central focus average metering is a metering mode widely used by most cameras, and it is also a widely used one. Central focus photometry means that the exposure reading is most affected by the central area and least affected by the four corners of the picture, usually the central area.

Focus metering is sensitive to the central part of the picture (the specific scope varies according to different brands of cameras), and some cameras pay attention to the bottom of the picture to reduce the influence of the sky on the scenery.

In the case of constant shooting, center-focused photometry is a very practical photometry chess, but if the main body of the picture is not in the center or shot in reverse light, it may cause photometry errors.

Fixed point photometry

Spot metering, also known as key metering, measures the area of1%–5% within the framing range. Spot metering mode is rarely used and is not easy to master. But in some cases, spot metering can play an important role. Knowing when spot metering should be used and using spot metering correctly can make the exposure of the subject accurate on the one hand, and create wonderful pictures that can't be seen in reality by using "sensitivity tolerance" on the other hand. Application of spot metering mode: in the case of uneven light distribution and large contrast, such as backlight, if spot metering is not used in this case, the exposure of the subject to be represented may be inaccurate. When it is too bright, the subject becomes a silhouette, and the picture is white without layers, or it is too dark to see the details clearly.

Photography skills

Shooting a good photographic work requires certain equipment, patience and some necessary knowledge. The so-called "photography" is to shoot some parts or all of the scenery and attract the audience with the beauty of the unique characteristics of the subject.

However, when shooting close-ups, it is usually because the camera is very close to the subject, and it is easy to affect the image quality because of the unstable grip of the camera. But you can overcome these problems by buying some suitable equipment. Shooting a good photographic work requires mastering the following skills:

First, use a tripod.

You must put the camera on a tripod to prevent it from shaking. Try to keep the camera close to the subject, and be careful not to introduce unnecessary shadows.

Second, focus on the orbit.

Although it is not necessary for shooting, the focus track is a good auxiliary device, which can help you take good close-ups. The focal track can make the camera move along the X-axis and Y-axis in very small increments, and can accurately control the camera position and the depth of field of the picture. It is very troublesome to move the triangular bracket to the ideal position.

Third, use cable release.

Even if you have installed the camera on a tripod, if you press the shutter carelessly, it may still shake the camera, so in order to avoid this situation, I suggest you use cable release.

Step 4 Use a black or colored background

When shooting, when the background of the object is black, the shot image can be made to look the clearest. You can also use a fuzzy background, especially when the color of the subject is very strong.

5. Use reflective cards when necessary. Use a white card or wrap a layer of aluminum foil on the card to reflect the light on the object and illuminate the shadow part of the object. Be careful not to let this card appear in the shooting range.

6. Be patient.

Sometimes, even the breeze blurs close-ups. At this time, you must be patient, and it is best to wait until the wind has passed. Similarly, when shooting outdoors, when the clouds in the sky cover the sun, it is best to wait until the sun comes out, so that the photos will look more cloudy.

The photos are getting brighter and brighter.

Seven, make good use of composition

Ernest Haas, an Austrian photographer, has reached the point where there is no sword in his hand and a sword in his heart. He believes: "Composition lies in balance, and everyone handles balance differently." Just like when Wushu reaches the highest level, there is no name for moves, and it can only be solved by one's own ability. On the position of camera in composition. He believes: "The more you can forget your equipment, the more you can concentrate on your subject matter and composition, so the camera is just a continuation of your eyes and has no other meaning."

Jacobs Jr also thinks: "The most basic factors of composition are lines, forms, textures and the space between these factors. Of course, color is also a factor that cannot be ignored. Convergence lines can generally explain the perspective relationship, but not all photos should show the depth of perspective. Many excellent works are flat patterns. Portraits of scenes or people in the viewfinder are arranged according to the photographer's personal feelings. Therefore, how to compose a composition, just like how to choose a theme, light and color, can also be the basis of a photographer's unique personal style. " In most cases, one or a group of shapes or forms play a leading role in each photo, and the shapes such as color, volume and position in the photo serve as the leading factors.

"Contrast in composition refers to the contrast between big and small, bright and dark, near and far, active and passive, smooth and rough, rich and light colors and so on. We should make more use of these opposing factors so that the subject can influence the whole composition through them. For example, if the law of contrast is properly applied, photos will have a strong charm. " Some people may have a gift for composing music.

Eight, when the proportion of the subject in the picture is too small, or the picture is blank and monotonous (such as shooting high places in the sunset)

When building), you can creatively use the silhouette formed by underexposure as the foreground. Black silhouette can not only oppress the audience's vision of the subject, but also not distract the audience. We can even

In order to make use of the border with silhouette as the main body to form square, round or varied shapes, the ordinary scenery has a unique sense of picture form and increases the sense of depth of the picture.

"owing is better than not owing" (1) and "owing is better than not owing" (2)

Nine, the two exposure principles of "living is better than not living" and "living is better than not living" in photography have different views, and both of them are promising.

Many supporters. As the name implies, "overexposure is better than underexposure" means "overexposure is better than underexposure". As long as the exposure histogram does not exceed the right boundary, you can safely overexpose, which will make the picture as clean as possible.

Delicate, and the higher the sensitivity, the more obvious the effect; "Underexposure is better than overexposure" means "Underexposure is better than overexposure", because the problem that the picture is not bright enough caused by underexposure can be completely compensated by PS in the later stage, and once overexposure,

Exposing and losing details is difficult to solve with any software.