Education in Qing Dynasty and the Abolition of Imperial Examination System

? Education in Qing Dynasty and the Abolition of Imperial Examination System

The imperial examination system is a basic system for selecting officials through examinations in the history of China. It originated in the Han Dynasty, was founded in the Sui Dynasty, and experienced the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1905), the imperial examination system was officially abolished, which lasted for more than 300 years. The emergence of Chinese imperial examination system is a historical necessity and social progress. It directly and powerfully replaced and negated the official selection system in ancient China, especially the inspection and transfer system in Han Dynasty and the nine-grade system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and provided the conditions for fair competition for the general public to enter the historical and political stage through the imperial examination ladder. Therefore, the imperial examination system is the most pioneering and equal system in the history of China and even the world.

Schools in Qing dynasty

Literature from the Qing Dynasty? School? , refers to all kinds of national educational institutions. There were various official schools in Qing Dynasty, with imperial academy, Zongxue, Jueluo and Eight Banners as the capitals. Every province has government schools, state schools and county schools. In addition to these official schools, there are private schools, social schools, voluntary schools and colleges founded by private and local society. All these government-run and private educational institutions constitute our schools in a broad sense in modern Chinese.

First, private schools, social studies, and volunteering. In the Qing Dynasty, all public educational institutions were private schools, except for the rich who hired tutors to teach their children. Private schools are run by private individuals, clans or local associations, and Confucian scholars (usually scholars or old girls in old boys) are employed as teachers. Private schools teach hundreds of family names, thousands of characters, three-character classics and other literacy enlightenment materials, and those with high academic qualifications also choose four books and five classics. Social studies and volunteer studies also belong to the enlightenment education institutions. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, fifty private schools were ordered to set up social studies and hired teachers to educate children of the private sector. In the early Qing dynasty, it was ordered to set up social schools in various townships, and those with excellent writing style were selected as social teachers. The government removed them from their posts and paid them as appropriate. Generally speaking, voluntary schools are founded by local society or people eager for public interests, thus making up for the lack of social studies and recruiting orphans and children from poor families. All these students can take the imperial examination, which is called tong sheng.

Second, government studies, state studies and county studies. These are public schools, funded by the state. Students who pass the examination and enter county, state and government schools are called students, also known as students, Cai Mao and doctoral students, commonly known as scholars. Government, state and county schools are all established by courts and associate academic officials.

Third, imperial academy. Imperial academy, also known as imperial academy, is a Chinese school established in the capital of the Qing Dynasty. Students who drop out of school in prison are collectively called imperial academy students, but in fact they are divided into Gong students and Jane students. ? Gong? Tribute to Wang Ting means to pay tribute to the imperial court.

There are five kinds of tribute students. One is the year-old tribute. At the age of 20, students who have studied food in prefectures and counties are promoted in turn according to their seniority. The number of places varies according to the size of schools in prefectures and counties, or one in one or two years, or one in three, four, five or even ten years. The second one is Ang. In case of the National Day or the year when the imperial edict is promulgated, tributes are issued in this year, which are called tributes, and the next year, the one who ranks first among all the students will be the tributes. The third is to draw tribute. Bagong is given a special examination by the provincial academic affairs office for each student, and the best one is selected. The selection is not regular at first, and it will be held every 12 years after seven years of Qianlong. In the year of each exam, students will register with their local government, state and county schools, and after being examined by academic officials, they will be sent to the provincial government to take the exam. Admission places are generally two for each public school and one for each county school. The fourth is You Gong. You Gong was also admitted to the provinces to study politics once every three years, but there were only a few people in each province. The fifth is the secondary tribute. In the Qing Dynasty, after obtaining the provincial examinations, all provinces were admitted to the vice list according to one fifth of the official admission quota, which was called vice tribute. The above five tributes were born in the right direction, and they can be selected by the Ministry of Rites, or they can pass the exam to study in imperial academy (the vice-dynasty does not need to be selected). Except the one above? Five tribute? In addition, there are so-called tributes, which are donated by students and supervisors.

There are four kinds of Guo-zi-jian diploma. The first is prison. Those who are admitted by officials and students and thrown into prison as descendants of Confucius and sages are called "Enjian". The second is shadow supervision. Shadow supervision is divided into grace shadow and difficulty shadow In the Qing Dynasty, Beijing officials with more than four grades, foreign officials with more than three grades and civil servants with more than two grades were allowed to send one son to study in imperial academy. These people, as well as those who entered imperial academy by special grace, were called Guo Jianzi of Yin En. In addition, Beijing officials and foreign officials, regardless of Manchu, served as logistics staff for the victims of the Wang incident for three years and allowed one of their sons to study in imperial academy; The provincial ministers, provincial judges, salt officials, officials and county officials who died in the matter of the king were also allowed to bring one of their children to study in imperial academy, all of which were called Difficult Shadow Guo-zi-jian diploma. The third is excellent supervision. Excellent supervisor refers to students who enter imperial academy as extra students. The fourth is case supervision. Example supervisor refers to a person who has obtained Guo Jian diploma qualification by donating money to Junxiu (that is, a civilian without any fame).

Imperial academy mainly studied the Four Books and Five Classics, and also studied calligraphy. Besides, he can also choose hundred schools of thought, Thirteen Classics and Twenty-one History. Imperial academy students have big classes, quarterly exams and monthly exams to test their grades during their study. Those who have studied in imperial academy, the best can take the imperial examination according to the relevant system and be appointed as junior officials. Because of the slow teaching system in imperial academy, supervisors don't study, and their names are mostly for donating money to participate in the provincial examinations, which is despised by people.

Fourth, other official schools. In the Qing Dynasty, the descendants of Taksi, the father of Taizu Nurhachi, were regarded as imperial clan, commonly known as the Yellow Belt, and the sons of uncles of Taksi were regarded as Jueluo, commonly known as the Red Belt. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a religious school in the capital, which trained the children of the imperial clan, and a Jueluo school, which trained the children of the imperial clan. Both of them belong to Zongrenfu. In addition, Jingshan official school was established to select young children under the leadership of the three flags of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (yellow flag, yellow flag and white flag). Xian 'an Palace official school was established, and young children under the leadership of the Three Banners and Eight Banners of the Ministry of Internal Affairs were selected for admission.

Fifth, the academy. Academy began in Tang Dynasty, flourished in Song Dynasty, and was generally established in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the 11th year of Kaiyuan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty established Li Zheng Academy, which was originally a place for writing books. At that time, the place where scholars studied was also called the academy, which was the place where lectures were given after the Song Dynasty. Ma Duanlin listed Shigu Academy in Hengyang, Hunan, Yingtian Academy in Shangqiu, Henan, Ludong Academy in Bai Lu, and Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hunan as the four major academies for literature examination.

Imperial examination procedure in Qing dynasty

In the Qing dynasty, the Jinshi went through three steps on the way to the imperial examination fame: obtaining students, obtaining juries and obtaining Jinshi. Every process has to go through many exams. To be exact, various imperial examinations in Qing Dynasty can be divided into three series: students' examination, juren examination and Jinshi examination.

Learning politics in Qing Dynasty was an official sent by the central government to the provinces to manage education and imperial examination affairs, and its system originated in Song Dynasty. Politics is studied once every three years, and it is briefly released at noon, unitary and August every year. Its basic tasks are three: the first is to preside over? College exams? Admission of government, state and county students; The second is to preside over the study of experimental students all over the country? Annual exam? ; The third is to preside over the preparatory examination as a provincial examination? Research? . The imperial envoy of the Secretary for Education and Administration is not controlled by the Governor and has a high status.

First, students (scholars) series of exams. Children must pass three levels of examinations: county examination, government examination and university examination. The county exam is presided over by the county magistrate, and the date is mostly in February. The procedure is that Tong Sheng should register in the courtesy room of the county government office and fill in the resumes of his parents, grandparents, great-grandparents it runs in the family, employed and unemployed; Only by ensuring that the five people in the same exam are married to each other or born in this county, and that they are innocent, not descendants of Zhang You and Shao Li, and do not take false names, hide funerals, replace them or pinch names, can they take the exam. The first person in the county exam is called the county desk, and it is customary to sign up for the college exam; The government trial was presided over by ZhiLi government and ZhiLi hall, and the date was mostly in April. Those who fail to take the county exam for some reason may make up the exam before the government exam or take the government exam. The first admission is allowed to take part in the college entrance examination, ranking first in the college entrance examination, and I am used to being admitted to the college entrance examination; The college examination is presided over by the educational administration, and the provincial educational administration toured the country twice during its three-year term, saying that it was temporary and presided over the students' annual examination and scientific research; At the same time, the college entrance examination for Tongsheng is also going on. For some reason, those who did not take the government exam and those who did not take the county exam or the government exam can take the college exam after the make-up exam.

Learning politics depends on different places. In addition to presiding over the entrance examination for young students, he is also responsible for rectifying the style of study, checking students' conduct and inspecting the learning situation.

The second is the juren series examination, that is, after the provincial examination. In the Qing Dynasty, it was based on ancient times to select juren after having obtained the township examination. Country elevator? Meaning of. ? Country elevator? There is a saying in "Zhou Li" that rural doctors recommend talents to the court. After passing the provincial examination, the Jinshi in Ming and Qing Dynasties obtained? Juren? Permanent fame, you can take the exam of the Ministry of Rites indefinitely according to your subjects. Time and content of provincial examination: in Qing dynasty, provincial examination was a three-year subject, called official subject; The celebration of the emperor's longevity and accession to the throne is added once, which is called Cohen. After having obtained an examination, it was held in August, also known as the Autumn Wei Dynasty. In the early years of Shunzhi, the contents of the examination were stipulated: the initial test was four books and five classics, and eight essays; In the second test, 1 article was examined, and 5 sentences were sentenced, and one of imperial edict, patent and table was selected; In the third game, I will take five courses: classics, history and current affairs. The "Four Books" and the poems posted after the examination in Shuntian Province were ordered by the emperor. The rest of the examination contents were put forward by the examiners and examiners, and the provincial examinations were put forward by the examiners. In the Qing dynasty, the examination room for rural examinations was located in Shuntianfu and other provinces. Shuntian, also known as Wei Bei, has won the provincial examination and there are two candidates. First, people who have passed the annual examinations of students in government, state and county schools. Zhili, Fengtian, Jehol and other provinces, as well as students, gongsheng and Guo Jian students of Manchu, Mongolian and Han armies; The second is to pay tribute to students and supervisors from all provinces. After obtaining the provincial examination, the location of each province is in the provincial capital, and the reference is the students in this province. Born in the late Qing Dynasty, the scholar Shang recorded in the Imperial Examination of Qing Dynasty that Shuntian imperial academy was built in the southeast corner of Chongwenmen in Beijing, and there was one in front of it. Tiankai moire? Memorial archway (other basic and provincial tribute hospital). Provincial Hiram's Hospital is built in the southeast of the provincial capital, hanging in the middle of the Hiram's Hospital gate? Gong Yuan? This ink tablet has two squares in the east and west of the city gate? Ming Jing receives scholars? And then what? Begging for the country? . There are two iron gates outside the gate of Hiram Hospital, east and west respectively. The gate is divided into three parts: middle gate, left gate and right gate. After entering the gate, it is the Longmen, and four doors are opened in the door. Take Shangshu for example? Yu Shu? Four doors? To attract virtuous men and handsome men. Longmen is the supreme court and the office of the supervisor and the curtain officer. Between Longmen and Zhigongtang, there is a towering first floor, called Mingyuan Building, which is commanding and has a panoramic view of the internal and external situation. Officials, such as prison guards, can go upstairs and look out to see if the scholars have selfless exchanges and whether the service personnel have passed them on. There is a flying Hongqiao behind the Supreme Court, which is an inner curtain door. Behind the inner curtain is a place where examiners and housing officials can read papers. On both sides of Longmen and Mingyuan buildings are the halls of Jinshi examination. There are several rows of halls from south to north, each row has dozens or even nearly a hundred rooms. The total number of clubs in Shuntian and some major provinces can reach more than 10,000, and there are also thousands in small and medium-sized provinces. Hiram Hospital is surrounded by thorns, and every corner has a first floor. During the inspection, the army was stationed around the Hiram's Hospital and patrolled by districts. Rules of the provincial examination: The rules of the provincial examination in the Qing Dynasty were very strict, especially to prevent the entrainment of Jinshi, and to conduct a strict search when entering the venue. In order to prevent entrainment, it is stipulated that readers must wear clothes with split seams, single-layer shoes and socks, leather clothes must not have surfaces, and carpets must not have linings; It is forbidden to carry wooden cabinets, wooden cases, double benches and cotton bedding; The inkstone is not allowed to be too thick, the pen tube must be hollowed out, and the wax table must be hollowed out and cut into cakes. It is strictly forbidden for examiners to entrust transportation and bribe joints, and it is strictly forbidden for scholars and servants to cooperate in cheating. Those who break the rules will be severely punished. 1858 There was a fraud case in Shuntian Township. Examiners and co-organizers were questioned, and dozens of officials and scholars were severely punished, including the death penalty. In the Qing Dynasty, according to the writing style, population and the weight of Dingfu, the number of provinces that obtained rural examinations varied. During the Qianlong period, 1200 students were selected. After having obtained the provincial examination, those who win the main list are called juren. In addition, those who win the main list get a list for every five people, which is also called vice tribute. The release date is September, and the first place is Xie Yuan. Xie Yuan, who has obtained the provincial examination in Shuntian, is a native of Zhili.

Third, the series of Jinshi examinations, including Jinshi examination, re-examination and palace entrance examination. ? Jinshi? This word refers to a person who can be awarded a title. Sui dynasty began as a scholar-taking subject, which was used by all previous dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, people who obtained the qualification to take the examination as Chinese juren and were selected by palace examination after the examination, re-examination, were called Jinshi. In the spring of Qing Dynasty, exams were held in Gong Yuan, Shi Jing. The exam period was mostly in March, so it was also called Spring Exam (Chunwei), which was presided over by the Ministry of Rites, also known as Liwei. The exam is held every three years, every ugly, unfinished, Chen and Xu years; If there is Cohen's township entrance examination, next year's examination will be Cohen's and will be held one year in advance or one year later. Examination, marking, field rules and examination contents are basically the same as those of rural examinations. The exam will be released in April. People in China call it Gong, and its first name is Huiyuan. After the exam, Gong will be selected, and then they will take part in the second interview. In the early Qing Dynasty, Gong did not have a second interview. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi, he was re-examined after the exam. During the reign of Yongzheng and Qianlong, it was done during the second visit, and it was customized at the beginning of Jiaqing. The location was in the Baohe Hall in the palace. Retest four books and one poem with five words and eight rhymes, and hand in the papers on the same day. The next day, the marking minister will be sent to evaluate the results, which will be divided into one, two and three grades. The person who ranks second will be allowed to take the court exam. The palace exam was held one month after the ranking was released, and the ranking was released on April 2 1 day in the 26th year of Qianlong, which was customized. The court examination was originally located outside Tiananmen Square. In the fourteenth year of Shunzhi, it was changed to the East Pavilion of the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City. Fifty-four years after Qianlong, it was changed to Baohe Hall and Taihe Hall. The content of the court exam is current affairs policy. The minister of reading volumes drew up several questions and sent them to the emperor, circled by King James as examination questions. Palace examination ranks into the top three, a total of three, the first is the champion, the second is the second, and the third is Tan Hua, for Jinshi and; A number of dimethyl, given Jinshi origin; The top three are several, and they are endowed with Jinshi origin.

Fourth, the martial arts exam. In the Qing Dynasty, besides liberal arts, there were martial arts examinations, which were held in the square in front of the Arched Tower of the Forbidden City. In martial arts, it is similar for children to test students to find jobs and to test liberal arts. Its college exams are held every three years. Children's testing in Wushu is divided into infield and infield. The first and second games were outfield, and the tests were horse shooting, step shooting and hard bow knife stone. The third game is infield, testing theoretical knowledge. Wu Ke's provincial exam and general exam are also divided into three games. After re-examination and palace examination, one of them was awarded the first-class bodyguard, and two or three were awarded the second-class bodyguard; Among them, 10 was granted the third-class security, 16 was granted the blue ridge security, and the rest were registered as garrison troops in the Ministry of War (green camp's official position).

Fifth, the department. The above-mentioned series of examinations for students, juren and Jinshi are all routine examinations in the imperial examination system. In addition to the regular subjects, there were subjects or exercises in the imperial examinations in Qing Dynasty, which were rarely held. This system was formulated by the emperor himself in his palace. In the seventeenth year of Kangxi and the first year of Qianlong, the subjects of erudition and poetry were offered twice, which made the central and local officials recommend people with excellent learning and writing, regardless of whether they had been officials or not. Its test questions include poetry, fu, and judgment questions. , and ranked first and second are awarded to Hanlin officer. In addition, when the emperor ascended the throne every year, it was also a part of the system, which made filial piety upright and the emperor called for examinations.

Abolishment of Imperial Examination System in Qing Dynasty

After the Opium War, the powerful Chinese nation suddenly found itself? Sick man of East Asia? , in the Qing dynasty? Internal and external troubles? In a storm, in urgent need? Adapted to the world? Talents in science and technology, military strength, economic revitalization and political reform. However, the stereotyped imperial examination system with the Five Classics and Four Books as its content is increasingly divorced from the needs of society and cannot adapt to the trend of the times. Five great inventions in the world? The imperial examination system came to a dead end. The imperial examination system also tried to reform and pay attention to current events to adapt to the situation. In the 14th year of Guangxu (A.D. 1888), the Department of Mathematics of Wuzi was increased, and 1 person was admitted as required. 190 1 Qing dynasty * * * issued an imperial edict, ordering the abolition of stereotyped writing after having obtained the provincial examination from the following year. 1September, 905, the imperial examination system, which had been implemented for more than a thousand years, was completely abolished.

Brief introduction of the author

Wang Xiaojie is a member of China Folk Photography Association, Henan Museum Society, Henan Ancient Architecture Society, Henan Writers Association, Henan Photographers Association, Henan Young Photographers Association and curator of neixiang county Ya Museum.

?

Did you win? Top Ten Outstanding Young People in Nanyang City? 、? Nanyang Youth Science and Technology Award? 、? Top Ten Cultural Newcomers in Henan Province? 、? Top Ten Young Models in Henan Province? And other honorary titles. He has published many works, such as Celebrities of the Past Dynasties in Neixiang, Range Rover of Seven Stars, Interpretation of the quaint in Neixiang, Selected Cases of the quaint, neixiang county's elegant couplet, neixiang county's elegant TV series filmed, Baotianman Canyon Drifting TV series, Impression of Neixiang, Revealing neixiang county's elegance and so on.